Alternative Chemical Products and Processing

Published by: BCC Research

Published: Jun. 1, 2008 - 262 Pages

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY

INTENDED AUDIENCE

SCOPE OF REPORT

INFORMATION SOURCES

ANALYST CREDENTIALS

RELATED REPORTS

BCC ONLINE SERVICES

DISCLAIMER

SUMMARY

SUMMARY TABLE TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF END-USE ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

SUMMARY FIGURE A ALTERNATIVE CHEMICALS COMPARISON AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CHEMICAL END-USE PRODUCTION, 2008 (%)

SUMMARY FIGURE B ALTERNATIVE CHEMICALS COMPARISON AS A PRCENTAGE OF TOTAL CHEMICAL END-USE PRODUCTION, 2013 (%)

OVERVIEW

HISTORY OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

FROM PLANTS TO FOSSIL FUEL CHEMICALS

GREEN CHEMISTRY BEGINNINGS

THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

TABLE 1 REPRESENTATIVE CHEMICAL PRODUCT MARKET ($ BILLIONS)

NEED FOR ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

GREEN CHEMISTRY DEFINED

Environmentally Benign Chemicals

Green Initiatives

Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry

Twelve Principles … (Continued)

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

POLLUTION PREVENTION

SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES

DEPENDENCE ON FOSSIL FUELS

WASTE GENERATION AND BYPRODUCTS

EMISSION STANDARDS

NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES

OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES

MAJOR BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS

MAJOR BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE CHEMICALS

MAJOR END PRODUCTS OF ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING

MAJOR ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL PROCESSES

MANUFACTURERS

SALES OPPORTUNITIES

FORECASTING PRODUCT SALES

PRODUCTS

FEEDSTOCKS

DEFINITION OF FEEDSTOCKS USED IN ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL PRODUCTION

FEEDSTOCK CATEGORIES

TABLE 2 TOTAL U.S. CROP AND WASTE BASED FEEDSTOCK PRODUCTION FOR CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING, THROUGH 2013 ($ TONS)

TABLE 3 TOTAL U.S. BIOMASS FEEDSTOCK PRODUCTION FOR BIOBASED CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

Crop-Based Feedstocks

TABLE 4 TOTAL U.S. CROP-BASED FEEDSTOCK PRODUCTION FOR CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING, THROUGH 2013 ($ TONS)

TABLE 5 TOTAL U.S. CROP-BASED FEEDSTOCK PRODUCTION FOR CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

Corn

Soy-Based Feedstocks

Perennial Grasses

Sugar Crops

Sucrose

Specialty Sucrose Esters

Miscellaneous Plant Crops

Miscellaneous Grain Crops

Woody Crops

Microbial Feedstocks

TABLE 6 TOTAL U.S. MICROBIAL BIOMASS FEEDSTOCK PRODUCTION FOR CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

Microorganism Biomass Feedstocks

Enzymes

Celluloses and Hydrolyses

Biotechnology Trends

Waste Biomass Feedstocks

TABLE 7 TOTAL U.S. WASTE-BASED FEEDSTOCK PRODUCTION FOR CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING, THROUGH 2013 ($ TONS)

TABLE 8 TOTAL U.S. WASTE-BASED FEEDSTOCK PRODUCTION FOR CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

Crop Waste

Crop Waste (Continued)

Wood Residues

Industrial Waste

Municipal Solid Waste Residues

Biomass Feedstock Negatives

Future Feedstock Sales

BIOBASED CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

TRADITIONAL CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

Inorganic Chemical Products

Organic Chemical Products

Alternative Chemical Products versus Petrochemical

Products

PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY

Oil and Gas Prices a Major Factor

Cost of Processing Chemicals

TABLE 9 COST OF PROCESSING CHEMICALS, PETROCHEMICAL VS. BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE CHEMICALS, 2008 (%)

