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Published by: Business Insights
Published: Mar. 1, 2002 - 242 Pages
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
Chapter 1 Introduction To Next Generation Drugs
Summary
Introduction to Next Generation Drugs
Drug Discovery - Past, Present, and Future
Internal and External Drivers of Pharmaceutical Innovation
Internal drivers
Genomics
Proteomics
Rational Drug Design
Bioinformatics
Strategic Alliances and Licensing Deals
Pharmacogenomics
External drivers
Increasing Competition
Me-Too Drugs and Generics
Quality, Efficacy and Tolerability Issues
First-to-Market Advantage
Cost-Containment Measures
Pharmaceutical R&D: The Next Steps
Drug Discovery and the Post-Genomic Era
Obtaining Drug Discovery Expertise
Mergers and Acquisitions
Contract Research Organisations
Technological Advances to Speed Up the Drug Discovery Process
Case study: Pharmacopeia
Case study: Celltech
The Importance of Bioinformatics and Knowledge Management in Accelerating Drug Discovery
Bioinformatics Expertise to Differentiate Genomics Companies
Bioinformatics and Knowledge Management Tools
Microarrays
Tools for Database Manipulation
Project Management Tools
Leaders in the Pharmaceutical Bioinformatics Industry Effect of Bioinformatics on the Drug Discovery Process
Chapter 2 Technological Innovations In The Pharmaceutical Industry
Summary
Innovation in Drug Discovery and Development
Reducing the Discovery Timeline to Accelerate First-to-Market Advantage
Increasing Throughflow
Genomics
Definition
The Genomics Revolution
Importance of The Human Genome Project in Drug Discovery
Patenting Genomics Discoveries
Converting Genomics Data into Drugs: Functional Genomics and Product Technologies
Expressed Sequence Tags
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Genomic-Related Product Technologies
Gene Therapy
Antisense Technology
Ribozyme Technology
Leading Genomics Players
Affymetrix
Celera Genomics (Applera)
Celltech
Genome Therapeutics Corporation
Human Genome Sciences
Incyte Genomics
Millennium Pharmaceuticals
Proteomics
Definition
Proteomics Technologies
Leading Proteomics Players
Accelrys
Celera
Oxford GlycoSciences
GeneFormatics
Genome Pharmaceutical Corporation
Proteome Sciences
Combinatorial Chemistry
Definition
Leading Combinatorial Chemistry Players
Celera
BioFocus
CombiChem
Pharmacopeia/Accelrys
ChemBridge Corporation
Pharmacogenomics - Personalised Medicine in the 21st Century
Diagnostic Test Kits
Targeted Drug Marketing
Improving Clinical Trial Efficiency and Stop-Go Decisions
Drug-Response Genes: Providing New Drug Targets
The Disadvantages of Pharmacogenomics
Leading Pharmacogenomics Players
Affymetrix
QIAGEN Genomics/RapiGene
CuraGen
diaDexus
GenSet
Millennium Pharmaceuticals
Technological Platforms - Past, Present, and Future
Old and New Technologies
Genetic Linkage Maps
DNA Markers
Physical Maps
High-Resolution Physical Maps
Full Sequencing
Automation
PCR
Electrophoresis
Rolling Circle Amplification
Microarrays and DNA Chips
Mass Spectrometry
Bioinformatics
Databases
Laboratory Information Management Systems
Applying Bioinformatics
Advancing Innovation in Discovery
Chapter 3 Accelerating Drug Discovery & Development
Summary
Novel Technology Platforms Assisting in the Drug Discovery Process
Targeted drug discovery
Tripos
Athersys
4SC
Aurora Biosciences
Pfizer
Bioinformatics and Supercomputing
R&D Timescales
The Demand for Improved Efficiency
Bioinformatics to Improve Target Selection
Case study: Psychiatric Genomics and SciTegic
Novel High Technology Discovery and Development Solutions
Informatics/Software Applications
BioWisdom
PharmQuest/Tufan
Acadia/Amgen
Simulations Plus
IBM
Logica
Celera Genomics
Tripos
Leadscope
CambridgeSoft/Array BioPharma
InnaPhase
Gene Expression/Function Solutions
Silicon Genetics
Lexicon Genetics
GeneTrace/Molecular Mining Corp.
deCODE
Compugen
Supercomputing
IBM/Physiome Sciences
Vertex Pharmaceuticals
Entropia
Analytic and Screening Technologies
Amersham Pharmacia Biotech
LigoCyte Pharmaceuticals
SciQuest
Genicon Sciences Corp.
