Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2025
Description
Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2025
Research Summary
An aerial ladder fire-fighting vehicle is a type of fire truck equipped with an elevated, extendable ladder or platform that allows firefighters to reach high structures. These vehicles are typically used for firefighting, rescue missions, and other emergency response situations where access to elevated areas is necessary. The aerial ladder can be maneuvered into different positions to gain access to difficult-to-reach areas, such as rooftops or upper floors of buildings, and can be used to transport firefighters and equipment to these locations. The vehicle may also be equipped with other firefighting tools, such as water tanks, hoses, and pumps.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.
The major global manufacturers of Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle include Rosenbauer, Oshkosh, MORITA, Magirus, REV Group, CFE, ZOOMLION, Desautel, Hyundai Everdigm, Karba Otomoti̇v, Zhongzhuo, SANY, Cela, YQ AULD LANG REAL, CLW Group etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Include:
Rosenbauer
Oshkosh
MORITA
Magirus
REV Group
CFE
ZOOMLION
Desautel
Hyundai Everdigm
Karba Otomoti̇v
Zhongzhuo
SANY
Cela
YQ AULD LANG REAL
CLW Group
Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Product Segment Include:
Below 20 m
20-30 m
30-40 m
40-50 m
50-60 m
60-70 m
Above 70 m
Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Product Application Include:
Municipal
Industrial
Airport
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 6: North America Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 7: Europe Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: China Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: APAC (Excl. China) Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: Latin America Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Middle East and Africa Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 13: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 14: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 15: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 16: Methodology and Data Sources
Table of Contents
170 Pages
- 1 Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
- 1.2 Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Product by Type
- 1.2.1 Below 20 m
- 1.2.2 20-30 m
- 1.2.3 30-40 m
- 1.2.4 40-50 m
- 1.2.5 50-60 m
- 1.2.6 60-70 m
- 1.2.7 Above 70 m
- 1.3 Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Product by Application
- 1.3.1 Municipal
- 1.3.2 Industrial
- 1.3.3 Airport
- 1.4 Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
- 1.4.1 Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Revenue Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.2 Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Sales Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.3 Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.5 Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.1 Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.2 Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Drivers and Challenges
- 2 Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market PESTEL Analysis
- 2.1 Political Factors Analysis
- 2.2 Economic Factors Analysis
- 2.3 Social Factors Analysis
- 2.4 Technological Factors Analysis
- 2.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
- 2.6 Legal Factors Analysis
- 3 Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 3.1 Competitive Rivalry
- 3.2 Threat of New Entrants
- 3.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 3.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 3.5 Threat of Substitutes
- 4 Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Analysis by Regions
- 4.1 Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Overall Market: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 4.2 Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 4.2.1 Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Revenue and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 4.2.2 Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Revenue and Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 4.3 Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Sales and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 4.3.1 Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Sales and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 4.3.2 Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Sales and Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 4.4 Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 5 Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size by Type and Application
- 5.1 Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size by Type
- 5.1.1 Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 5.1.2 Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 5.2 Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size by Application
- 5.2.1 Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 5.2.2 Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 6 North America
- 6.1 North America Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 6.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 6.3 North America Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size by Type
- 6.3.1 North America Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.3.2 North America Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.4 North America Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size by Application
- 6.4.1 North America Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 6.4.2 North America Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 6.5 North America Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size by Country
- 6.5.1 US
- 6.5.2 Canada
- 7 Europe
- 7.1 Europe Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 7.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 7.3 Europe Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size by Type
- 7.3.1 Europe Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.3.2 Europe Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.4 Europe Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size by Application
- 7.4.1 Europe Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.4.2 Europe Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.5 Europe Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size by Country
- 7.5.1 Germany
- 7.5.2 France
- 7.5.3 United Kingdom
- 7.5.4 Italy
- 7.5.5 Spain
- 7.5.6 Benelux
- 8 China
- 8.1 China Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 8.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 8.3 China Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size by Type
- 8.3.1 China Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.3.2 China Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.4 China Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size by Application
- 8.4.1 China Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 8.4.2 China Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 9 APAC (excl. China)
