Global Friction Welding Machine Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2025
Description
Global Friction Welding Machine Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2025
Research Summary
A friction welding machine is a specialized piece of equipment designed for the process of friction welding, a solid-state welding technique that creates a strong bond between two materials through the application of heat and pressure. Friction welding machines typically consist of two components to be joined, each held in a chuck or fixture. One component is rotated against the other, generating heat through friction at the interface. Once the desired temperature is reached, the rotation stops, and the components are forced together under pressure to create a solid-state weld. This process is efficient, producing high-quality welds without the need for filler materials or melting the workpieces. Friction welding machines are used in various industries, including automotive, aerospace, and manufacturing, where they contribute to the production of robust and durable welded joints in components like shafts, rods, and other cylindrical or symmetric parts.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Friction Welding Machine market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.
The major global manufacturers of Friction Welding Machine include KUKA, Izumi Machine, Branson (Emerson), MTI, Grenzebach Maschinenbau GmbH, Nova-Tech Engineering, Bielomatik, FOOKE GmbH, PaR Systems, Aerospace Engineering Equipment, Crest Group, Beijing FSW, Changchun CNC Machine, General Tool Company, Sooncable, Dukane, ETA, Jiangsu Ruicheng Machinery, Guangzhou Risong, Sakae Industries, Nitto Seiki, U-Jin Tech, Gatwick, Keber etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Friction Welding Machine. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Friction Welding Machine market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Friction Welding Machine market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Friction Welding Machine industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Friction Welding Machine Include:
KUKA
Izumi Machine
Branson (Emerson)
MTI
Grenzebach Maschinenbau GmbH
Nova-Tech Engineering
Bielomatik
FOOKE GmbH
PaR Systems
Aerospace Engineering Equipment
Crest Group
Beijing FSW
Changchun CNC Machine
General Tool Company
Sooncable
Dukane
ETA
Jiangsu Ruicheng Machinery
Guangzhou Risong
Sakae Industries
Nitto Seiki
U-Jin Tech
Gatwick
Keber
Friction Welding Machine Product Segment Include:
Linear Friction Welding
Rotary Friction Welding
Stir Friction Welding
Friction Welding Machine Product Application Include:
Aerospace and Defence
Automotive
Shipbuilding
General Machine Manufacturing
Others
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global Friction Welding Machine Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Friction Welding Machine Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Friction Welding Machine Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Friction Welding Machine Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 6: North America Friction Welding Machine Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 7: Europe Friction Welding Machine Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: China Friction Welding Machine Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: APAC (Excl. China) Friction Welding Machine Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: Latin America Friction Welding Machine Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Middle East and Africa Friction Welding Machine Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Global Friction Welding Machine Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 13: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 14: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 15: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 16: Methodology and Data Sources
Table of Contents
170 Pages
- 1 Friction Welding Machine Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
- 1.2 Friction Welding Machine Product by Type
- 1.2.1 Linear Friction Welding
- 1.2.2 Rotary Friction Welding
- 1.2.3 Stir Friction Welding
- 1.3 Friction Welding Machine Product by Application
- 1.3.1 Aerospace and Defence
- 1.3.2 Automotive
- 1.3.3 Shipbuilding
- 1.3.4 General Machine Manufacturing
- 1.3.5 Others
- 1.4 Global Friction Welding Machine Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
- 1.4.1 Global Friction Welding Machine Revenue Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.2 Global Friction Welding Machine Sales Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.3 Global Friction Welding Machine Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.5 Friction Welding Machine Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.1 Friction Welding Machine Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.2 Friction Welding Machine Market Drivers and Challenges
- 2 Friction Welding Machine Market PESTEL Analysis
- 2.1 Political Factors Analysis
- 2.2 Economic Factors Analysis
- 2.3 Social Factors Analysis
- 2.4 Technological Factors Analysis
- 2.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
- 2.6 Legal Factors Analysis
- 3 Friction Welding Machine Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 3.1 Competitive Rivalry
- 3.2 Threat of New Entrants
- 3.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 3.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 3.5 Threat of Substitutes
- 4 Global Friction Welding Machine Market Analysis by Regions
- 4.1 Friction Welding Machine Overall Market: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 4.2 Global Friction Welding Machine Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 4.2.1 Global Friction Welding Machine Revenue and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 4.2.2 Global Friction Welding Machine Revenue and Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 4.3 Global Friction Welding Machine Sales and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 4.3.1 Global Friction Welding Machine Sales and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 4.3.2 Global Friction Welding Machine Sales and Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 4.4 Global Friction Welding Machine Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 5 Global Friction Welding Machine Market Size by Type and Application