FIGURE 1 COST OF PROCESSING CHEMICALS, PETROCHEMICAL VS. BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE CHEMICALS, 2008 (%)

BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL PRODUCT MARKET

Novel Properties

TABLE 10 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED CHEMICALS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 11 U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE CHEMICALS, COMPARISON BY CATEGORY, 2008 ($ BILLIONS, %)

FIGURE 2 U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE CHEMICALS, COMPARISON BY CATEGORY, 2008 (%)

Alternative Chemical Use of Biomass Feedstocks

TABLE 12 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTLERNATIVE CHEMICALS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 13 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE CHEMICALS, 2008 ($ MILLIONS, %)

FIGURE 3 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTLERNATIVE CHEMICALS, 2008 (%)

TABLE 14 BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL USE OF CROPBASED BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 15 BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL USE OF WASTEBASED BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 16 BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL USE OF MICROBIAL FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

Biobased Bulk Alternative Chemical Market

TABLE 17 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED BULK CHEMICALS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 18 U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE BULK CHEMICALS, COMPARISON BY CATEGORY, 2008 ($ BILLIONS, %)

FIGURE 4 U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE BULK CHEMICALS, COMPARISON BY CATEGORY, 2008 (%)

Organic Acids

Lactic Acid

Glycerol

Ethanol

Miscellaneous Solvents

Miscellaneous Resins

Other Bulk Chemicals

Feedstocks Used in Alternative Bulk Chemical Production

TABLE 19 BIOBASED BULK USE OF BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2-13 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 20 COMPARISON OF PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE BULK CHEMICALS AND TOTAL BIOBASED FEEDSTOCK MARKET, 2008 ($ MILLIONS, %)

FIGURE 5 COMPARISON OF PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTLERNATIVE BULK CHEMICALS AND TOTAL BIOBASED FEEDSTOCK MARKET, 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 21 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE BULK CHEMICALS, 2008 ($ MILLIONS, %)

FIGURE 6 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTLERNATIVE BULK CHEMICALS, 2008 (%)

TABLE 22 BIOBASED BULK USE OF CROP-BASED BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($BILLIONS)

TABLE 23 BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE BULK CHEMICAL USE OF WASTE-BASED BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 24 BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE BULK CHEMICAL USE OF MICROBIAL FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

Biobased Specialty and Fine Alternative Chemical

Market

TABLE 25 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED SPECIALTY/FINE CHEMICALS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 26 U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE SPECIALTY/FINE CHEMICALS, COMPARISON BY CATEGORY, 2008 ($ BILLIONS, %)

FIGURE 7 U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE SPECIALTY/FINE CHEMICALS, COMPARISON BY CATEGORY, 2008 (%)

Specialty Fine Chemicals

Agrochemicals

Enzymes

TABLE 27 ALTERNATIVE SPECIALTY/FINE CHEMICAL USE OF BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 28 COMPARISON OF PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE SPECIALTY/FINE CHEMICALS AND TOTAL BIOBASED FEEDSTOCK MARKET, 2008 ($ MILLIONS, %)

FIGURE 8 COMPARISON OF PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTLERNATIVE SPECIALTY/FINE CHEMICALS AND TOTAL BIOBASED FEEDSTOCK MARKET, 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 29 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTLERNATIVE SPECIALTY/FINE CHEMICALS, 2008 ($ MILLIONS, %)

FIGURE 9 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTLERNATIVE SPECIALTY/FINE CHEMICALS, 2008 (%)

TABLE 30 BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE SPECIALTY/FINE CHEMICAL USE OF CROP- BASED BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 31 BIOBASED SPECIALTY/FINE ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL USE OF WASTE-BASED BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 32 BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE SPECIALTY/FINE CHEMICAL USE OF MICROBIAL FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

Biobased Polymer Alternative Chemical Market

TABLE 33 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED POLYMERS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 34 U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE POLYMERS, COMPARISON BY CATEGORY, 2008 ($ MILLIONS, %)