Astex Technology
Spotfire
Information Management Solutions to Accelerate Time to Market
MDS Pharma Services
First Consulting Group/Aventis
1747/Eli Lilly
IBM/Phase Forward
Oracle/PwC Consulting/Pharsight
Chapter 4 Activities & Strategies To Accelerate Discovery R&D
Company Profiles
Abbott Laboratories - Discovery Focusing on Metabolic Disease and Diagnostics
Recent Discovery Activities
Akzo Nobel/Organon - A Small Molecule Activity Bias Towards Discovery
Amgen - A Selective Small Molecule Discovery Approach: Genomics Cancer and Neuroscience
Recent Discovery Activities
American Home Products - Focusing on External Collaboration to Accelerate Drug Discovery and Development
AstraZeneca - A Broad and High Tech Collaborative Discovery Platform
Recent Discovery Activities
Aventis - A Fully Integrated, Common Mechanism and Chemical Biology Approach to Drug Discovery
Recent Discovery Activities
Bayer - A Comprehensive Collaborative Focus on Drug Discovery
Recent Research Activities
Boehringer Ingelheim - Matching and Selecting High Technologies to Areas of Expertise
Recent Discovery Activities
Bristol-Myers Squibb - A Strong External Alliance Focus in Genomics
Recent Discovery Research Activities
Eli Lilly - Implementing eR&D
Recent Discovery Research Activities
GlaxoSmithKline - A Discovery Approach Based on Synergism
Recent Discovery Activities
Johnson & Johnson - A Leader in Accelerated Discovery Research
Bioinformatics
Medical Information
cDNA Microarrays
Laser Capture Microdissection
Medicinal Chemistry
Computer Aided Drug Design and Cheminformatics
Cell Therapy
Merck & Co - A Broad Internal Discovery Platform
Recent Discovery Activities
Novartis - A Leader in Genomic Driven Discovery Research
Recent Discovery Activities
Pfizer - Discovery Focused on Gene Therapy
Pharmacia - Focusing on Pharmacogenomics
Recent Discovery Activities
Roche - A Strong Internal and External Research Bias in Genomics and Proteomics
Recent Discovery Research Activities
Schering-Plough - Focusing on Small Molecule Discovery Research
Recent Discovery Activities
Chapter 5 The Outlook For Next Generation Drugs
Summary
Genomics - The Key to Next Generation Drugs
Commercial Opportunities for Genomics
Genomic Research and its Impact on Drug Research
Increasing Target Numbers
Target Validation
Adding Value to Targets
Analysing Drug Action
Next Generation Drug Targets
Growth in the Drug Discovery Sector
Innovation to Accelerate Drug Discovery
The Importance of High Technologies for Future Drug Discovery
Technologies with Reduced Importance in 2005
Technologies with Increased Importance in 2005
Pharmacogenomics - The Foundations of Next Generation Drugs?
Improving Productivity and Efficiency Through Pharmacogenomics
Are Custom-Made Medicines Good or Bad for the Pharma Industry?
Genetic Testing of Disease
Applying Pharmacogenomics
Case study: Alzheimer’s disease
Drug response genes
Pharmacogenomics and Clinical Testing
Leading Pharmaceutical Companies Accelerating Drug Discovery
New Frontiers in Healthcare
Bibliography
List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Standard step-wise timelines in the drug discovery process
Figure 1.2: Basic representation of the current drug discovery path from target identification and hit-to-lead to development
Figure 1.3: Information sources to facilitate drug discovery
Figure 1.4: Drivers of pharmaceutical innovation
Figure 1.5: The impact of bioinformatics on drug discovery productivity
Figure 2.6: Key enabling technologies driving pharmaceutical innovation
Figure 2.7: Genetic data generated by the Human Genome Project
Figure 2.8: Genomics product technologies: turning genomics data into drugs
Figure 2.9: New protein technologies: Driving the proteomics industry
Figure 2.10: Pharmacogenomics: use in clinical trials and impact on the stop-go decision
Figure 2.11: Drug-response genes
Figure 3.12: Resource allocation in the research and development process
Figure 3.13: Genomics-driven companies with respective technology platforms
Figure 5.14: Opportunities for generating revenues from genomics
Figure 5.15: The impact of drug discovery technologies on reducing development time
Figure 5.16: Importance of key enabling technologies, 1999-2005
Figure 5.17: Change in perceived relative importance of drug discovery technologies, 1999-2005
Figure 5.18: Companies using pharmacogenomic studies in drug development
Figure 5.19: Benefits of genetic profiling in R&D
List of Tables
Table 1.1: Selection of companies with leading bioinformatics expertise
Table 2.2: Publicly available DNA databases
Table 3.3: Drug development timescales
Table 3.4: Inefficiencies of the drug development process
Table 4.5: Discovery and development alliances of AHP/Wyeth
Table 4.6: Discovery research agreements of AstraZeneca
Table 4.7: Discovery and research-based alliances at Bayer
Table 4.8: BMS’ Research and Discovery Alliances
Table 4.9: Merck’s R&D Therapeutic Areas
Table 4.10: Novartis’ discovery research centres
Table 4.11: Novartis’ major discovery research alliances
Table 4.12: Novartis’ recent advances in genomic-driven discovery research
Table 4.13: Pharmacia’s discovery research partnerships
Table 4.14: Roche’s strategic discovery research alliances/collaborations
Table 4.15: Schering-Plough’s discovery research alliances
Table 5.16: Types and uses of genetic diagnostic tests
AbstractThe pharmaceutical industry is now immersed in a wave of technological innovation to help accelerate drug discovery and development. However, selecting the most beneficial technological systems to reduce discovery and development timelines involves due consideration of a company's R&D focus, pipeline commitments, synergies to enhance R&D programmes, and analysis of risk and competition. Next Generation Drugs: Acceleration through innovation is a new management report examining the technological innovations that are being employed by the pharmaceutical majors to expedite discovery research and R&D. Key areas of review include genomics, proteomics, pharmacogenomics, bioinformatics, and cheminformatics in addition to other key enabling high technology discovery and development platforms. This new report also reviews how companies are accelerating discovery through strategic collaborations, enhancement of in-house expertise, and by focusing on specific diseases or small molecules to optimize their future business plans.
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