
Global R134A Refrigerant Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2025
Description
Research Summary
R-134a, or 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, is a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerant widely used in air conditioning and refrigeration systems. It gained prominence as a replacement for chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants due to its lower ozone-depleting potential. R-134a is non-toxic, non-flammable, and does not contribute to ozone layer depletion. It has become a standard refrigerant in automotive air conditioning systems, household refrigerators, and various commercial cooling applications. Despite its environmental advantages over older refrigerants, R-134a is not without environmental concerns as it has a relatively high global warming potential (GWP). Ongoing efforts in the industry focus on transitioning to refrigerants with lower GWPs to address environmental sustainability in cooling systems.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global R134A Refrigerant market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.
The major global manufacturers of R134A Refrigerant include Mexichem Fluor, Chemours, Honeywell, Linde Gas, Arkema, Juhua Group, Sinochem Taicang Chemical, Bailian, Dongyue Federation, Sanmei etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of R134A Refrigerant. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global R134A Refrigerant market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the R134A Refrigerant market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of R134A Refrigerant industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of R134A Refrigerant Include:
Mexichem Fluor
Chemours
Honeywell
Linde Gas
Arkema
Juhua Group
Sinochem Taicang Chemical
Bailian
Dongyue Federation
Sanmei
R134A Refrigerant Product Segment Include:
Tetrachlorethylene Process
Trichlorethylene Process
R134A Refrigerant Product Application Include:
Automotive Air-Conditioning
Commercial Refrigeration Equipment
Domestic Refrigeration Equipment
Others
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global R134A Refrigerant Capacity and Production Analysis
Chapter 3: Global R134A Refrigerant Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 4: Global R134A Refrigerant Industry Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 5: Global R134A Refrigerant Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 6: Global R134A Refrigerant Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 7: North America R134A Refrigerant Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: Europe R134A Refrigerant Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: China R134A Refrigerant Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: APAC (Excl. China) R134A Refrigerant Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Latin America R134A Refrigerant Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Middle East and Africa R134A Refrigerant Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 13: Global R134A Refrigerant Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 14: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 15: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 16: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 17: Methodology and Data Sources
R-134a, or 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, is a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerant widely used in air conditioning and refrigeration systems. It gained prominence as a replacement for chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants due to its lower ozone-depleting potential. R-134a is non-toxic, non-flammable, and does not contribute to ozone layer depletion. It has become a standard refrigerant in automotive air conditioning systems, household refrigerators, and various commercial cooling applications. Despite its environmental advantages over older refrigerants, R-134a is not without environmental concerns as it has a relatively high global warming potential (GWP). Ongoing efforts in the industry focus on transitioning to refrigerants with lower GWPs to address environmental sustainability in cooling systems.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global R134A Refrigerant market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.
The major global manufacturers of R134A Refrigerant include Mexichem Fluor, Chemours, Honeywell, Linde Gas, Arkema, Juhua Group, Sinochem Taicang Chemical, Bailian, Dongyue Federation, Sanmei etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of R134A Refrigerant. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global R134A Refrigerant market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the R134A Refrigerant market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of R134A Refrigerant industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of R134A Refrigerant Include:
Mexichem Fluor
Chemours
Honeywell
Linde Gas
Arkema
Juhua Group
Sinochem Taicang Chemical
Bailian
Dongyue Federation
Sanmei
R134A Refrigerant Product Segment Include:
Tetrachlorethylene Process
Trichlorethylene Process
R134A Refrigerant Product Application Include:
Automotive Air-Conditioning
Commercial Refrigeration Equipment
Domestic Refrigeration Equipment
Others
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global R134A Refrigerant Capacity and Production Analysis
Chapter 3: Global R134A Refrigerant Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 4: Global R134A Refrigerant Industry Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 5: Global R134A Refrigerant Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 6: Global R134A Refrigerant Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 7: North America R134A Refrigerant Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: Europe R134A Refrigerant Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: China R134A Refrigerant Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: APAC (Excl. China) R134A Refrigerant Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Latin America R134A Refrigerant Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Middle East and Africa R134A Refrigerant Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 13: Global R134A Refrigerant Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 14: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 15: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 16: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 17: Methodology and Data Sources
