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Published by: BCC Research
Published: Jun. 1, 2006 - 170 Pages
Table of Contents
- INTRODUCTION
- PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS
- STUDY BACKGROUND
- STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
- CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY AND FOR WHOM
- SCOPE AND FORMAT
- METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES
- COMMERCIAL DRUGS
- Introduction Figure: MARKET PROJECTION METHODOLOGY (COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS AND APPLICATIONS)
- DEVELOPMENTAL DRUGS
- Introduction Table: FDA APPROVAL PROCESS FOR NEW DRUGS
- ANALYST CREDENTIALS
- RELATED BCC PUBLICATIONS
- BCC ONLINE SERVICES
- DISCLAIMER
- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- Summary Table: GLOBAL FORECAST OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUG SALES, THROUGH 2011 ($ BILLIONS)
- Summary Figure: GLOBAL FORECAST OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUG SALES, 2005-2011 ($ BILLIONS)
- OVERVIEW OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS
- DEFINITION
- WHAT IS A PLANT-DERIVED DRUG?
- TYPES OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS
- HISTORY OF PLANT-BASED DRUGS
- ORIGINS, PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATIONS OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS
- BOTANICAL ORIGINS OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS
- PROPERTIES
- Alkaloids
- Central Nervous System Inhibitors and Stimulants
- Morphine
- Cinchona
- Vinca Alkaloids
- Terpenes
- Taxol
- Steroids
- Menthol
- Central Nervous System Depressants
- Glycosides
- Anthraglycosides
- Cardiac Glycosides
- Flavonoids
- Saponins
- Glycyrrhizin
- Echinacea
- Calendula Officinalis
- Other Plant Substances
- Coumarins
- Psoralens
- Capsaicinoids
- Phenols
- Tannins
- Proanthocyanins
- Anthraquinones
- Miscellaneous Substances
- MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
- Table 1 MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF PLANT DERIVED DRUGS
- PLANT-MANUFACTURED DRUGS
- Botanical Origins
- Table 2 PLANTS USED AS BIOFACTORIES FOR PRODUCING THERAPEUTICS
- Tobacco
- Cereals and Legumes
- Fruits and Vegetables
- Aquatic Plants
- Properties
- Plantigens
- Plantibodies
- Medical Applications
- Dental Decay
- Human Papilloma Virus
- Traveler's Diarrhea
- Other Applications
- INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
- PRODUCTION PROCESS
- Primary Production
- Bulk Processing and Production of Extracts
- Formulation of Medications
- Distribution
- Figure 1 STRUCTURE OF THE PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS INDUSTRY
- PRIMARY PRODUCERS
- Commercial Growers
- Wild-Collectors
- BULK PRODUCERS
- Table 3 MAJOR BULK PRODUCERS OF PLANT-BASED MEDICINALS
- FORMULATORS
- Table 4 MAJOR FORMULATORS OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS
- CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION
- Figure 2 U.S. DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS
- Wholesalers
- Hospitals and Other Healthcare Institutions
- Table 5 U.S. INSTITUTIONAL DRUG DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS, 2004 ($ BILLIONS)
- Figure 3 U.S. INSTITUTIONAL DRUG DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS, 2004 (PERCENT OF TOTAL INSTITUTIONAL SALES)
- Retailers
- Table 6 U.S. PRESCRIPTION DRUG RETAIL DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS, 2004 ($ BILLIONS)
- Figure 4 U.S. PRESCRIPTION DRUG RETAIL DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS, 2004 (PERCENT OF TOTAL SALES)
- OTHER PARTICIPANTS
- Independent Research Institutions
- U.S.
- Other Countries
- Regulatory Agencies
- U.S.
- Countries Outside the U.S.