- 9.1 APAC (excl. China) Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 9.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 9.3 APAC (excl. China) Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size by Type
- 9.3.1 APAC (excl. China) Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.3.2 APAC (excl. China) Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.4 APAC (excl. China) Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size by Application
- 9.4.1 APAC (excl. China) Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.4.2 APAC (excl. China) Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.5 APAC (excl. China) Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size by Country
- 9.5.1 Japan
- 9.5.2 South Korea
- 9.5.3 India
- 9.5.4 Australia
- 9.5.5 Southeast Asia
- 10 Latin America
- 10.1 Latin America Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 10.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 10.3 Latin America Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size by Type
- 10.3.1 Latin America Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.3.2 Latin America Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.4 Latin America Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size by Application
- 10.4.1 Latin America Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.4.2 Latin America Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.5 Latin America Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size by Country
- 10.6 Latin America Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size by Country
- 10.6.1 Mexico
- 10.6.2 Brazil
- 11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size by Type
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.4 Middle East & Africa Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size by Application
- 11.4.1 Middle East & Africa Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.4.2 Middle East & Africa Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.5 Middle East Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Size by Country
- 11.5.1 Saudi Arabia
- 11.5.2 South Africa
- 12 Competition by Manufacturers
- 12.1 Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.1 Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.2 Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.3 Global Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.2 Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
- 12.2.1 Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Competitive Landscape Analysis
- 12.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
- 12.2.3 Market Dynamic
- 13 Key Companies Analysis
- 13.1 Rosenbauer
- 13.1.1 Rosenbauer Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.1.2 Rosenbauer Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Product Portfolio
- 13.1.3 Rosenbauer Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.2 Oshkosh
- 13.2.1 Oshkosh Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.2.2 Oshkosh Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Product Portfolio
- 13.2.3 Oshkosh Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.3 MORITA
- 13.3.1 MORITA Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.3.2 MORITA Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Product Portfolio
- 13.3.3 MORITA Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.4 Magirus
- 13.4.1 Magirus Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.4.2 Magirus Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Product Portfolio
- 13.4.3 Magirus Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.5 REV Group
- 13.5.1 REV Group Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.5.2 REV Group Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Product Portfolio
- 13.5.3 REV Group Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.6 CFE
- 13.6.1 CFE Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.6.2 CFE Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Product Portfolio
- 13.6.3 CFE Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.7 ZOOMLION
- 13.7.1 ZOOMLION Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.7.2 ZOOMLION Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Product Portfolio
- 13.7.3 ZOOMLION Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.8 Desautel
- 13.8.1 Desautel Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.8.2 Desautel Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Product Portfolio
- 13.8.3 Desautel Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.9 Hyundai Everdigm
- 13.9.1 Hyundai Everdigm Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.9.2 Hyundai Everdigm Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Product Portfolio
- 13.9.3 Hyundai Everdigm Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.10 Karba Otomoti̇v
- 13.10.1 Karba Otomoti̇v Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.10.2 Karba Otomoti̇v Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Product Portfolio
- 13.10.3 Karba Otomoti̇v Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.11 Zhongzhuo
- 13.11.1 Zhongzhuo Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.11.2 Zhongzhuo Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Product Portfolio
- 13.11.3 Zhongzhuo Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.12 SANY
- 13.12.1 SANY Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.12.2 SANY Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Product Portfolio
- 13.12.3 SANY Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.13 Cela
- 13.13.1 Cela Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.13.2 Cela Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Product Portfolio
- 13.13.3 Cela Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.14 YQ AULD LANG REAL
- 13.14.1 YQ AULD LANG REAL Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.14.2 YQ AULD LANG REAL Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Product Portfolio
- 13.14.3 YQ AULD LANG REAL Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.15 CLW Group
- 13.15.1 CLW Group Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.15.2 CLW Group Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Product Portfolio
- 13.15.3 CLW Group Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14 Industry Chain Analysis
- 14.1 Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Industry Chain Analysis
- 14.2 Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Industry Raw Material and Suppliers Analysis
- 14.2.1 Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
- 14.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
- 14.3 Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Typical Downstream Customers
- 14.4 Aerial Ladder Fire-Fighting Vehicle Sales Channel Analysis
- 15 Research Findings and Conclusion
- 16 Methodology and Data Source
- 16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 16.2 Research Scope
- 16.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
- 16.4 Date Source
- 16.4.1 Primary Sources
- 16.4.2 Secondary Sources
- 16.5 Data Cross Validation
- 16.6 Disclaimer
Pricing
Currency Rates
Questions or Comments?
Our team has the ability to search within reports to verify it suits your needs. We can also help maximize your budget by finding sections of reports you can purchase.
