Global Polyvinyl Acetate Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2024
Description
Global Polyvinyl Acetate Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2024
Research Summary
Polyvinyl acetate (PVA) is a synthetic polymer derived from the polymerization of vinyl acetate monomers. It is a versatile and widely used thermoplastic polymer with various applications across different industries. PVA is known for its adhesive properties, making it a key ingredient in many types of adhesives, including wood glues, white glues, and craft glues. It is also used as a binder in paints, coatings, and emulsion-based products. Additionally, PVA is employed in the production of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), a water-soluble polymer used in the manufacture of water-soluble packaging films, textiles, paper coatings, and other specialty applications. In construction, PVA-based adhesives are used for bonding materials such as wood, paper, cardboard, and textiles. PVA is valued for its strong bonding strength, flexibility, and ease of use, making it a versatile and widely used polymer in various industrial and consumer applications.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Polyvinyl Acetate market size will reach XX US$ Million in 2024, and is expected to reach XX US$ Million in 2030, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2030). Among them, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. The market size in 2024 will be XX US$ Million, accounting for approximately XX% of the world. It is expected to reach XX US$ Million in 2030, and the global share will reach XX%.
The major global manufacturers of Polyvinyl Acetate include MacLin, BingHang, J&K, Fu LaiBang, Ma RuiEr, ZeSheng, BoEr, DingFen, AiKang, Xi EnSi, Wo Kai, DuLai, ABCR GmbH, Alfa Chemistry, Glentham Life Sciences, Carl Roth offre, Atlantic Research Chemicals, Acros Organics, Aloha Chemika, AK Scientific, Toronto Research Chemicals etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tiers is the global leading enterprise, which occupies a major market share, is in a leading position in the industry, has strong competitiveness and influence, and has a large revenue scale; the second tiers has a certain share and popularity in the market, actively follows the industry leaders in product, service or technological innovation, and has a medium revenue scale; the third tiers has a smaller share in the market, has a lower brand awareness, mainly focuses on the local market, and has a relatively small revenue scale.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Polyvinyl Acetate. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales volume, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Polyvinyl Acetate market. The report data covers historical data from 2018 to 2023, based year in 2024 and forecast data from 2025 to 2030.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Polyvinyl Acetate market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Polyvinyl Acetate industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Polyvinyl Acetate Include:
MacLin
BingHang
J&K
Fu LaiBang
Ma RuiEr
ZeSheng
BoEr
DingFen
AiKang
Xi EnSi
Wo Kai
DuLai
ABCR GmbH
Alfa Chemistry
Glentham Life Sciences
Carl Roth offre
Atlantic Research Chemicals
Acros Organics
Aloha Chemika
AK Scientific
Toronto Research Chemicals
Polyvinyl Acetate Product Segment Include:
Emulsion Polymerization
Suspension Polymerization
Bulk Polymerization
Polyvinyl Acetate Product Application Include:
Industrial
Packaging
Consumer Goods
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global Polyvinyl Acetate Capacity and Production Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Polyvinyl Acetate Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Polyvinyl Acetate Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Polyvinyl Acetate Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 6: Global Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 7: North America Polyvinyl Acetate Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: Europe Polyvinyl Acetate Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: China Polyvinyl Acetate Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: APAC (Excl. China) Polyvinyl Acetate Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Latin America Polyvinyl Acetate Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Middle East and Africa Polyvinyl Acetate Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 13: Global Polyvinyl Acetate Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 14: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 15: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 16: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 17: Methodology and Data Sources
Table of Contents
170 Pages
- 1 Polyvinyl Acetate Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
- 1.2 Polyvinyl Acetate Product by Type
- 1.2.1 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size by Type, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
- 1.2.2 Emulsion Polymerization
- 1.2.3 Suspension Polymerization
- 1.2.4 Bulk Polymerization
- 1.3 Polyvinyl Acetate Product by Application
- 1.3.1 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size by Application, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
- 1.3.2 Industrial
- 1.3.3 Packaging
- 1.3.4 Consumer Goods
- 1.4 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
- 1.4.1 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size Analysis (2019-2030)
- 1.4.2 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Market Sales Analysis (2019-2030)
- 1.4.3 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2019-2030)
- 1.5 Polyvinyl Acetate Market Development Status and Trends
- 1.5.1 Polyvinyl Acetate Industry Development Status Analysis
- 1.5.2 Polyvinyl Acetate Industry Development Trends Analysis
- 2 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Capacity and Production Analysis
- 2.1 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Production Capacity (2019-2030)
- 2.2 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Production by Region: 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
- 2.3 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Production by Region
- 2.3.1 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Historic Production by Region (2019-2024)
- 2.3.2 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Forecasted Production by Region (2025-2030)