- Countries with the Same Regulatory Requirements for All Products
- Countries Requiring Less Stringent Evidence for Herbal Medicines
- Countries with Special Regulatory Requirements for Herbal Medicines
- Countries Exempting Herbal Medicines from Most or All Regulatory Requirements
- EU Food Supplements Directive
- MARKET SIZE, SEGMENTATION AND GROWTH TRENDS
- OVERALL MARKET
- Table 7 GLOBAL FORECAST OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUG SALES, THROUGH 2011 ($ BILLIONS)
- Figure 5 GLOBAL MARKET FOR PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS, 2005-2011 ($ BILLIONS)
- Figure 6 PLANT-DERIVED DRUG SHARE OF TOTAL GLOBAL DRUG MARKET, 2005 (PERCENT OF TOTAL SALES)
- Table 8 TOP TWENTY PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS WORLDWIDE 2005-2011 ($ MILLIONS)
- MARKET SEGMENTATION
- SALES BY MEDICAL APPLICATION
- Figure 7 GLOBAL MARKET FOR PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS BY MEDICAL APPLICATION SHARES, 2005 AND 2011 (PERCENT OF TOTAL SALES)
- Table 9 GLOBAL FORECAST OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUG SALES BY MEDICAL APPLICATION, THOUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
- SALES OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS BY PR0PERTIES
- Single-Entity vs. Herbal Drugs
- Figure 8 SHARES OF SINGLE ENTITY VS. HERBAL DRUGS, 2005 AND 2011 (PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL SALES)
- Table 10 GLOBAL FORECAST OF SINGLE-ENTITY VS. HERBAL MEDICINE SALES, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
- Sales of Single-Entity Drugs by Type
- Figure 9 SINGLE ENTITY DRUG SALES BY TYPE OF DRUG, THROUGH 2011 (PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL SALES)
- Table 11 GLOBAL FORECAST OF SINGLE-ENTITY DRUGS BY TYPE, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
- SALES BY REGION
- Figure 10 PLANT-DERIVED DRUG SALES BY REGION, 2005 AND 2011 (PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL SALES)
- Table 12 GLOBAL FORECAST OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUG SALES BY REGION, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
- DETAILED MARKET PROJECTIONS
- TRENDS IN MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS
- DRUGS FOR TREATING PAIN
- Overall Market Trends
- Figure 11 GLOBAL MARKET FOR PAIN-RELATED DRUGS BY TYPE OF DRUG, 2005 (PERCENT OF TOTAL SALES)
- Table 13 GLOBAL FORECAST FOR PAIN-RELATED DRUGS MARKET, THROUGH 2011 ($ BILLIONS)
- Plant-Derived Pain Medications
- Commercial Drugs
- Figure 12 LARGEST-SELLING PLANT-DERIVED PAIN MEDICATIONS, 2005 (PERCENT OF TOTAL SALES)
- Drug Candidates
- Dronabinol
- Whole Plant Extract Drugs
- Projected Sales
- Table 14 GLOBAL FORECAST FOR MAJOR PLANT-DERIVED PAIN MEDICINES MARKET, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
- Figure 13 TRENDS IN ANNUAL SALES OF AVERAGE NEW DRUG ($ MILLIONS)
- ANTI-INFECTION DRUGS
- Overall Market Trends
- Figure 14 GLOBAL MARKET FOR PAIN-RELATED DRUGS BY TYPE OF DRUG, 2005 (PERCENT OF TOTAL SALES)
- Table 15 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ANTI-INFECTION DRUGS, THROUGH 2011 ($ BILLIONS)
- Plant-Derived Anti-Infection Drugs
- Commercial Drugs
- Figure 15 LARGEST-SELLING PLANT-DERIVED ANTI-INFECTION DRUGS, 2005 (PERCENT OF TOTAL SALES)
- Developmental Drugs
- Calanolide A
- Calanolide B
- Conocurovone
- Projected Sales
- Table 16 MARKET FOR MAJOR PLANT-DERIVED ANTI-INFECTION DRUGS, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
- CANCER DRUGS
- Overall Market Trends
- Market Segmentation
- Alkylating Agents
- Antimetabolites
- Mitotic Inhibitors
- Antitumor Antibiotics
- Other Types of Anti-Cancer Drugs
- Market Drivers
- Market Size and Growth Rate
- Table 17 GLOBAL FORECAST FOR CANCER DRUGS MARKET, THROUGH 2011 ($ BILLIONS)
- Market for Plant-derived Anti-Cancer Drugs
- Commercial Drugs
- Drug Candidates
- Projected Sales
- Table 18 GLOBAL FORECAST FOR MAJOR PLANT-DERIVED MITOTIC ANTI-CANCER DRUGS MARKET, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
- DERMATOLOGICAL TREATMENTS
- Overall Market Trends
- Figure 16 GLOBAL MARKET FOR DERMATOLOGICAL DRUGS, 2005 (%)
- Table 19 GLOBAL FORECAST FOR DERMATOLOGICAL DRUGS MARKET, THROUGH 2011 ($ BILLIONS)
- Market for Plant-derived Dermatology Drugs
- Commercial Drugs
- Figure 17 LARGEST-SELLING PLANT-DERIVED DERMATOLOGY DRUGS, 2005 (PERCENT OF TOTAL SALES)