- 5.1 Global Friction Welding Machine Market Size by Type
- 5.1.1 Global Friction Welding Machine Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 5.1.2 Global Friction Welding Machine Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 5.2 Global Friction Welding Machine Market Size by Application
- 5.2.1 Global Friction Welding Machine Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 5.2.2 Global Friction Welding Machine Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 6 North America
- 6.1 North America Friction Welding Machine Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 6.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 6.3 North America Friction Welding Machine Market Size by Type
- 6.3.1 North America Friction Welding Machine Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.3.2 North America Friction Welding Machine Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.4 North America Friction Welding Machine Market Size by Application
- 6.4.1 North America Friction Welding Machine Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 6.4.2 North America Friction Welding Machine Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 6.5 North America Friction Welding Machine Market Size by Country
- 6.5.1 US
- 6.5.2 Canada
- 7 Europe
- 7.1 Europe Friction Welding Machine Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 7.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 7.3 Europe Friction Welding Machine Market Size by Type
- 7.3.1 Europe Friction Welding Machine Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.3.2 Europe Friction Welding Machine Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.4 Europe Friction Welding Machine Market Size by Application
- 7.4.1 Europe Friction Welding Machine Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.4.2 Europe Friction Welding Machine Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.5 Europe Friction Welding Machine Market Size by Country
- 7.5.1 Germany
- 7.5.2 France
- 7.5.3 United Kingdom
- 7.5.4 Italy
- 7.5.5 Spain
- 7.5.6 Benelux
- 8 China
- 8.1 China Friction Welding Machine Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 8.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 8.3 China Friction Welding Machine Market Size by Type
- 8.3.1 China Friction Welding Machine Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.3.2 China Friction Welding Machine Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.4 China Friction Welding Machine Market Size by Application
- 8.4.1 China Friction Welding Machine Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 8.4.2 China Friction Welding Machine Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 9 APAC (excl. China)
- 9.1 APAC (excl. China) Friction Welding Machine Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 9.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 9.3 APAC (excl. China) Friction Welding Machine Market Size by Type
- 9.3.1 APAC (excl. China) Friction Welding Machine Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.3.2 APAC (excl. China) Friction Welding Machine Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.4 APAC (excl. China) Friction Welding Machine Market Size by Application
- 9.4.1 APAC (excl. China) Friction Welding Machine Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.4.2 APAC (excl. China) Friction Welding Machine Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.5 APAC (excl. China) Friction Welding Machine Market Size by Country
- 9.5.1 Japan
- 9.5.2 South Korea
- 9.5.3 India
- 9.5.4 Australia
- 9.5.5 Southeast Asia
- 10 Latin America
- 10.1 Latin America Friction Welding Machine Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 10.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 10.3 Latin America Friction Welding Machine Market Size by Type
- 10.3.1 Latin America Friction Welding Machine Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.3.2 Latin America Friction Welding Machine Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.4 Latin America Friction Welding Machine Market Size by Application
- 10.4.1 Latin America Friction Welding Machine Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.4.2 Latin America Friction Welding Machine Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.5 Latin America Friction Welding Machine Market Size by Country
- 10.6 Latin America Friction Welding Machine Market Size by Country
- 10.6.1 Mexico
- 10.6.2 Brazil
- 11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Friction Welding Machine Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Friction Welding Machine Market Size by Type
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Friction Welding Machine Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Friction Welding Machine Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.4 Middle East & Africa Friction Welding Machine Market Size by Application
- 11.4.1 Middle East & Africa Friction Welding Machine Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.4.2 Middle East & Africa Friction Welding Machine Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.5 Middle East Friction Welding Machine Market Size by Country
- 11.5.1 Saudi Arabia
- 11.5.2 South Africa
- 12 Competition by Manufacturers
- 12.1 Global Friction Welding Machine Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.1 Global Friction Welding Machine Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.2 Global Friction Welding Machine Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.3 Global Friction Welding Machine Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.2 Friction Welding Machine Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
- 12.2.1 Friction Welding Machine Competitive Landscape Analysis
- 12.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
- 12.2.3 Market Dynamic
- 13 Key Companies Analysis
- 13.1 KUKA
- 13.1.1 KUKA Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.1.2 KUKA Friction Welding Machine Product Portfolio
- 13.1.3 KUKA Friction Welding Machine Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.2 Izumi Machine
- 13.2.1 Izumi Machine Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.2.2 Izumi Machine Friction Welding Machine Product Portfolio
- 13.2.3 Izumi Machine Friction Welding Machine Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.3 Branson (Emerson)