FIGURE 10 U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE POLYMERS, COMPARISON BY CATEGORY, 2008 (%)

Polylactic Acid (PLA)

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)

1,3 Propanediol (PDO)

Starch Polymers

Cellulose Polymer

Other Polymers

Microbial Sources and Polymers

TABLE 35 BIOBASED POLYMER USE OF OF BIOMASS FEEDSTOCK, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 36 COMPARISON OF PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE POLYMERS AND TOTAL BIOBASED FEEDSTOCK MARKET, 2008 ($ MILLIONS, %)

FIGURE 11 COMPARISON OF PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTLERNATIVE POLYMERS AND TOTAL BIOBASED FEEDSTOCK MARKET, 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 37 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE POLYMERS, 2008 ($ MILLIONS, %)

FIGURE 12 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE POLYMERS CHEMICALS, 2008 (%)

TABLE 38 BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE POLYMER CHEMICAL USE OF CROP-BASED BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 39 BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE POLYMER CHEMICAL USE OF WASTE-BASED BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 40 BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE POLYMER CHEMICAL USE OF MICROBIAL FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

MARKET BY ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL END-USE PRODUCTS

FORECASTS ON SALES FOR ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL END-USE PRODUCTS

TABLE 41 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF END-USE ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

Forecasts on Sales for (Continued)

TABLE 42 ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL END-USE PRODUCTS COMPARISON AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CHEMICAL ENDUSE PRODUCTION, 2008 AND 2013 ($ BILLIONS, %)

FIGURE 13 ALTERNATIVE CHEMICALS END-USE PRODUCT SHARES OF TOTAL ALTERNATIVE END-USE PRODUCTS, 2008 (%)

FIGURE 14 ALTERNATIVE CHEMICALS END-USE PRODUCT SHARES OF TOTAL ALTERNATIVE END-USE PRODUCTS, 2013

(%)

Forecasts on Sales for (Continued)

ALTERNATIVE END-USE PRODUCT CATEGORIES

Alternative Plastics

Biobased and Biodegradable Plastic Technology

Resins, Polyesters, and Plastics

Specialty Plastics

TABLE 43 ALTERNATIVE PLASTICS USE OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

Alternative Pharmaceutical Products

New Drug Therapies

TABLE 44 ALTERNATIVE PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

Alternative Packaging

TABLE 45 ALTERNATIVE PACKAGING USE OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

Alternative Cleaning Products

Vegetable Cleaners

TABLE 46 ALTERNATIVE PACKAGING USE OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

Alternative Personal Care Products

TABLE 47 ALTERNATIVE PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS’ USE OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

Alternative Agrochemicals

Fertilizers

Biodegradable Waste to Compost

TABLE 48 ALTERNATIVE AGROCHEMICAL USE OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

Alternative Detergents

Alternative Detergent Offerings

TABLE 49 ALTERNATIVE DETERGENT USE OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

Alternative Painting and Coatings

TABLE 50 ALTERNATIVE PAINT AND COATINGS’ USE OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

Alternative Adhesive Products

TABLE 51 ALTERNATIVE ADHESIVES’ USE OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

Alternative Lubricants

TABLE 52 ALTERNATIVE LUBRICANTS’ USE OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

Alternative Pigments and Dyes Products

TABLE 53 ALTERNATIVE PIGMENTS’ AND DYES’ USE OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

Alternative Ink Products

Soy Based Inks

TABLE 54 ALTERNATIVE INKS’ USE OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

Soy Based Inks (Continued)

TECHNOLOGY

TABLE 55 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE TO THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

POLLUTION PREVENTION AND COST SAVINGS

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

MICROBIAL RESEARCH

LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT

CHEMICAL PROCESSES

PROCESS EFFICIENCIES AND PRODUCT STEWARDSHIP

NONTRADITIONAL CHEMICAL PROCESSING

IMPORTANT RESEARCH AREAS

FIGURE 15 DIAGRAM OF A TYPICAL CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Creating Robust Measurement Techniques

Chemical Pathways

REAGENTS

SOLVENTS

WATER

IONIC LIQUIDS

SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS

CATALYSTS

FERMENTATION

BIOPROCESSING

Biorefineries

COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN

PRODUCT AND PROCESSES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

COMMERCIAL PRODUCT AND PROCESS R&D

Cargill and Novozymes

Natureworks, LLC

Rohm and Haas and Novasep

Ashland Inc.