- Glucocortisoids
- Aloe
- Psoralen
- Others
- Drug Candidates
- Oenothein-B
- Dithranol
- Projected Sales
- Table 20 GLOBAL FORECAST FOR MAJOR PLANT-DERIVED DERMATOLOGICAL DRUGS MARKET, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
- CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS
- Overall Market Trends
- Figure 18 GLOBAL MARKET FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS, 2005 (%)
- Table 21 GLOBAL FORECAST FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS MARKET, THROUGH 2011 ($ BILLIONS)
- Market for Plant-derived Cardiovascular Drugs
- Commercial Drugs
- Figure 19 LARGEST-SELLING PLANT-DERIVED CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS, 2005 (PERCENT OF TOTAL SALES)
- Drug Candidates
- Sales Projections
- Table 22 GLOBAL MARKET FOR MAJOR PLANT-DERIVED CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
- GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS
- Overall Market Trends
- Figure 20 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS, 2005 (%)
- Table 23 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS, THROUGH 2011 ($ BILLIONS)
- Market for Plant-derived Gastrointestinal Drugs
- Commercial Drugs
- Figure 21 LARGEST-SELLING PLANT-DERIVED GATROINTESTINAL DRUGS, 2005 (PERCENT OF TOTAL SALES)
- Drug Candidates
- Projected Sales
- Table 24 GLOBAL MARKET FOR MAJOR PLANT-DERIVED GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
- RESPIRATORY DRUGS
- Overall Market Trends
- Figure 22 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS, 2005 (%)
- Table 25 GLOBAL FORECAST FOR RESPIRATORY DRUGS MARKET, THROUGH 2011 ($ BILLIONS)
- Market for Plant-Derived Respiratory Drugs
- Commercial Drugs
- Figure 23 LARGEST-SELLING PLANT-DERIVED RESPIRATORY DRUGS, 2005 (PERCENT OF TOTAL SALES)
- Drug Candidates
- Projected Sales
- Table 26 GLOBAL FORECAST FOR MAJOR PLANT-DERIVED RESPIRATORY DRUGS MARKET, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
- ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES AND HORMONE REPLACEMENT DRUGS
- Overall Market Trends
- Figure 24 GLOBAL HORMONE DRUG MARKET, 2005 (PERCENT OF TOTAL SALES)
- Table 27 GLOBAL FORECAST FOR ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES AND HORMONE REPLACEMENTS MARKET, THROUGH 2011 ($ BILLIONS)
- Plant-Derived Hormone Drugs
- Commercial Drugs
- Plant-derived Contraceptives
- Plant-Derived Hormone Replacements
- Developmental Drugs
- Projected Sales
- Table 28 GLOBAL MARKET FOR MAJOR PLANT-DERIVED HORMONE DRUGS, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
- OTHER PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS
- Table 29 GLOBAL FORECAST FOR OTHER PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS MARKET, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
- Galamanthine
- Ginkgo Biloba
- L-Dopa
- Prunus Africanus
- Saw Palmetto
- St. John's Wort
- Milk Thistle
- Valerian
- OTHER PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS
- TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS
- CULTIVATION
- EXTRACTION
- PLANT PART SUBSTITUTION
- PLANT CELL CULTURE
- MOLECULAR FARMING
- Issues
- Solutions
- Other Impediments
- ENVIRONMENTAL TRENDS
- HABITAT DESTRUCTION
- PRESERVATION LEGISLATION
- LEGAL/REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS
- INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND LEGISLATION
- The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
- The World Heritage Convention
- The Convention on Biological Diversity
- The Cartegena Protocol
- The Precautionary Principle
- Biopharming
- NATIONAL LEGAL/REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS
- Endangered Species and Biodiversity
- United States
- Endangered Species Act and CITES
- Convention on Biodiversity
- European Union
- CITES
- Convention on Biodiversity
- Brazil
- The National Environmental Policy
- Conservation Units
- Issues
- Drug Safety
- International Standardization
- INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
- MARKET LEADERS
- SALES AND MARKET SHARES
- Table 30 PLANT-DERIVED DRUG SALES BY LEADING DRUG COMPANIES, 2005
- Table 31 LEADING PLANT-DERIVED DRUG COMPANIES' ESTIMATED MARKET SHARES, 2005 ($ BILLIONS/%)
- Figure 25 LEADING PLANT-DERIVED DRUG COMPANIES' ESTIMATED MARKET SHARES, 2005 (%)
- INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
- Bioprospecting
- OTHER COMPANIES TO WATCH
- BIOLEX, INC.
