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Neurodegenerative Diseases: Next-Generation Drugs for Four Major Disorders

Published by: CHI Insight Pharma Reports

Published: Dec. 1, 2008 - 148 Pages


Table of Contents


Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW OF THE NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES: PATHOLOGY, CAUSES, DIAGNOSIS, AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

1.1. Report Focus: Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, Huntington’s Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

1.2. Report Organization

1.3. Alzheimer’s Disease

Pathology of Alzheimer’s Disease

Causes of Alzheimer’s Disease

Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease

Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s Disease

1.4. Parkinson’s Disease

Pathology of Parkinson’s Disease

Causes of Parkinson’s Disease

Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease

Epidemiology of Parkinson’s Disease

1.5. Huntington’s Disease

Pathology of Huntington’s Disease.

Causes of Huntington’s Disease

Diagnosis of Huntington’s Disease

Epidemiology of Huntington’s Disease

1.6. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Pathology of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Causes of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Epidemiology of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Chapter 2

CURRENT PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OPTIONS

2.1. Alzheimer’s Disease

Cholinesterase Inhibitors

Aricept (donepezil HCl)

Exelon (rivastigmine tartrate)

Razadyne (galantamine HBr

NMDA Receptor Antagonists

Namenda (memantine HCl)

Other Treatments

2.2. Parkinson’s Disease

Levodopa

Dopamine Agonists

Mirapex (pramipexole DiHCl

Requip (ropinirole HCl)

Neupro (rotigotine)

Apokyn (apomorphine)

Trivastal (piribedil)

COMT Inhibitors

Tasmar (tolcapone)

Comtan (entacapone)

MAO Inhibitors

Selegiline

Azilect (rasagiline)

Other Treatments for Motor Symptoms

Anticholinergics

Amantadine

Treatments for Non-Motor Symptoms

2.3. Huntington’s Disease

Dopamine Depletors

Xenazine (tetrabenazine)

Other Treatments

2.4. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Glutamate Antagonists

Rilutek (riluzole)

Other Treatments

Chapter 3

COMPOUNDS IN DEVELOPMENT: THE NEXT GENERATION OF DRUGS FOR NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES

3.1. Alzheimer’s Disease

Cholinergic Dysfunction

Neuro-Hitech/Xel Pharmaceuticals

Debiopharm

Memory Pharmaceuticals/Roche

AstraZeneca/Targacept

Abbott Laboratories

EnVivo Pharmaceuticals

CoMentis

TorreyPines Therapeutics

Merck & Co.

