Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Research Report, Competitive, Technology and Forecast Analysis 2025-2032
Description
Market Overview
According to DIResearch＇s in-depth investigation and research, the global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) market size will reach 6,110.52 Million USD in 2025 and is projected to reach 6,515.07 Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of 0.92% (2025-2032). Notably, the China Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2025, China＇s market size is expected to be Million USD, representing approximately % of the global market share.
Research Summary
An Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) is a type of embedded memory storage device that integrates flash memory and a controller into a single compact package, typically soldered directly onto a device＇s circuit board. eMMC storage is commonly used in smartphones, tablets, laptops, and other consumer electronic devices, as well as in industrial applications. It offers non-volatile storage for data and applications, providing a reliable and cost-effective solution for mass storage needs. eMMC memory is known for its compact form factor, low power consumption, and ease of integration, making it an ideal choice for devices with space and power constraints. However, it may not offer the same performance or longevity as some other storage technologies like solid-state drives (SSDs).
The major global manufacturers of Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) include Samsung, SK Hynix, KIOXIA Corporation, Western Digital, Micron Technology, Phison Electronics, Kingston Technology, Longsys, Silicon Motion Technology, BIWIN Storage Technology, StorArt Technology, SMART Global Holdings, Transcend Information, Swissbit, Flexxon, Greenliant Systems, ATP Electronics, etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC). Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include US, Germany, Japan, China, France, UK, South Korea, Canada, Italy, Russia, Mexico, Brazil, India, Vietnam, Thailand, South Africa and other regions, covering the Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Include:
Samsung
SK Hynix
KIOXIA Corporation
Western Digital
Micron Technology
Phison Electronics
Kingston Technology
Longsys
Silicon Motion Technology
BIWIN Storage Technology
StorArt Technology
SMART Global Holdings
Transcend Information
Swissbit
Flexxon
Greenliant Systems
ATP Electronics
Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Product Segment Include:
Below 16GB
32GB
64GB
128GB
Above 256GB
Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Product Application Include:
Smartphones
Tablets
Smart TVs
Smart Wear
Automotive
Others
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trend
Chapter 2: Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Industry Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Major Regional Market Size (Sales, Revenue, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 6: Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Sales, Revenue, Price and Forecast by Product Type
Chapter 7: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 8: Industrial Chain Analysis, Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Different Application Market Analysis (Sales and Revenue), Sales Channel Analysis
Chapter 9: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 10: Methodology and Data Sources
According to DIResearch＇s in-depth investigation and research, the global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) market size will reach 6,110.52 Million USD in 2025 and is projected to reach 6,515.07 Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of 0.92% (2025-2032). Notably, the China Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2025, China＇s market size is expected to be Million USD, representing approximately % of the global market share.
Research Summary
An Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) is a type of embedded memory storage device that integrates flash memory and a controller into a single compact package, typically soldered directly onto a device＇s circuit board. eMMC storage is commonly used in smartphones, tablets, laptops, and other consumer electronic devices, as well as in industrial applications. It offers non-volatile storage for data and applications, providing a reliable and cost-effective solution for mass storage needs. eMMC memory is known for its compact form factor, low power consumption, and ease of integration, making it an ideal choice for devices with space and power constraints. However, it may not offer the same performance or longevity as some other storage technologies like solid-state drives (SSDs).
The major global manufacturers of Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) include Samsung, SK Hynix, KIOXIA Corporation, Western Digital, Micron Technology, Phison Electronics, Kingston Technology, Longsys, Silicon Motion Technology, BIWIN Storage Technology, StorArt Technology, SMART Global Holdings, Transcend Information, Swissbit, Flexxon, Greenliant Systems, ATP Electronics, etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC). Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include US, Germany, Japan, China, France, UK, South Korea, Canada, Italy, Russia, Mexico, Brazil, India, Vietnam, Thailand, South Africa and other regions, covering the Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Include:
Samsung
SK Hynix
KIOXIA Corporation
Western Digital
Micron Technology
Phison Electronics
Kingston Technology
Longsys
Silicon Motion Technology
BIWIN Storage Technology
StorArt Technology
SMART Global Holdings
Transcend Information
Swissbit
Flexxon
Greenliant Systems
ATP Electronics
Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Product Segment Include:
Below 16GB
32GB
64GB
128GB
Above 256GB
Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Product Application Include:
Smartphones
Tablets
Smart TVs
Smart Wear
Automotive
Others
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trend
Chapter 2: Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Industry Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Major Regional Market Size (Sales, Revenue, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 6: Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Sales, Revenue, Price and Forecast by Product Type
Chapter 7: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 8: Industrial Chain Analysis, Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Different Application Market Analysis (Sales and Revenue), Sales Channel Analysis
Chapter 9: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 10: Methodology and Data Sources
Table of Contents
165 Pages
- 1 Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
- 1.2 Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Product by Type
- 1.2.1 Below 16GB
- 1.2.2 32GB
- 1.2.3 64GB
- 1.2.4 128GB
- 1.2.5 Above 256GB
- 1.3 Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Product by Application
- 1.3.1 Smartphones
- 1.3.2 Tablets
- 1.3.3 Smart TVs
- 1.3.4 Smart Wear
- 1.3.5 Automotive
- 1.3.6 Others
- 1.4 Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
- 1.4.1 Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Revenue Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.2 Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Sales Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.3 Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.5 Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Development Status and Trends
- 1.5.1 Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Industry Development Status Analysis
- 1.5.2 Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Industry Development Trends Analysis
- 2 Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market PESTEL Analysis
- 2.1 Political Factors Analysis
- 2.2 Economic Factors Analysis
- 2.3 Social Factors Analysis
- 2.4 Technological Factors Analysis
- 2.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
- 2.6 Legal Factors Analysis
- 3 Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 3.1 Competitive Rivalry
- 3.2 Threat of New Entrants
- 3.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 3.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 3.5 Threat of Substitutes
- 4 Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Analysis by Country
- 4.1 Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Size Analysis by Country: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 4.1.1 Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Revenue and Market Share by Country (2020-2025)