- 2.3.3 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Production Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
- 3 Polyvinyl Acetate Market PESTEL Analysis
- 3.1 Political Factors Analysis
- 3.2 Economic Factors Analysis
- 3.3 Social Factors Analysis
- 3.4 Technological Factors Analysis
- 3.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
- 3.6 Legal Factors Analysis
- 4 Polyvinyl Acetate Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 4.1 Competitive Rivalry
- 4.2 Threat of New Entrants
- 4.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 4.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 4.5 Threat of Substitutes
- 5 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Market Analysis by Regions
- 5.1 Polyvinyl Acetate Overall Market: 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
- 5.2 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2019-2030)
- 5.2.1 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Revenue and Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
- 5.2.2 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Revenue Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
- 5.3 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Sales and Forecast Analysis (2019-2030)
- 5.3.1 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Sales and Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
- 5.3.2 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Sales Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
- 5.4 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Sales Price Trend Analysis (2019-2030)
- 6 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size by Type and Application
- 6.1 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size by Type
- 6.1.1 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2019-2030)
- 6.1.2 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2019-2030)
- 6.2 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size by Application
- 6.2.1 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2019-2030)
- 6.2.2 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2019-2030)
- 7 North America
- 7.1 North America Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
- 7.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 7.3 North America Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size by Type
- 7.3.1 North America Polyvinyl Acetate Sales by Type (2019-2030)
- 7.3.2 North America Polyvinyl Acetate Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
- 7.4 North America Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size by Application
- 7.4.1 North America Polyvinyl Acetate Sales by Application (2019-2030)
- 7.4.2 North America Polyvinyl Acetate Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
- 7.5 North America Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size by Country
- 7.5.1 US
- 7.5.2 Canada
- 8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
- 8.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 8.3 Europe Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size by Type
- 8.3.1 Europe Polyvinyl Acetate Sales by Type (2019-2030)
- 8.3.2 Europe Polyvinyl Acetate Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
- 8.4 Europe Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size by Application
- 8.4.1 Europe Polyvinyl Acetate Sales by Application (2019-2030)
- 8.4.2 Europe Polyvinyl Acetate Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
- 8.5 Europe Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size by Country
- 8.5.1 Germany
- 8.5.2 France
- 8.5.3 United Kingdom
- 8.5.4 Italy
- 8.5.5 Spain
- 8.5.6 Benelux
- 9 China
- 9.1 China Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
- 9.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 9.3 China Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size by Type
- 9.3.1 China Polyvinyl Acetate Sales by Type (2019-2030)
- 9.3.2 China Polyvinyl Acetate Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
- 9.4 China Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size by Application
- 9.4.1 China Polyvinyl Acetate Sales by Application (2019-2030)
- 9.4.2 China Polyvinyl Acetate Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
- 10 APAC (excl. China)
- 10.1 APAC (excl. China) Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
- 10.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 10.3 APAC (excl. China) Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size by Type
- 10.3.1 APAC (excl. China) Polyvinyl Acetate Sales by Type (2019-2030)
- 10.3.2 APAC (excl. China) Polyvinyl Acetate Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
- 10.4 APAC (excl. China) Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size by Application
- 10.4.1 APAC (excl. China) Polyvinyl Acetate Sales by Application (2019-2030)
- 10.4.2 APAC (excl. China) Polyvinyl Acetate Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
- 10.5 APAC (excl. China) Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size by Country
- 10.5.1 Japan
- 10.5.2 South Korea
- 10.5.3 India
- 10.5.4 Australia
- 10.5.5 Indonesia
- 10.5.6 Vietnam
- 10.5.7 Malaysia
- 10.5.8 Thailand
- 11 Latin America
- 11.1 Latin America Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
- 11.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 11.3 Latin America Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size by Type
- 11.3.1 Latin America Polyvinyl Acetate Sales by Type (2019-2030)
- 11.3.2 Latin America Polyvinyl Acetate Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
- 11.4 Latin America Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size by Application
- 11.4.1 Latin America Polyvinyl Acetate Sales by Application (2019-2030)
- 11.4.2 Latin America Polyvinyl Acetate Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
- 11.5 Latin America Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size by Country
- 11.5.1 Mexico
- 11.5.2 Brazil
- 12 Middle East & Africa
- 12.1 Middle East & Africa Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
- 12.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 12.3 Middle East & Africa Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size by Type
- 12.3.1 Middle East & Africa Polyvinyl Acetate Sales by Type (2019-2030)
- 12.3.2 Middle East & Africa Polyvinyl Acetate Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
- 12.4 Middle East & Africa Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size by Application