Table of Contents
170 Pages
- 1 R134A Refrigerant Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
- 1.2 R134A Refrigerant Product by Type
- 1.2.1 Tetrachlorethylene Process
- 1.2.2 Trichlorethylene Process
- 1.3 R134A Refrigerant Product by Application
- 1.3.1 Automotive Air-Conditioning
- 1.3.2 Commercial Refrigeration Equipment
- 1.3.3 Domestic Refrigeration Equipment
- 1.3.4 Others
- 1.4 Global R134A Refrigerant Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
- 1.4.1 Global R134A Refrigerant Revenue Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.2 Global R134A Refrigerant Sales Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.3 Global R134A Refrigerant Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.5 R134A Refrigerant Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.1 R134A Refrigerant Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.2 R134A Refrigerant Market Drivers and Challenges
- 2 Global R134A Refrigerant Capacity and Production Analysis
- 2.1 Global R134A Refrigerant Capacity, Production and Utilization (2020-2032)
- 2.2 Global R134A Refrigerant Production Growth Trend by Region: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2030
- 2.3 Global R134A Refrigerant Production by Region
- 2.3.1 Global R134A Refrigerant Production by Region (2020-2025)
- 2.3.2 Global R134A Refrigerant Production Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 2.3.3 Global R134A Refrigerant Production Market Share by Region (2020-2032)
- 3 R134A Refrigerant Market PESTEL Analysis
- 3.1 Political Factors Analysis
- 3.2 Economic Factors Analysis
- 3.3 Social Factors Analysis
- 3.4 Technological Factors Analysis
- 3.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
- 3.6 Legal Factors Analysis
- 4 R134A Refrigerant Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 4.1 Competitive Rivalry
- 4.2 Threat of New Entrants
- 4.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 4.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 4.5 Threat of Substitutes
- 5 Global R134A Refrigerant Market Analysis by Regions
- 5.1 R134A Refrigerant Overall Market: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 5.2 Global R134A Refrigerant Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 5.2.1 Global R134A Refrigerant Revenue and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 5.2.2 Global R134A Refrigerant Revenue and Market Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 5.3 Global R134A Refrigerant Sales and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 5.3.1 Global R134A Refrigerant Sales and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 5.3.2 Global R134A Refrigerant Sales and Market Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 5.4 Global R134A Refrigerant Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 6 Global R134A Refrigerant Market Size by Type and Application
- 6.1 Global R134A Refrigerant Market Size by Type
- 6.1.1 Global R134A Refrigerant Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.1.2 Global R134A Refrigerant Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.2 Global R134A Refrigerant Market Size by Application
- 6.2.1 Global R134A Refrigerant Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 6.2.2 Global R134A Refrigerant Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 7 North America
- 7.1 North America R134A Refrigerant Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 7.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 7.3 North America R134A Refrigerant Market Size by Type
- 7.3.1 North America R134A Refrigerant Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.3.2 North America R134A Refrigerant Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.4 North America R134A Refrigerant Market Size by Application
- 7.4.1 North America R134A Refrigerant Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.4.2 North America R134A Refrigerant Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.5 North America R134A Refrigerant Market Size by Country
- 7.5.1 US
- 7.5.2 Canada
- 8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe R134A Refrigerant Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 8.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 8.3 Europe R134A Refrigerant Market Size by Type
- 8.3.1 Europe R134A Refrigerant Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.3.2 Europe R134A Refrigerant Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.4 Europe R134A Refrigerant Market Size by Application
- 8.4.1 Europe R134A Refrigerant Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 8.4.2 Europe R134A Refrigerant Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 8.5 Europe R134A Refrigerant Market Size by Country
- 8.5.1 Germany
- 8.5.2 France
- 8.5.3 United Kingdom
- 8.5.4 Italy
- 8.5.5 Spain
- 8.5.6 Benelux
- 9 China
- 9.1 China R134A Refrigerant Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 9.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 9.3 China R134A Refrigerant Market Size by Type
- 9.3.1 China R134A Refrigerant Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.3.2 China R134A Refrigerant Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.4 China R134A Refrigerant Market Size by Application
- 9.4.1 China R134A Refrigerant Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.4.2 China R134A Refrigerant Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 10 APAC (excl. China)
- 10.1 APAC (excl. China) R134A Refrigerant Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 10.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 10.3 APAC (excl. China) R134A Refrigerant Market Size by Type