Metabolix

Ashland Inc. and Cargill

The Dow Chemical Company and Crystalsev

Vertec BioSolvents, Inc.

Meredian, Inc

DuPont

ACADEMIC PRODUCT AND PROCESS R & D

Rice University

University of Oregon

Polytechnic University

University of California

Georgia Institute of Technology

Iowa State University

National Science Foundation (NSF) Academic R&D

Georgia Institute of Technology

University of South Florida

University of Texas at Arlington

Oregon State University

Illinois Wesleyan University

University of New Mexico

GOVERNMENT R & D

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Agriculture Research Service (ARS)

ARS: “Valuable Polysaccharide-Based Products from Sugar Beet Pulp and Citrus Peel”

ARS: “Industrial Products from New Crops”

Department of Energy

Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy - Biomass Program

Office of Science—Office of Basic Energy Sciences

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

“Value-Added Products from Hemicellulose Utilization in Dry-Mill Ethanol Plants”

“Isosorbide Production”

Oak Ridge National Laboratory—The Plant Genomics

Group

PATENTS

PATENTS BY COMPANY

TABLE 56 PATENTS BY COMPANY

Patents by Company (Continued)

TABLE 57 PATENTS ISSUED BY TECHNOLOGY AND YEAR, 2005-2007

PATENT REVIEW

U.S. Patent No. 6,320,077: Lactic Acid Processing; Methods; Arrangements; and Product

U.S. Patent No. 5,656,682: Polymer Composition Comprising Esterified Starch and Esterified Cellulose

U.S. Patent No. 7,217,545: Method for Production of Lactic Acid

U.S. Patent No. 7,294,486: Enzymatic Process for the Synthesis of Organo- fluorine Compounds

U.S. Patent No. 7,247,230: Electrochemical Synthesis and Processing of Conducting Polymers in Supercritical Media

U.S. Patent No. 7,229,804: Biological Systems for Manufacture of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Polymers Containing 4-hydroxyacids

U.S. Patent No. 7,285,523: Enzyme-containing Granule and Detergent Composition

U.S. Patent No. 7,309,805: Method and System to Contact an Ionic Liquid Catalyst with Oxygen to Improve a Chemical Reaction

U.S. Patent No. 7,275,572: Eco Tire

U.S. Patent No. 7,275,572: Eco Tire (Continued)

INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND MARKET COMPETITION

MARKET DYNAMICS FOR ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

MARKET DRIVERS

Alternative Chemical Costs

Product Price

Regulations

Environmental Drivers

Research and Development

TABLE 58 ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL R&D EXPENDITURES VERSUS MARKETING EXPENDITURES, 2008 (%)

GOVERNMENT FUND OF R&D

Capital Investment Essential

COMPETITIVE STRATEGIES

Branding

Environmental Image

Chemical Industry Voluntary Programs

Responsible Care

Economies of Scale

Alliances

Production Innovation

COMPANIES

Biotechnology and Life Sciences Industries

Agriculture Industry

Biomass Feedstock Processors Market Share

TABLE 59 BIOMASS FEEDSTOCK PROCESSORS’ MARKET SHARE COMPARISON, 2008 ($ MILLIONS, %)

FIGURE 16 BIOMASS FEEDSTOCK PROCESSORS’ MARKET SHARE COMPARISON, BY TIER 2008 (%)

