Air Quality Control Report Ed1 2018

Air Quality Control Report Ed1 2018

In 2018 sales of AQCS plant will amount to $46 billion, rising at a cagr of 2.3% to $50 billion in real value in 2022 and at 5.0% in nominal values to $56 billion. In the last decade prices of AQCS equipment have fluctuated a lot and the annual figures could vary considerably. China is the largest market for AQCS equipment in 2018, with $10.9 billion sales, followed by the United states with $7.4 billion, India with $5.5 billion and Japan with $4.5 billion. Germany is fifth largest with $3.9 billion, followed by South Korea with $3.1. This will change by 2022, when China will remain the largest market with $13.4 billion and India will grow to $7.8 billion, just behind the US with $8.1 billion.

Primary measures reduce the amount of emissions at source. Secondary, ‘end-of-pipe’ technologies have been developed to reduce or control these emissions when they have been emitted.

HELE

HELE – High efficiency low emissions technology is the most advanced coal generating technology today. HELE technologies for power generation include supercritical (SC), ultra-supercritical (USC), advanced ultra-supercritical (A-USC) and integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plants. HELE technology generates electricity with higher efficiency and therefore consumes less hydrocarbon for the same output of electricity as a subcritical plant. For this reason, and because the process produces fewer emissions, HELE is a primary AQC (air quality control). Thermodynamic efficiency in a steam turbine-based power plant depends on the temperature of the steam - the higher the temperature, the greater the potential efficiency. The higher the pressure of a boiler the more heat must be applied to make steam. With the increased pressure the steam reaches higher temperatures. Conventional subcritical steam power plants operate at a steam pressures in the range of 170 bar. The new generation of supercritical power plants operate at pressures in the range of 230 to 265 bar, higher than the critical pressure and at higher temperatures. These technically-advanced supercritical plants offer greater efficiency than older sub-critical designs and lower emissions.

A strong trend towards installing super‐ and ultra‐supercritical power plants has been evident over the past two decades. Nonetheless, the great majority of installed coal‐fired power plants still operate under subcritical steam conditions, and, these plants do not reach performance levels of state-of-the-art power generation technology. The total capacity of new subcritical power plants has reached a record high due to additional installations over the last five years. Ten countries represent all together more than 85% of the world’s total CO2 emissions and large proportions of SO2, NOx and PM emissions from production of electricity and heat using coal and peat - in total about 8.5 Gt of CO2 are emitted from China, the United States, India, Germany, Russia, Japan, South Africa, Australia, Korea and Poland. These countries also represent 84% of the global operating coal‐fired power generation capacity. These countries are the main focus of this report.

Most developers continued to build sub-critical plants, but the fleet of supercritical plants grew slowly as advances in metallurgical technology allowed the higher steam pressure and temperature conditions of the supercritical plant to be supported. By the last two decades of the 20th century, supercritical plants were the standard in countries like Germany and Japan and by the second decade of the 21st century this trend has spread to other countries. New plants under construction reflect this shift. For example, GE has around 45 GW of steam capacity under construction according to GE Steam Power Systems. All the new capacity is supercritical and around 30 GW is ultra-supercritical.