- 4.1.2 Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Revenue and Market Share Forecast by Country (2026-2032)
- 4.2 Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Sales Analysis by Country: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 4.2.1 Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Sales and Market Share by Country (2020-2025)
- 4.2.2 Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Sales and Market Share Forecast by Country (2026-2032)
- 4.3 United States Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 4.4 Germany Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 4.5 Japan Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 4.6 China Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 4.7 France Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 4.8 U.K. Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 4.9 South Korea Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 4.10 Canada Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 4.11 Italy Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 4.12 Russia Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 4.13 Mexico Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 4.14 Brazil Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 4.15 India Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 4.16 Vietnam Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 4.17 Thailand Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 4.18 South Africa Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5 Competition by Manufacturers
- 5.1 Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Sales, Revenue and Sales Price by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 5.1.1 Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 5.1.2 Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 5.1.3 Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 5.2 Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
- 5.2.1 Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Competitive Landscape Analysis
- 5.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter and Key Area Sales
- 5.2.3 Market Dynamic
- 6 Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Analysis by Type
- 6.1 Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Revenue Analysis by Type
- 6.1.1 Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Size Analysis by Type: 2024 & 2025 & 2032
- 6.1.2 Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.2 Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.3 Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Sales Price Trend Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 7 Key Companies Analysis
- 7.1 Samsung
- 7.1.1 Samsung Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 7.1.2 Samsung Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Product Portfolio
- 7.1.3 Samsung Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 7.2 SK Hynix
- 7.2.1 SK Hynix Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 7.2.2 SK Hynix Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Product Portfolio
- 7.2.3 SK Hynix Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 7.3 KIOXIA Corporation
- 7.3.1 KIOXIA Corporation Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 7.3.2 KIOXIA Corporation Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Product Portfolio
- 7.3.3 KIOXIA Corporation Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 7.4 Western Digital
- 7.4.1 Western Digital Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 7.4.2 Western Digital Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Product Portfolio
- 7.4.3 Western Digital Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 7.5 Micron Technology
- 7.5.1 Micron Technology Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 7.5.2 Micron Technology Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Product Portfolio
- 7.5.3 Micron Technology Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 7.6 Phison Electronics
- 7.6.1 Phison Electronics Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 7.6.2 Phison Electronics Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Product Portfolio
- 7.6.3 Phison Electronics Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 7.7 Kingston Technology
- 7.7.1 Kingston Technology Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 7.7.2 Kingston Technology Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Product Portfolio
- 7.7.3 Kingston Technology Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 7.8 Longsys
- 7.8.1 Longsys Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 7.8.2 Longsys Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Product Portfolio
- 7.8.3 Longsys Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 7.9 Silicon Motion Technology
- 7.9.1 Silicon Motion Technology Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 7.9.2 Silicon Motion Technology Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Product Portfolio
- 7.9.3 Silicon Motion Technology Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 7.10 BIWIN Storage Technology
- 7.10.1 BIWIN Storage Technology Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 7.10.2 BIWIN Storage Technology Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Product Portfolio
- 7.10.3 BIWIN Storage Technology Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 7.11 StorArt Technology
- 7.11.1 StorArt Technology Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 7.11.2 StorArt Technology Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Product Portfolio
- 7.11.3 StorArt Technology Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 7.12 SMART Global Holdings
- 7.12.1 SMART Global Holdings Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 7.12.2 SMART Global Holdings Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Product Portfolio
- 7.12.3 SMART Global Holdings Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 7.13 Transcend Information
- 7.13.1 Transcend Information Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 7.13.2 Transcend Information Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Product Portfolio
- 7.13.3 Transcend Information Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 7.14 Swissbit
- 7.14.1 Swissbit Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 7.14.2 Swissbit Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Product Portfolio
- 7.14.3 Swissbit Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 7.15 Flexxon
- 7.15.1 Flexxon Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 7.15.2 Flexxon Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Product Portfolio
- 7.15.3 Flexxon Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 7.16 Greenliant Systems
- 7.16.1 Greenliant Systems Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 7.16.2 Greenliant Systems Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Product Portfolio
- 7.16.3 Greenliant Systems Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 7.17 ATP Electronics
- 7.17.1 ATP Electronics Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 7.17.2 ATP Electronics Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Product Portfolio
- 7.17.3 ATP Electronics Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8 Industry Chain Analysis
- 8.1 Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Industry Chain Analysis
- 8.2 Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Industry Upstream Supply Analysis
- 8.2.1 Upstream Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
- 8.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
- 8.3 Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Product Downstream Application Analysis
- 8.3.1 Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Revenue Market Size by Application: 2024 & 2025 & 2032
- 8.3.2 Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 8.3.3 Global Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 8.4 Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Typical Downstream Customers
- 8.5 Embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) Sales Channel Analysis
- 9 Research Findings and Conclusion
- 10 Methodology and Data Source
- 10.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 10.2 Research Scope
- 10.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
- 10.4 Date Source
- 10.4.1 Primary Sources
- 10.4.2 Secondary Sources
- 10.5 Data Cross Validation
- 10.6 Disclaimer
Pricing
Currency Rates
Questions or Comments?
Our team has the ability to search within reports to verify it suits your needs. We can also help maximize your budget by finding sections of reports you can purchase.
