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Antibody Therapeutics: Product Development, Market Trends, and Strategic Issues (Revised Edition)

Published by: Drug and Market Development Publishing

Published: Oct. 1, 2006 - 415 Pages


Table of Contents


Chapter 1: Executive Summary

Key Points 2004-2006




Chapter 2: Introduction, Scope, and Objectives

Early Status and Current Products

Driving Forces

Customers

Competition

Scope and Objective




Chapter 3: Hybridoma Technology and Antibody Gene Manipulation

Introduction

Historical Roots


A Long Record of Advance

Founders of Immunology


Classical Antibody Development


Polyclonal Antibodies: Still Standing

Polyclonal Antibodies Detect a.Multiplicity of Epitopes


Hybridoma Technology


Origins

Monoclonal Antibody Production

Uses of MAbs

Disadvantages of MAb Technology


Genetic Immunization

Molecular Biology Applied To Antibody Characterization


Production of Antibody Libraries

Display Technologies

Rationally Designed Antibodies

Varieties of Engineered Antibodies

Bispecific Antibodies

Designing Antibodies with Human-like Qualities


Chimeric Antibodies

Humanized Antibodies

Human Antibodies: Transgenic Mouse System



References




Chapter 4: Status of Therapeutic Antibody Products

Introduction


Difficulty in Cancer Treatment

Antibody Engineering: Light at the End of the Tunnel?


Therapeutic Anticancer Antibodies


Panorex®.(edrecolomab)

Rituxan®.(rituximab)

Herceptin®.(traztuzumab)

Mylotarg®.(gentuzumab)

Campath®.(alemtuzumab)

Zevalin™.(ibritumomab)

Erbitux™.(cetuximab)

Avastin™.(bevicizumab)


Immunoconjugated Anticancer Recombinant Antibodies


Challenges in Developing Immunoconjugated Recombinant Antibodies

Exploiting Apoptosis-related Strategies

Use of Antibody Fragments in Immunoconjugate Technology

Optimizing the Effector Function of Recombinant Antibodies

Signal Regulation Strategy for Improved Recombinant Antibodies

Bifunctional Linkers and Low Molecular Weight Toxins in Recombinant Antibody Design

Alternative Approaches to Immunoconjugates


Cardiovascular Disorders

Infectious Diseases

Inflammatory Diseases


Raptiva™.(efalizumab)

Remicade®.(infliximab)

Humira™.(adalimumab)

Xolair™.(omalizumab)


Transplantation


Orthoclone OKT3®.(muromomab-CD3)

Simulect®.(basiliximab)

Zenapax®.(daclizumab)


References




Chapter 5: Clinical Studies

Approved Antibody Therapeutics

Therapeutic Antibodies in Development

Failed Antibody Therapeutics

Catastrophic Clinical Trial


Failed, Cancelled, and Disapproved Clinical Studies


Status of A Few Selected Ongoing Clinical Studies


Phase I.Studies

Phase II Studies

Phase III Studies

Products Approved in 2002-2004




Chapter 6: Large Scale Manufacturing

Overview

Companies Involved

Risks of Innovation in Biomanufacturing

Bioprocessing Technologies

Production Systems


Escherichia Coli


Q-cell Technology

TAT System


Mammalian Cell Culture


Cell Lines

Bioreactor Technology

Cell Culture Media


Yeast

Insect Cells

Transgenic Plants: Plantabodies

Transgenic Animals

Robotic Peptide Synthesis


Antibody Glycosylation Issues

New Purification Tools

Monitoring Technologies

Is There a Shortage in Manufacturing Capability?