- 10.3.1 APAC (excl. China) R134A Refrigerant Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.3.2 APAC (excl. China) R134A Refrigerant Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.4 APAC (excl. China) R134A Refrigerant Market Size by Application
- 10.4.1 APAC (excl. China) R134A Refrigerant Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.4.2 APAC (excl. China) R134A Refrigerant Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.5 APAC (excl. China) R134A Refrigerant Market Size by Country
- 10.5.1 Japan
- 10.5.2 South Korea
- 10.5.3 India
- 10.5.4 Australia
- 10.5.5 Southeast Asia
- 11 Latin America
- 11.1 Latin America R134A Refrigerant Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 11.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 1`.3 Latin America R134A Refrigerant Market Size by Type
- 11.3.1 Latin America R134A Refrigerant Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.3.2 Latin America R134A Refrigerant Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.4 Latin America R134A Refrigerant Market Size by Application
- 11.4.1 Latin America R134A Refrigerant Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.4.2 Latin America R134A Refrigerant Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.5 Latin America R134A Refrigerant Market Size by Country
- 11.6 Latin America R134A Refrigerant Market Size by Country
- 11.6.1 Mexico
- 11.6.2 Brazil
- 12 Middle East & Africa
- 12.1 Middle East & Africa R134A Refrigerant Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 12.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 12.3 Middle East & Africa R134A Refrigerant Market Size by Type
- 12.3.1 Middle East & Africa R134A Refrigerant Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 12.3.2 Middle East & Africa R134A Refrigerant Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 12.4 Middle East & Africa R134A Refrigerant Market Size by Application
- 12.4.1 Middle East & Africa R134A Refrigerant Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 12.4.2 Middle East & Africa R134A Refrigerant Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 12.5 Middle East R134A Refrigerant Market Size by Country
- 12.5.1 Saudi Arabia
- 12.5.2 South Africa
- 13 Competition by Manufacturers
- 13.1 Global R134A Refrigerant Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 13.1.1 Global R134A Refrigerant Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 13.1.2 Global R134A Refrigerant Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 13.1.3 Global R134A Refrigerant Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 13.2 R134A Refrigerant Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
- 13.2.1 R134A Refrigerant Competitive Landscape Analysis
- 13.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
- 13.2.3 Market Dynamic
- 14 Key Companies Analysis
- 14.1 Mexichem Fluor
- 14.1.1 Mexichem Fluor Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.1.2 Mexichem Fluor R134A Refrigerant Product Portfolio
- 14.1.3 Mexichem Fluor R134A Refrigerant Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.2 Chemours
- 14.2.1 Chemours Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.2.2 Chemours R134A Refrigerant Product Portfolio
- 14.2.3 Chemours R134A Refrigerant Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.3 Honeywell
- 14.3.1 Honeywell Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.3.2 Honeywell R134A Refrigerant Product Portfolio
- 14.3.3 Honeywell R134A Refrigerant Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.4 Linde Gas
- 14.4.1 Linde Gas Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.4.2 Linde Gas R134A Refrigerant Product Portfolio
- 14.4.3 Linde Gas R134A Refrigerant Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.5 Arkema
- 14.5.1 Arkema Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.5.2 Arkema R134A Refrigerant Product Portfolio
- 14.5.3 Arkema R134A Refrigerant Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.6 Juhua Group
- 14.6.1 Juhua Group Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.6.2 Juhua Group R134A Refrigerant Product Portfolio
- 14.6.3 Juhua Group R134A Refrigerant Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.7 Sinochem Taicang Chemical
- 14.7.1 Sinochem Taicang Chemical Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.7.2 Sinochem Taicang Chemical R134A Refrigerant Product Portfolio
- 14.7.3 Sinochem Taicang Chemical R134A Refrigerant Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.8 Bailian
- 14.8.1 Bailian Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.8.2 Bailian R134A Refrigerant Product Portfolio
- 14.8.3 Bailian R134A Refrigerant Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.9 Dongyue Federation
- 14.9.1 Dongyue Federation Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.9.2 Dongyue Federation R134A Refrigerant Product Portfolio
- 14.9.3 Dongyue Federation R134A Refrigerant Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.10 Sanmei
- 14.10.1 Sanmei Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.10.2 Sanmei R134A Refrigerant Product Portfolio
- 14.10.3 Sanmei R134A Refrigerant Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 15 Industry Chain Analysis
- 15.1 R134A Refrigerant Industry Chain Analysis
- 15.2 R134A Refrigerant Industry Raw Material and Suppliers Analysis
- 15.2.1 R134A Refrigerant Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
- 15.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
- 15.3 R134A Refrigerant Typical Downstream Customers
- 15.4 R134A Refrigerant Sales Channel Analysis
- 16 Research Findings and Conclusion
- 17 Methodology and Data Source
- 17.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 17.2 Research Scope
- 17.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
- 17.4 Date Source
- 17.4.1 Primary Sources
- 17.4.2 Secondary Sources
- 17.5 Data Cross Validation
- 17.6 Disclaimer
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