Alternative Chemical Manufacturer’s Market Share

TABLE 60 BIOBASED CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS’ MARKET SHARE COMPARISON, 2008 ($ BILLIONS, %)

FIGURE 17 BIOBASED CHEMICAL MANUFACTURES’ MARKET SHARE COMPARISON, BY TIER, 2008 (%)

COMPANY SIZE

SMALL TO MEDIUM COMPANIES

LEADERSHIP

PRESIDENTIAL GREEN CHEMISTRY CHALLENGE AWARDS

TABLE 61 PRESIDENTIAL GREEN CHEMISTRY CHALLENGE AWARD WINNERS, 2005-2007

TABLE 61 (CONTINUED)

SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

GLOBAL COMPETITION

INTERNATIONAL MARKET

INTERNATIONAL MARKET DYNAMICS

FOREIGN INVESTMENT

CHALLENGED BY DEVELOPING REGIONS

GLOBALIZATION

SUPPLY AND DEMAND

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS

A SHIFT TO BIOBASED AND BIOTECHNOLOGIES

U.S. EXPORTS

TABLE 62 U.S. PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL ENDUSE PRODUCTS—EXPORTS/IMPORTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 63 U.S. PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE PLASTICS—EXPORTS/IMPORTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 64 U.S. PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE PHARMACEUTICALS— EXPORTS/IMPORTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 65 U.S. PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE PACKAGING PRODUCTS—EXPORTS/IMPORTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

U.S. EXPORTS (CONTINUED)

TABLE 66 U.S. PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE CLEANING PRODUCTS—EXPORTS/IMPORTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 67 U.S. PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS—EXPORTS/IMPORTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 68 U.S. PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE AGROCHEMICALS— EXPORTS/IMPORTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 69 U.S. PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE DETERGENTS—EXPORTS/IMPORTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 70 U.S. PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE PAINTING & COATINGS— EXPORTS/IMPORTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

U.S. EXPORTS (CONTINUED)

TABLE 71 U.S. PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE ADHESIVES—EXPORTS/IMPORTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 72 U.S. PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE LUBRICANTS—XPORTS/IMPORTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 73 U.S. PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE PIGMENTS AND DYES— EXPORTS/IMPORTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 74 U.S. PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE INKS EXPORTS/IMPORTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

WORLDWIDE REGIONAL MARKETS

TABLE 75 WORLDWIDE REGIONAL PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL END-USE PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 76 GLOBAL COMPARISON OF PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL END-USE PRODUCTION, 2008 ($ BILLIONS, %)

FIGURE 18 GLOBAL COMPARISON OF PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL END-USE PRODUCTION, 2008 (%)

TABLE 77 GLOBAL PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL END-USE PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 77 (CONTINUED)

WESTERN EUROPE

EASTERN EUROPE

CANADA

LATIN AMERICA

Brazil

Mexico

ASIA PACIFIC

China

China’s Environmental Regulations

Japan

INDUSTRIAL VERSUS DEVELOPING REGIONS

Industrialized Countries

Advanced Technology

INTERNATIONAL REGULATION AND AGREEMENTS

EUROPEAN UNION REGULATION

Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of

Chemicals (Reach)

THE KYOTO PROTOCOL

UNITED NATIONAL GLOBAL COMPACT

INTERNATIONAL COMPANIES

INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS

Akzo Nobel and ICI

Bayer

BASF

Braskem

Croda

Crystalsev

DSM

Indorama

Neochim

Novamont

Novozymes A/S

PHB Industrial S.A.