Factors Affecting Biomolecule Production


Insulin: A Case History of Recombinant Protein Production

The Future

References




Chapter 7: Business Development and Partnering

Collaboration and Partnering

Mergers and Acquisitions




Chapter 8: Patents and Intellectual Property Issues

Introduction

Intellectual Property Issues


Antibody Function Modulation Technologies

Litigation between CAT and Abbott


Antibody Humanization

Human Antibody Technology

Antibody Production


Boss Patent, New Cabilly and MedImmune lawsuit

Xoma Patents


Litigations and Co-licensing


CAT vs. Morphosys

CAT vs. Crucell

Cross-licensing between CAT and Xoma

Cross-licensing between CAT and Dyax

Cross-licensing between Xoma and Morphosys

Cross-licensing between Xoma and Dyax


Court Rulings about Importing Data

More Litigations

Xoma vs..Biosite


Applied Molecular Evolution vs..Morphosys

Corixa and GlaxoSmithKline vs..IDEC

Genentech vs..Chiron

Genentech, Novartis, and Tanox Settle Disputes involving Xolair and TNX-901


The Single-Chain Antibody Technology

Recent IP Issuance and Related Activities


Dyax’s Patent Revoked

MorphoSys Obtains Approval for HuCAL®.Patent

MorphoSys Obtains Additional U.S..Patents on Antibody Technologies

Peregrine Receives US and European Patent

Genentech and Protein Design Labs Settle Patent License Dispute

A US Patent Issued on Polyclonal Antibody Libraries


Abstracts of the Selected Patents Mentioned in the Text


Patent Number: US 4,816,397

Patent Number: US 4,816,567

Patent Number: US 5,175,384

Patent Number: US 5,223,409

Patent Number: US 5,225,539

Patent Number: US 5,403,484

Patent Number: US 5,427,908

Patent Number: US 5,434,340*

Patent Number: US 5,530,101

Patent Number: US 5,565,332

Patent Number: US 5,571,698

Patent Number: US 5,580,717

Patent Number: US 5,585,089

Patent Number: US 5,569,825

Patent Number: US 5,591,669

Patent Number: US 5,693,761

Patent Number: US 5,693,762

Patent Number: US 5,723,323

Patent Number: US 5,763,192

Patent Number: US 5,814,476

Patent Number: US 5,817,483

Patent Number: US 5,824,514

Patent Number: US 5,837,500

Patent Number: .US 5,849,500

Patent Number: US 5,859,205

Patent Number: US 5,885,793

Patent Number: US 5,939,598

Patent Number: US 5,969,108

Patent Number: US 5,976,862

Patent Number: US 6,054,561

Patent Number: US 6,150,584

Patent Number: US 6,162,963

Patent Number: US 6,180,370

Patent Number: US 6,204,023

Patent Number: US 6,248,516

Patent Number: US 6,335,163

Patent Number: EP 368684




Chapter 9: Market Status

Revenues from the Early Products


Reopro®

Rituxan®

Herceptin®

Remicade®

Synagis®


Revenues from the Recently Approved Products


Avastin™

Erbitux™

Xolair™

Raptiva™


New Product Approvals


Lucentis™

Tysabri®




Chapter 10: Company Profiles




TABLE OF EXHIBITS

Exhibit 2.1. Selection of Phage Antibodies from an Antibody Library

Exhibit 2.2. Mechanisms of Actions In Vivo of Therapeutic Antibodies

Exhibit 2.3. List of Companies Involved in the Discovery and Development of Antibody. Therapeutics

Exhibit 2.4. List of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies Approved for Additional Indications, September 2006

Exhibit 2.5. Primary Technology Portfolio of a.Selected Group of Antibody Companies

Exhibit 3.1. Major Events in the History of Immunology Compiled from Various Sources

Exhibit 3.2. Basic Structure of an IgG Molecule

Exhibit 3.3. A Space-filling Model of an IgG Molecule

Exhibit 3.4. The GENOVAC Technology for the Production of Polyclonal..(Steps 1-4)and. Monoclonal Antibodies.(Steps 1-7)

Exhibit 3.5. Choices when Constructing a.Binding-site Library

Exhibit 3.6. Scheme Showing the Principle of Selection and Improvement of Binding Sites

Exhibit 3.7. Schematic Diagram of Ribosomal Display

Exhibit 3.8. Comparison of Structural Features of Human Antibody, Camelid Antibody, and Nanobodies

Exhibit 3.9. Schematic Diagram Showing Structural Features of Single Chain Antibody.(scFv).and Fab Fragment

Exhibit 3.10 Various Forms of Bispecific Antibodies

Exhibit 3.11 Various Types of Antibodies

Exhibit 3.12 Schematic Diagram of the Generation of Human Antibody Mouse

Exhibit 4.1. Various Mechanisms of Antibody Actions

Exhibit 4.2. Approved Monoclonal Antibodies for the Treatment of Various Cancers

Exhibit 4.3. Schematic Diagram Showing the Mechanism of ADCC

Exhibit 4.4. Schematic Diagram Showing the Structural Feature of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and the Binding to its Ligand.(egf)

Exhibit 4.5. EGFR Expression in Various Tumors

Exhibit 4.6. Approved Antibody Therapeutic for the treatment of Cardiovascular Disorders

Exhibit 4.7. Summary of Antibody Studies in the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases

Exhibit 4.8. Approved Antibody for the Treatment of Infectious Disease

Exhibit 4.9. Approved MAbs for the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases

Exhibit 4.10. Inflammation in the Rheumatoid Joint

Exhibit 4.11 Mode of Action of Xolair™

Exhibit 4.12 Market for Drugs to Treat Asthma in US.$.Million

Exhibit 4.13 Approved MAb for the Treatment of Transplantation

Exhibit 5.1. List of Approved Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies for Major Markets, September 2006

