Natural Products In Crop Protection: World Markets and Technologies for “Greener” Agriculture (Technical Insights)

Published by: Frost & Sullivan

Published: Jul. 1, 2001 - 135 Pages

Table of Contents

Executive Summary

1. Introduction

1.1 The Size of the Agrochemical Global Market

1.2 The Opportunities for Natural Products in Crop Protection

1.3 References

2. Natural Products Used As Fungicides, Herbicides, Insecticides, And Plant Growth Regulators

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Microorganism-Based Products

2.2.1 Fungicides/Bactericides

2.2.1.1 Blasticidin

2.2.1.2 Kasugamycin

2.2.1.3 Mildiomycin

2.2.1.4 Natamycin

2.2.1.5 Oxytetracycline

2.2.1.6 Polyoxins

2.2.1.7 Streptomycin

2.2.1.8 Validamycin

2.2.2 Insecticides/Acaricides

2.2.2.1 Avermectins

2.2.2.2 Milbemectin

2.2.2.3 Bacillus thuringiensis d-Endotoxins

2.2.2.4 Spinosad

2.2.2.5 Polynactins

2.2.3 Herbicides

2.2.3.1 Bilanafos

2.3 Higher Plant-Based Products

2.3.1 Insecticides

2.3.1.1 Azadirachtin

2.3.1.2 Nicotine

2.3.1.3 Pelargonic and Related Fatty Acids

2.3.1.4 Pyrethrums

2.3.1.5 Rotenone

2.3.1.6 Ryania Extracts

2.3.1.7 Other Natural Insect-Active Compounds

2.3.2 Plant Growth Regulators

2.3.2.1 6-Benzylaminopurine

2.3.2.2 Zeatin

2.3.2.3 Gibberellic Acid and Gibberellin A 4 Plus Gibberellin A 7

2.3.2.4 Indol-3-ylacetic Acid

2.3.2.5 Pelargonic Acid

2.3.2.6 Plant-Derived Porphyrin Derivatives

2.4 Animal-Based Products

2.4.1 Insect Hormones

2.4.2 Insect-Specific Toxins

2.4.3 Pheromones

2.4.3.1 Lure and Kill—Japanese Beetle Sex Pheromone

2.4.3.2 Monitoring Agents—Pea Moth Pheromone

2.4.3.3 Mating Disrupters

2.3.3.4 Aggregation Pheromones

2.4.3.5 Mite Alarm Pheromone

2.5 References

3. Natural Products As A Source Of New Modes Of Action

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Fungicides

3.2.1 Phosphatidylinositol Biosynthesis

3.2.2 Chitin Biosynthesis

3.2.3 Protein Biosynthesis

3.2.4 Respiration

3.2.5 Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACCase)

3.2.6 Glucose Phosphorylation

3.2.7 Plant Natural Defense Chemicals

3.3 Insecticides

3.3.1 Nerve Poisons

3.3.1.1 Compounds that Interact with Neurotransmitter Ligand Recognition

3.3.1.1.1 The Nicotinic Receptor

3.3.1.1.2 The Muscarinic Receptor

3.3.1.2 Insecticides that Interfere with Ion Channels

3.3.1.2.1 Sodium Channels

3.3.1.2.2 Chloride Channels

3.3.1.3 Cholinesterase Inhibitors

3.3.2 Inhibition of Respiration

3.3.3 Muscle Contraction

3.3.4 Insect Hormones

3.3.5 Pheromones

3.4 Herbicides

3.5 References

4. Natural Products As A New Chemical Synthesis Skeleton

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Fungicides

4.2.1 Strobilurins

4.2.2 Pyrrolnitrin

4.3 Insecticides

4.3.1 Pyrethroids

4.3.2 Pheromones

4.3.3 Insect Hormones

4.3.4 Opportunities from Microorganisms

4.3.5 Insecticides from Higher Plants

4.3.6 Animal-Based Toxins

4.3.6.1 Neriestoxin

4.3.6.2 Insect-Specific Toxins

4.4 Herbicides

4.4.1 Herbicides from Microorganisms

4.4.2 Opportunities from Higher Plants

4.4.2.1 Cinmethylin

4.4.2.2 Triketones

5. Natural Proteins And Opportunities For Molecular Biology And GM Crops

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Fungal and Bacterial Resistance

5.2.1 Resistance Genes

5.2.2 Antifungal Protein Genes

5.2.3 Genes Controlling Enzymes Important in Secondary Metabolism

5.3 Control of Viruses

5.3.1 Natural Resistance Mechanisms

5.3.2 Satellite Nucleic Acids

5.3.3 Pathogen-Genome-Derived-Resistance Genes (PGDR)

5.3.4 Replicase Genes

5.3.5 Movement and Helper Protein Genes

5.3.6 Genes Coding for RNA

5.3.7 Genes Coding for Plant-Produced Antibodies

5.3.8 Genes Coding for Other Proteins

5.4 Insect Control

5.4.1 Bacillus thuringiensis d-Endotoxin Genes

5.4.1.1 Introduction

5.4.1.2 BollGard and InGard Cotton

5.4.1.3 Bt-Corn (European Corn Borer-Tolerance)

5.4.1.4 Corn Root Worm Tolerance

5.4.1.5 Bt-Transformed Potatoes

5.4.1.6 Expression of Bt in Crops

5.4.2 Other Insect-Active Protein Genes

5.4.2.1 The vip3A(a) Gene

5.4.2.2 The Pht-Toxin Gene

5.4.2.3 Protease Inhibitor Genes

5.4.2.4 Lectin Genes

5.4.2.5 a-Amylase Inhibitor Genes

5.4.2.6 Other Toxin Genes

5.4.2.7 Secondary Metabolism Genes

5.5 Nematode Resistance Genes

5.5.1 Proteases

5.5.2 Pin Proteins

5.5.3 Nematode Antibody Genes

5.5.4 Cytotoxic Protein Genes

5.6 Transgenic Microorganisms

5.6.1 Viruses

5.6.2 Bacteria

5.6.3 Fungi

5.7 Transgenic Macroorganisms

5.8 Gene Sequences Valuable for Synthesis

6. Regulation Of Natural Products And Biopesticides

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Registration of Natural Products as Crop Protection Agents

6.2.1 Requirements in the United States

6.2.2 Requirements in Europe

6.2.2.1 EU Registration Directive 91/414/EEC

6.2.2.2 EU Biocides Products Directive 98/8/EC

6.3 Harmonization of Data Requirements and Registrations

6.4 Recent and Future Outlooks

7. Conclusions

8. Further Reading

8.1 Books

8.2 Journal Articles

List Of Tables

Natural Products As A Source Of New Modes Of Action

3.1 Potential Neuronal and Muscular Insecticide Target Sites Based on the Sites of Action of Insecticidal Natural Products

Natural Products As A New Chemical Synthesis Skeleton

4.1 Summary of Known Molecular Modes of Action for Microbial Phytotoxins

Natural Proteins And Opportunities For Molecular Biology And Gm Crops

5.1 Effects of Various Gene Products Before and After Inclusion in Baculovirus

List Of Figures

Introduction

1.1 Current Agrochemical Market

1.2 World Agrochemical Market by Category—1998

Abstract

The agrochemical market is a mature market that is increasing at a rate of about 1.3% annually. Nevertheless, the level of pest, disease, and weed control that is being achieved is superior to anything that has existed before. New compounds continue to be introduced and new strategies for control are being conceived. Included in these are Integrated Crop Management (ICM) schemes, “non-cidal” approaches, and the use of naturally based products.

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