Plantic

Purac

Rhodia

Roquette and DSM

Solanic

Solvay

Tate & Lyle

Teijin Group

FINANCING AND EXPORT ASSISTANCE

EX-IM BANK

EXPORT WORKING CAPITAL PROGRAM

OVERSEAS PRIVATE INVESTMENT CORPORATION

COMMERCIAL BANKS

REGULATION

HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE

STATE AND FEDERAL INTERACTIONS

EPCRA

EPA’S GREEN CHEMISTRY FOCUS

THE CLEAN AIR ACT

WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT

CLEAN WATER ACT

CLEAN WATER ACT AMENDMENTS

RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT

“CRADLE-TO-GRAVE” CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE

POLLUTION PREVENTION ACT

TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT

MICROBIAL PRODUCTS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY; FINAL REGULATIONS UNDERTHE TOXIC SUBSTANCE CONTROL ACT

TSCA INVENTORY NOMENCLATURE AND REPORTING FOR ENZYMES

BIOMASS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 2000

BIOMASS RESEARCH AND …(CONTINUED)

THE FOOD, CONSERVATION, AND ENERGY ACT OF 2008

NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN REGULATION

H.R. 2850 GREEN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 2007

S.2307 GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH IMPROVEMENT ACT

OF 2007

S.1884 HARVESTING ENERGY ACT OF 2007

H.R.3775 INDUSTRIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 2007

HR 2752 MARKET INCENTIVES FOR BIOBASED PRODUCTS ACT OF 2007

COMPANY PROFILES

AG PROCESSING INC

ARCHER DANIELS MIDLAND COMPANY (ADM)

ASHLAND INC.

CEREPLAST

CODEXIS, INC

THE DOW CHEMICAL CO

DUPONT

EASTMAN CHEMICAL CO

GENENCOR DIVISION, DANISCO US INC

METABOLIX

NATIONAL STARCH AND CHEMICAL COMPANY

NATUREWORKS LLC

PENFORD CORP

ROHM AND HAAS

TATE & LYLE

VERENIUM CORPORATION

VERTEC BIOSOLVENTS, INC

APPENDIX: REFERENCES

WORKS CITED

WORKS CITED (CONTINUED)

WORKS CITED (CONTINUED)

WORKS CITED (CONTINUED)

WORKS CITED (CONTINUED)

LIST OF TABLES

SUMMARY TABLE TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF END-USE ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 1 REPRESENTATIVE CHEMICAL PRODUCT MARKET ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 2 TOTAL U.S. CROP AND WASTE BASED FEEDSTOCK PRODUCTION FOR CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING, THROUGH 2013 ($ TONS)

TABLE 3 TOTAL U.S. BIOMASS FEEDSTOCK PRODUCTION FOR BIOBASED CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 4 TOTAL U.S. CROP-BASED FEEDSTOCK PRODUCTION FOR CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING, THROUGH 2013 ($ TONS)

TABLE 5 TOTAL U.S. CROP-BASED FEEDSTOCK PRODUCTION FOR CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 6 TOTAL U.S. MICROBIAL BIOMASS FEEDSTOCK PRODUCTION FOR CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 7 TOTAL U.S. WASTE-BASED FEEDSTOCK PRODUCTION FOR CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING, THROUGH 2013 ($ TONS)

TABLE 8 TOTAL U.S. WASTE-BASED FEEDSTOCK PRODUCTION FOR CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 9 COST OF PROCESSING CHEMICALS, PETROCHEMICAL VS. BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE CHEMICALS, 2008 (%)

TABLE 10 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED CHEMICALS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 11 U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE CHEMICALS, COMPARISON BY CATEGORY, 2008 ($ BILLIONS, %)

TABLE 12 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTLERNATIVE CHEMICALS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 13 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE CHEMICALS, 2008 ($ MILLIONS, %)

TABLE 14 BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL USE OF CROPBASED BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 15 BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL USE OF WASTEBASED BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 16 BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL USE OF MICROBIAL FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 17 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED BULK CHEMICALS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 18 U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE BULK CHEMICALS, COMPARISON BY CATEGORY, 2008 ($ BILLIONS, %)

TABLE 19 BIOBASED BULK USE OF BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2-13 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 20 COMPARISON OF PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE BULK CHEMICALS AND TOTAL BIOBASED FEEDSTOCK MARKET, 2008 ($ MILLIONS, %)