Exhibit 5.2. List of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies Approved for Additional Indications, September 2006

Exhibit 5.3. Therapeutic Categories of Approved MAbs

Exhibit 5.4. Types of MAbs Approved Between 1986 and 2006

Exhibit 5.5. Types of MAbs Currently in Development

Exhibit 5.6. List of Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics in Development (assembled by alphabetized company names)

Exhibit 5.7. List of Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics in Development (assembled by therapeutic indication in alphabetical order)

Exhibit 5.8. Therapeutic Categories of Clinical Trials

Exhibit 5.9. Therapeutic Antibodies at Various Development Stages

Exhibit 5.10 List of Late-Stage Clinical Trial Failures

Exhibit 6.1. Distribution of Cell Culture Reactor Capability by Reactor Volume, Projected for 2006

Exhibit 6.2. Selected North American Contract Manufacturer, Primarily of Biotherapeutics

Exhibit 6.3. Selected Contract Manufacturers Outside of North America

Exhibit 6.4. Selected Manufacturers Offering Excess Capacity Contracts

Exhibit 6.5. Native and Engineered Disulfide Bond formation Pathways in the E. coli Periplasm

Exhibit 6.6. A comparison of Widely Used Cell Lines for the Manufacturing of Biotherapeutics

Exhibit 6.7. Processing of Asn-linked Oligosaccharides to a.Representative Biantennary Complex Glycoprotein Structure

Exhibit 7.1. Selected Companies with Antibody Discovery Platforms Which Formed Alliances in the Discovery and Development of Antibody Therapeutics

Exhibit 7.2. Selected Companies with Antibody Engineering and Expression Platforms Which Formed Alliances

Exhibit 7.3. Valuation of Collaborations

Exhibit 7.4. .Selected M&As In 2005 And Early 2006

Exhibit 7.5. Detailed List of Alliances Involving a.Selected Number of Antibody Drug Discovery and Development Companies

Exhibit 8.1 Issued Patents of Xencor

Exhibit 8.2. Patent Applications of Xencor

Exhibit 8.3 Additional Patent Applications Related to Enhanced Antibody Function

Exhibit 8.4. Issued Patents of Kyowa Hakko and BioWa

Exhibit 8.5. Patent Applications of Kyowa Hakko and BioWa

Exhibit 8.6. Flow-chart Showing Various Technologies Important for MAb Discovery, Modulation and Production and the Primary IP Holders of the Technologies

Exhibit 8.7. Key Antibody Phage Display patents of Cambridge Antibody Technology

Exhibit 8.8. Single-chain Antibody IP Portfolio of Micromet/Enzon

Exhibit 8.9. A Selected List of Relevant US Patents

Exhibit 9.1. Yearly Fundraising by the Biotechnology Industry

Exhibit 9.2. Status of Market Capitalization of a.Selected Group of Antibody Companies

Exhibit 9.3. Major Monoclonal Antibody Sales, 2003-2005.

Exhibit 9.4. Yearly Revenues Earned and Forecasted for Antibody Therapeutics

Exhibit 9.5. .Annual Sale of Rituxan®.in.$.million, 2001.-.2005

Exhibit 9.6. Annual Sale of Herceptin®.in.$.million, 2000.-.2003

Exhibit 9.7. Revenues Generated by Remicade®, 2000.-.2005

Exhibit 9.8. Revenues Generated by Synagis®, 2000.-.2005

Exhibit 9.9. Quarterly Sales of Synagis®.from 2001 to 2005

Exhibit 9.10 Comparative Sales of Humira™.and Avastin™, 2003 to 2005

Exhibit 9.11 Current and Projected Sales of Avastin™

Abstract

D&MD’s Antibody Therapeutics market analysis report provides an update of the current market environment including clinical study status, progresses made in the area of collaborations and partnerships, patent situation, and finally the market status. These developments are primarily in the antibody market place and in clinical development areas as opposed to in the antibody discovery field as was observed in the early part of this decade.

About the Author

Rathin C. Das, Ph.D., M.B.A. is the Chief Business Officer of the human antibody therapeutics company, Affitech AS of Oslo, Norway and President of its US subsidiary, Affitech USA, Inc. of Walnut Creek, CA. He has over 22 years of experience in the bio/pharmaceutical industry in research and development, technology and product licensing, business development and corporate management. Dr. Das is also the Editor of the biotechnology trade journal, the American Biotechnology Laboratory, and has published numerous articles and publications including D&MD’s Antibody Therapeutics, Antibody Engineering and Display Technologies.

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