- 13.3.1 Branson (Emerson) Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.3.2 Branson (Emerson) Friction Welding Machine Product Portfolio
- 13.3.3 Branson (Emerson) Friction Welding Machine Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.4 MTI
- 13.4.1 MTI Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.4.2 MTI Friction Welding Machine Product Portfolio
- 13.4.3 MTI Friction Welding Machine Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.5 Grenzebach Maschinenbau GmbH
- 13.5.1 Grenzebach Maschinenbau GmbH Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.5.2 Grenzebach Maschinenbau GmbH Friction Welding Machine Product Portfolio
- 13.5.3 Grenzebach Maschinenbau GmbH Friction Welding Machine Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.6 Nova-Tech Engineering
- 13.6.1 Nova-Tech Engineering Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.6.2 Nova-Tech Engineering Friction Welding Machine Product Portfolio
- 13.6.3 Nova-Tech Engineering Friction Welding Machine Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.7 Bielomatik
- 13.7.1 Bielomatik Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.7.2 Bielomatik Friction Welding Machine Product Portfolio
- 13.7.3 Bielomatik Friction Welding Machine Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.8 FOOKE GmbH
- 13.8.1 FOOKE GmbH Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.8.2 FOOKE GmbH Friction Welding Machine Product Portfolio
- 13.8.3 FOOKE GmbH Friction Welding Machine Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.9 PaR Systems
- 13.9.1 PaR Systems Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.9.2 PaR Systems Friction Welding Machine Product Portfolio
- 13.9.3 PaR Systems Friction Welding Machine Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.10 Aerospace Engineering Equipment
- 13.10.1 Aerospace Engineering Equipment Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.10.2 Aerospace Engineering Equipment Friction Welding Machine Product Portfolio
- 13.10.3 Aerospace Engineering Equipment Friction Welding Machine Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.11 Crest Group
- 13.11.1 Crest Group Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.11.2 Crest Group Friction Welding Machine Product Portfolio
- 13.11.3 Crest Group Friction Welding Machine Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.12 Beijing FSW
- 13.12.1 Beijing FSW Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.12.2 Beijing FSW Friction Welding Machine Product Portfolio
- 13.12.3 Beijing FSW Friction Welding Machine Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.13 Changchun CNC Machine
- 13.13.1 Changchun CNC Machine Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.13.2 Changchun CNC Machine Friction Welding Machine Product Portfolio
- 13.13.3 Changchun CNC Machine Friction Welding Machine Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.14 General Tool Company
- 13.14.1 General Tool Company Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.14.2 General Tool Company Friction Welding Machine Product Portfolio
- 13.14.3 General Tool Company Friction Welding Machine Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.15 Sooncable
- 13.15.1 Sooncable Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.15.2 Sooncable Friction Welding Machine Product Portfolio
- 13.15.3 Sooncable Friction Welding Machine Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.16 Dukane
- 13.16.1 Dukane Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.16.2 Dukane Friction Welding Machine Product Portfolio
- 13.16.3 Dukane Friction Welding Machine Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.17 ETA
- 13.17.1 ETA Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.17.2 ETA Friction Welding Machine Product Portfolio
- 13.17.3 ETA Friction Welding Machine Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.18 Jiangsu Ruicheng Machinery
- 13.18.1 Jiangsu Ruicheng Machinery Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.18.2 Jiangsu Ruicheng Machinery Friction Welding Machine Product Portfolio
- 13.18.3 Jiangsu Ruicheng Machinery Friction Welding Machine Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.19 Guangzhou Risong
- 13.19.1 Guangzhou Risong Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.19.2 Guangzhou Risong Friction Welding Machine Product Portfolio
- 13.19.3 Guangzhou Risong Friction Welding Machine Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.20 Sakae Industries
- 13.20.1 Sakae Industries Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.20.2 Sakae Industries Friction Welding Machine Product Portfolio
- 13.20.3 Sakae Industries Friction Welding Machine Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.21 Nitto Seiki
- 13.21.1 Nitto Seiki Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.21.2 Nitto Seiki Friction Welding Machine Product Portfolio
- 13.21.3 Nitto Seiki Friction Welding Machine Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.22 U-Jin Tech
- 13.22.1 U-Jin Tech Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.22.2 U-Jin Tech Friction Welding Machine Product Portfolio
- 13.22.3 U-Jin Tech Friction Welding Machine Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.23 Gatwick
- 13.23.1 Gatwick Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.23.2 Gatwick Friction Welding Machine Product Portfolio
- 13.23.3 Gatwick Friction Welding Machine Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.24 Keber
- 13.24.1 Keber Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.24.2 Keber Friction Welding Machine Product Portfolio
- 13.24.3 Keber Friction Welding Machine Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14 Industry Chain Analysis
- 14.1 Friction Welding Machine Industry Chain Analysis
- 14.2 Friction Welding Machine Industry Raw Material and Suppliers Analysis
- 14.2.1 Friction Welding Machine Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
- 14.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
- 14.3 Friction Welding Machine Typical Downstream Customers
- 14.4 Friction Welding Machine Sales Channel Analysis
- 15 Research Findings and Conclusion
- 16 Methodology and Data Source
- 16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 16.2 Research Scope
- 16.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
- 16.4 Date Source
- 16.4.1 Primary Sources
- 16.4.2 Secondary Sources
- 16.5 Data Cross Validation
- 16.6 Disclaimer
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