TABLE 21 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE BULK CHEMICALS, 2008 ($ MILLIONS, %)

TABLE 22 BIOBASED BULK USE OF CROP-BASED BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 23 BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE BULK CHEMICAL USE OF WASTE-BASED BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 24 BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE BULK CHEMICAL USE OF MICROBIAL FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 25 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED SPECIALTY/FINE CHEMICALS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 26 U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE SPECIALTY/FINE CHEMICALS, COMPARISON BY CATEGORY, 2008 ($ BILLIONS, %)

TABLE 27 ALTERNATIVE SPECIALTY/FINE CHEMICAL USE OF BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 28 COMPARISON OF PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE SPECIALTY/FINE CHEMICALS AND TOTAL BIOBASED FEEDSTOCK MARKET, 2008 ($ MILLIONS, %)

TABLE 29 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTLERNATIVE SPECIALTY/FINE CHEMICALS, 2008 ($ MILLIONS, %)

TABLE 30 BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE SPECIALTY/FINE CHEMICAL USE OF CROP- BASED BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 31 BIOBASED SPECIALTY/FINE ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL USE OF WASTE-BASED BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 32 BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE SPECIALTY/FINE CHEMICAL USE OF MICROBIAL FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 33 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED POLYMERS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 34 U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE POLYMERS, COMPARISON BY CATEGORY, 2008 ($ MILLIONS, %)

TABLE 35 BIOBASED POLYMER USE OF OF BIOMASS FEEDSTOCK, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 36 COMPARISON OF PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE POLYMERS AND TOTAL BIOBASED FEEDSTOCK MARKET, 2008 ($ MILLIONS, %)

TABLE 37 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE POLYMERS, 2008 ($ MILLIONS, %)

TABLE 38 BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE POLYMER CHEMICAL USE OF CROP-BASED BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 39 BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE POLYMER CHEMICAL USE OF WASTE-BASED BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 40 BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE POLYMER CHEMICAL USE OF MICROBIAL FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 41 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF END-USE ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 42 ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL END-USE PRODUCTS COMPARISON AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CHEMICAL END-USE PRODUCTION, 2008 AND 2013 ($ BILLIONS, %)

TABLE 43 ALTERNATIVE PLASTICS USE OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 44 ALTERNATIVE PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 45 ALTERNATIVE PACKAGING USE OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 46 ALTERNATIVE PACKAGING USE OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 47 ALTERNATIVE PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS’ USE OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 48 ALTERNATIVE AGROCHEMICAL USE OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 49 ALTERNATIVE DETERGENT USE OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 50 ALTERNATIVE PAINT AND COATINGS’ USE OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 51 ALTERNATIVE ADHESIVES’ USE OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 52 ALTERNATIVE LUBRICANTS’ USE OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 53 ALTERNATIVE PIGMENTS’ AND DYES’ USE OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 54 ALTERNATIVE INKS’ USE OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 55 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE TO THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

TABLE 56 PATENTS BY COMPANY

TABLE 57 PATENTS ISSUED BY TECHNOLOGY AND YEAR, 2005-2007

TABLE 58 ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL R&D EXPENDITURES VERSUS MARKETING EXPENDITURES, 2008 (%)

TABLE 59 BIOMASS FEEDSTOCK PROCESSORS’ MARKET SHARE COMPARISON, 2008 ($ MILLIONS, %)

TABLE 60 BIOBASED CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS’ MARKET SHARE COMPARISON, 2008 ($ BILLIONS, %)