ANAVEX Life Sciences

Medivation/Pfizer

Glutamatergic Dysfunction

Forest Laboratories/Merz Pharma

Evotec

Cortex Pharmaceuticals

Lexicon Pharmaceuticals

Addex Pharmaceuticals

Serotonergic Dysfunction

EPIX Pharmaceuticals/GlaxoSmithKline

Suven Life Sciences

Memory Pharmaceuticals

Histaminergic Dysfunction

Amyloid Cascade: Inhibiting Production

Eli Lilly

Humanetics/Mount Sinai School of Medicine

ExonHit Therapeutics

Eisai

CoMentis/Astellas Pharma

Noscira

JADO Technologies

RemeGenix

Medisyn Technologies

Neurobiological Technologies

Galapagos

Others

Amyloid Cascade: Stimulating Removal

Elan/Wyeth

Eli Lilly

Novartis Pharma/Cytos Biotechnology

Merck & Co./Acumen Pharmaceuticals

Intellect Neurosciences

Others

Pfizer/TransTech Pharma

Amyloid Cascade: Preventing Aggregation

BELLUS Health

Prana Biotechnology

Adeona Pharmaceuticals

Elan/Transition Therapeutics

ProteoTech

Archer Pharmaceuticals

D-Pharm

Probiodrug

Neuro-Hitech

PharmAthene

Nymox Pharmaceutical

AC Immune

Tau Pathology

TauRx Pharmaceuticals

Allon Therapeutics

Noscira

Oligomerix

Neuroprotection

Newron Pharmaceuticals

Intellect Neurosciences

Panacea Pharmaceuticals

Neurorestoration

Ceregene

NsGene

ENKAM Pharmaceuticals

Cholesterol and Energy Homeostasis

GlaxoSmithKline

Accera

Resverlogix

Second Messenger Modulation

Helicon Therapeutics

Memory Pharmaceuticals

deCODE Genetics

Sanofi-Aventis

3.2. Parkinson’s Disease

Dopaminergic Dysfunction

Vernalis

Spherics

XenoPort

NeuroDerm

Amarin

Depomed

Axxonis Pharma

Solvay Pharmaceuticals

Neurogen

NeuroSearch

NuPathe

Newron Pharmaceuticals/Merck Serono

Synosia Therapeutics

Paion

Targacept/GlaxoSmithKline

Intra-Cellular Therapies

Adenosine A2A Receptor Modulation

Adenosite A2A Receptor Modulation

Biogen Idec/Vernalis

Schering-Plough

Synosia Therapeutics

Others

Glutamatergic and Noradrenergic Dysfunction

Faust Pharmaceuticals

Addex Pharmaceuticals/Merck & Co.

Neurim Pharmaceuticals

VistaGen Therapeutics

Santhera Pharmaceuticals/Juvantia Pharma

Alpha-Synuclein Pathology

TauRx Pharmaceuticals

FoldRx Pharmaceuticals

ProteoTech

BioArctic Neuroscience

Rentschler Biotechnologie

Prana Biotechnology

Panacea Pharmaceuticals

Alnylam Pharmaceuticals

Neuroprotection

Aeolus Pharmaceuticals

Vasogen

Trophos

Zenobia Therapeutics

Neurorestoration

Neurologix

Ceregene/Genzyme

Oxford BioMedica

Amsterdam Molecular Therapeutics

NeuroNova

NsGene

ArmaGen Technologies

Sangamo BioSciences

3.3. Huntington’s Disease

Dopamine Overactivity

NeuroSearch

Glutamatergic Dysfunction

Cortex Pharmaceuticals

VistaGen

Huntingtin Pathology: Genetic Therapy

Isis Pharmaceuticals

Targeted Genetics

Alnylam Pharmaceuticals/Medtronic

Huntingtin Pathology: Preventing Aggregation

Raptor Pharmaceuticals

Repligen

Prana Biotechnology

Adeona Pharmaceuticals

Vertex Pharmaceuticals

Neuroprotection

Amarin

Intellect Neurosciences

Trophos

Neurologix

KeyNeurotek Pharmaceuticals

Neurorestoration

Ceregene

ENKAM Pharmaceuticals

Neurobiological Technologies

3.4. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Glutamatergic Dysfunction

Teva Pharmaceutical Industries

Faust Pharmaceuticals

SOD1 Pathology

CytRx

RXi Pharmaceuticals

Isis Pharmaceuticals

Amorfix Life Sciences/Biogen Idec

Neuroprotection

Aeolus Pharmaceuticals

Trophos

Maas Biolab

Trophic Factors

Sangamo BioSciences

NeuroNova

Oxford BioMedica

Ceregene

Genzyme/NsGene

Insmed

Sygnis Pharma

Microtubule Stabilization

KineMed

Chapter 4

CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK

Tables and Figures

Figure 1.1. Amyloid Cascade Mechanism

Figure 2.1. Treatment Algorithm for Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease

Figure 2.2. Treatment Algorithm for Moderate-to-Severe Alzheimer’s Disease

Figure 2.3. Treatment Algorithm for Severe Alzheimer’s Disease

Figure 2.4. Treatment Algorithm for Parkinson’s Disease

Table 1.1. NINDS Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson’s Disease

Table 1.2. Revised El Escorial World Federation of Neurology Criteria for ALS

Table 3.1. Drugs in Clinical Trials for Alzheimer’s Disease

Table 3.2. Drugs in Clinical Trials for Parkinson’s Disease

Table 3.3. Drugs in Clinical Trials for Huntington’s Disease

Table 3.4. Drugs in Clinical Trials for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis


Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases are drawing immense interest from the pharmaceutical industry and have inspired heavy competition in the race to introduce the next generation of improved drugs. Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are analyzed in this report, which:
  • Reviews their symptoms and pathology, presumed causes, methods of diagnosis, epidemiology
  • Examines existing drug therapies for each disorder
  • Surveys the R&D picture for each disease
  • Tabulates the approximately 150 compounds in clinical development
  • Discusses particularly noteworthy drug candidates.
Neurodegenerative diseases are caused by the loss or dysfunction of neurons in the brain or spinal cord. These diseases are especially devastating because the affected cells typically cannot regenerate following damage or death. Neurodegenerative Diseases: Next-Generation Drugs for Four Major Disorders deals with chronic neurodegenerative diseases by focusing on four of the most comprehensively studied such conditions: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

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