- CHLOROGEN, INC.
- GW PHARMACEUTICALS
- LARGE SCALE BIOLOGY CORP.
- MERISTEM THERAPEUTICS
- NAPO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
- PHYTOMEDICS, INC.
- PHYTOPHARM PLC
- PLANET BIOTECHNOLOGY INC.
- PRODIGENE, INC.
- SARAWAK MEDICHEM PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
- SUBTERRA LLC
- VENTRIA BIOSCIENCE
- CONCLUSION
- PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS AT A CROSSROADS
- PATENT PROTECTION/INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ISSUES
- Patent Revocation
- U.S. Market
- TRIPS Controversy
- INCREASING DIFFICULTY OF BIOPROSPECTING
- OTHER REGULATORY CHALLENGES
- ALTERNATIVE DRUG DISCOVERY PLATFORMS
- LACK OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS
- OBSTACLES TO START-UP FIRMS
- APPENDIX
- ORIGINS AND PROPERTIES OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS
- Table 32 ORIGINS AND PROPERTIES OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS
AbstractREPORT HIGHLIGHTS
- The global market for plant-derived drugs was worth an estimated $18 billion in 2005. BCC expects this figure to grow to nearly $19 billion in 2006 and more than $26 billion by 2011, at an AAGR of 6.6% between 2006 and 2011.
- Cancer treatment is expected to become the largest application of plant-derived drugs by 2011, with 24% of the market.
- Respiratory problems such as asthma represent the largest medical application of plant-derived drugs in 2005, accounting for 26% of total sales of plant-derived drugs.
- The North American market (the U.S. and Canada) accounts for over half of the world market for plant-derived drugs, and is projected to increase faster than either the Western European or developed Asian regional markets, exceeding 54% of the global market by 2011
INTRODUCTION
Nobody knows exactly how many plants are used medicinally. However, the number is almost certainly in the tens of thousands. In Mexico alone, there are approximately 3,500 species of medicinal plants, according to a spokesperson for the Botanical Garden of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. Traditional healers in China reportedly use more than 5,000 species of plants to treat illnesses and injuries. Ayurvedic and other traditional healers in South Asia use at least 1,800 plant species. Most cultures recognize a large number of medicinally useful plants.
Still, we have merely scratched the surface; only 5% to 15% of the approximately 250,000 higher plants have ever been investigated for bioactive compounds, with about 155,000 seed plants in the tropics alone, according to the Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. Although tropical rainforests cover only about 8% of the earth's surface, they offer an immense resource for discoveries of new compounds. Ethnobotany, the study of plant use by local populations, has now expanded to include research scientists and pharmaceutical companies from developed countries looking for new drugs.
Plant-derived medicines are not limited to traditional cultures. Many of the prescription drugs sold in the U.S., Canada and Europe contain active ingredients derived from plants. Widely used drugs that contain plant extracts include the anti-tumor agent paclitaxel and the anti-cholesterol drug lovastatin, not to mention the familiar aspirin.
Consumption of traditional herbal remedies is also increasing in developed economies. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that between 4,000 and 6,000 species of medicinal plants are traded internationally.
SCOPE OF STUDY
This report:
- Identifies and classifies the plant-derived drugs that have been commercialized to date.
- Analyzes the historical and current volume and value of shipments of each of these drugs in specified geographical markets.
- Identifies and evaluates the impact of factors that will drive future demand for plant-derived drugs.
- Describes plant-derived drugs that are currently in the clinical testing or approvals stage and assesses the probability that they will be commercialized successfully in the next 5 years.
- Contains forecasts for the global volume and value of plant-derived drug shipments and their markets through 2011
- Identifies the leading manufacturers of plant-derived drugs and the firms that may become important players in the next 5 years.
METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES
The findings and conclusions contained in this report are based on information gathered from vendors and users of plant-derived drugs, as well as other informed sources. Additional data were obtained from extensive reviews of secondary sources such as trade publications, trade associations, company literature, and on-line databases.
Surveys of vendors and end-users are an important element of any market study, including this one. However, vendors' sales projections are often influenced by internal corporate considerations, as well as a desire to generate market interest and hopefully sales.
As a result, the emphasis in this study is on a corroborating "bottom-up" analysis. A somewhat different methodology was used to project demand for plant-derived drugs that are commercially available in 2005, versus those that are now under development and may become available within the 2006 to 2011 time frame of this study.
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