TABLE 61 PRESIDENTIAL GREEN CHEMISTRY CHALLENGE AWARD WINNERS, 2005-2007

TABLE 62 U.S. PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL END-USE PRODUCTS—EXPORTS/IMPORTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 63 U.S. PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE PLASTICS—EXPORTS/IMPORTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 64 U.S. PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE PHARMACEUTICALS— EXPORTS/IMPORTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 65 U.S. PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE PACKAGING PRODUCTS—EXPORTS/IMPORTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 66 U.S. PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE CLEANING PRODUCTS—EXPORTS/IMPORTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 67 U.S. PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS—EXPORTS/IMPORTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 68 U.S. PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE AGROCHEMICALS— EXPORTS/IMPORTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 69 U.S. PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE DETERGENTS—EXPORTS/IMPORTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 70 U.S. PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE PAINTING & COATINGS— EXPORTS/IMPORTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 71 U.S. PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE ADHESIVES—EXPORTS/IMPORTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 72 U.S. PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE LUBRICANTS—XPORTS/IMPORTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 73 U.S. PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE PIGMENTS AND DYES— EXPORTS/IMPORTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 74 U.S. PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE INKS EXPORTS/IMPORTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 75 WORLDWIDE REGIONAL PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL END-USE PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 76 GLOBAL COMPARISON OF PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL END-USE PRODUCTION, 2008 ($ BILLIONS, %)

TABLE 77 GLOBAL PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL ENDUSE PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS)

LIST OF FIGURES

SUMMARY FIGURE A ALTERNATIVE CHEMICALS COMPARISON AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CHEMICAL END-USE PRODUCTION, 2008

(%)

SUMMARY FIGURE B ALTERNATIVE CHEMICALS COMPARISON AS A PRCENTAGE OF TOTAL CHEMICAL END-USE PRODUCTION, 2013

(%)

FIGURE 1 COST OF PROCESSING CHEMICALS, PETROCHEMICAL VS. BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE CHEMICALS, 2008 (%)

FIGURE 2 U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE CHEMICALS, COMPARISON BY CATEGORY, 2008 (%)

FIGURE 3 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTLERNATIVE CHEMICALS, 2008 (%)

FIGURE 4 U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE BULK CHEMICALS, COMPARISON BY CATEGORY, 2008 (%)

FIGURE 5 COMPARISON OF PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTLERNATIVE BULK CHEMICALS AND TOTAL BIOBASED FEEDSTOCK MARKET, 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 6 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTLERNATIVE BULK CHEMICALS, 2008 (%)

FIGURE 7 U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE SPECIALTY/FINE CHEMICALS, COMPARISON BY CATEGORY, 2008

(%)

FIGURE 8 COMPARISON OF PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTLERNATIVE SPECIALTY/FINE CHEMICALS AND TOTAL BIOBASED FEEDSTOCK MARKET, 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 9 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTLERNATIVE SPECIALTY/FINE CHEMICALS, 2008 (%)

FIGURE 10 U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED ALTERNATIVE POLYMERS, COMPARISON BY CATEGORY, 2008 (%)

FIGURE 11 COMPARISON OF PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTLERNATIVE POLYMERS AND TOTAL BIOBASED FEEDSTOCK MARKET, 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 12 TOTAL U.S. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED FEEDSTOCKS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE POLYMERS CHEMICALS, 2008 (%)

FIGURE 13 ALTERNATIVE CHEMICALS END-USE PRODUCT SHARES OF TOTAL ALTERNATIVE END-USE PRODUCTS, 2008 (%)

FIGURE 14 ALTERNATIVE CHEMICALS END-USE PRODUCT SHARES OF TOTAL ALTERNATIVE END-USE PRODUCTS, 2013 (%)

FIGURE 15 DIAGRAM OF A TYPICAL CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING PROCESS

FIGURE 16 BIOMASS FEEDSTOCK PROCESSORS’ MARKET SHARE COMPARISON, BY TIER 2008 (%)

FIGURE 17 BIOBASED CHEMICAL MANUFACTURES’ MARKET SHARE COMPARISON, BY TIER, 2008 (%)

FIGURE 18 GLOBAL COMPARISON OF PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE CHEMICAL END-USE PRODUCTION, 2008 (%)

Abstract

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