- 12.4.1 Middle East & Africa Polyvinyl Acetate Sales by Application (2019-2030)
- 12.4.2 Middle East & Africa Polyvinyl Acetate Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
- 12.5 Middle East & Africa Polyvinyl Acetate Market Size by Country
- 12.5.1 Saudi Arabia
- 12.5.2 South Africa
- 13 Competition by Manufacturers
- 13.1 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
- 13.1.1 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
- 13.1.2 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
- 13.1.3 Global Polyvinyl Acetate Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2020-2024)
- 13.2 Polyvinyl Acetate Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
- 13.2.1 Polyvinyl Acetate Competitive Landscape Analysis
- 13.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
- 13.2.3 Market Dynamic
- 14 Key Companies Analysis
- 14.1 MacLin
- 14.1.1 MacLin Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.1.2 MacLin Polyvinyl Acetate Product Portfolio
- 14.1.3 MacLin Polyvinyl Acetate Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.2 BingHang
- 14.2.1 BingHang Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.2.2 BingHang Polyvinyl Acetate Product Portfolio
- 14.2.3 BingHang Polyvinyl Acetate Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.3 J&K
- 14.3.1 J&K Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.3.2 J&K Polyvinyl Acetate Product Portfolio
- 14.3.3 J&K Polyvinyl Acetate Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.4 Fu LaiBang
- 14.4.1 Fu LaiBang Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.4.2 Fu LaiBang Polyvinyl Acetate Product Portfolio
- 14.4.3 Fu LaiBang Polyvinyl Acetate Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.5 Ma RuiEr
- 14.5.1 Ma RuiEr Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.5.2 Ma RuiEr Polyvinyl Acetate Product Portfolio
- 14.5.3 Ma RuiEr Polyvinyl Acetate Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.6 ZeSheng
- 14.6.1 ZeSheng Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.6.2 ZeSheng Polyvinyl Acetate Product Portfolio
- 14.6.3 ZeSheng Polyvinyl Acetate Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.7 BoEr
- 14.7.1 BoEr Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.7.2 BoEr Polyvinyl Acetate Product Portfolio
- 14.7.3 BoEr Polyvinyl Acetate Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.8 DingFen
- 14.8.1 DingFen Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.8.2 DingFen Polyvinyl Acetate Product Portfolio
- 14.8.3 DingFen Polyvinyl Acetate Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.9 AiKang
- 14.9.1 AiKang Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.9.2 AiKang Polyvinyl Acetate Product Portfolio
- 14.9.3 AiKang Polyvinyl Acetate Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.10 Xi EnSi
- 14.10.1 Xi EnSi Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.10.2 Xi EnSi Polyvinyl Acetate Product Portfolio
- 14.10.3 Xi EnSi Polyvinyl Acetate Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.11 Wo Kai
- 14.11.1 Wo Kai Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.11.2 Wo Kai Polyvinyl Acetate Product Portfolio
- 14.11.3 Wo Kai Polyvinyl Acetate Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.12 DuLai
- 14.12.1 DuLai Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.12.2 DuLai Polyvinyl Acetate Product Portfolio
- 14.12.3 DuLai Polyvinyl Acetate Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.13 ABCR GmbH
- 14.13.1 ABCR GmbH Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.13.2 ABCR GmbH Polyvinyl Acetate Product Portfolio
- 14.13.3 ABCR GmbH Polyvinyl Acetate Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.14 Alfa Chemistry
- 14.14.1 Alfa Chemistry Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.14.2 Alfa Chemistry Polyvinyl Acetate Product Portfolio
- 14.14.3 Alfa Chemistry Polyvinyl Acetate Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.15 Glentham Life Sciences
- 14.15.1 Glentham Life Sciences Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.15.2 Glentham Life Sciences Polyvinyl Acetate Product Portfolio
- 14.15.3 Glentham Life Sciences Polyvinyl Acetate Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.16 Carl Roth offre
- 14.16.1 Carl Roth offre Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.16.2 Carl Roth offre Polyvinyl Acetate Product Portfolio
- 14.16.3 Carl Roth offre Polyvinyl Acetate Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.17 Atlantic Research Chemicals
- 14.17.1 Atlantic Research Chemicals Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.17.2 Atlantic Research Chemicals Polyvinyl Acetate Product Portfolio
- 14.17.3 Atlantic Research Chemicals Polyvinyl Acetate Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.18 Acros Organics
- 14.18.1 Acros Organics Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.18.2 Acros Organics Polyvinyl Acetate Product Portfolio
- 14.18.3 Acros Organics Polyvinyl Acetate Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.19 Aloha Chemika
- 14.19.1 Aloha Chemika Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.19.2 Aloha Chemika Polyvinyl Acetate Product Portfolio
- 14.19.3 Aloha Chemika Polyvinyl Acetate Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.20 AK Scientific
- 14.20.1 AK Scientific Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.20.2 AK Scientific Polyvinyl Acetate Product Portfolio
- 14.20.3 AK Scientific Polyvinyl Acetate Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.21 Toronto Research Chemicals
- 14.21.1 Toronto Research Chemicals Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.21.2 Toronto Research Chemicals Polyvinyl Acetate Product Portfolio
- 14.21.3 Toronto Research Chemicals Polyvinyl Acetate Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 15 Industry Chain Analysis
- 15.1 Polyvinyl Acetate Industry Chain Analysis
- 15.2 Polyvinyl Acetate Industry Upstream Supply Analysis
- 15.2.1 Upstream Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
- 15.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
- 15.3 Polyvinyl Acetate Typical Downstream Customers
- 15.4 Polyvinyl Acetate Sales Channel Analysis
- 16 Research Findings and Conclusion
- 17 Methodology and Data Source
- 17.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 17.2 Research Scope
- 17.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
- 17.4 Date Source
- 17.4.1 Primary Sources
- 17.4.2 Secondary Sources
- 17.5 Data Cross Validation
- 17.6 Disclaimer
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