Report cover image

Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Global Report 2026

Published Jan 27, 2026
Length 250 Pages
SKU # BRC20801884

Description

Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Global Report 2026 from The Business Research Company provides strategists, marketers and senior management with the critical information they need to assess the market.

This report focuses cellulosic fire protection intumescent coating market which is experiencing strong growth. The report gives a guide to the trends which will be shaping the market over the next ten years and beyond.

Reasons to Purchase
  • Gain a truly global perspective with the most comprehensive report available on this market covering 16 geographies.
  • Assess the impact of key macro factors such as geopolitical conflicts, trade policies and tariffs, inflation and interest rate fluctuations, and evolving regulatory landscapes.
  • Create regional and country strategies on the basis of local data and analysis.
  • Identify growth segments for investment.
  • Outperform competitors using forecast data and the drivers and trends shaping the market.
  • Understand customers based on end user analysis.
  • Benchmark performance against key competitors based on market share, innovation, and brand strength.
  • Evaluate the total addressable market (TAM) and market attractiveness scoring to measure market potential.
  • Suitable for supporting your internal and external presentations with reliable high-quality data and analysis
  • Report will be updated with the latest data and delivered to you within 2-3 working days of order along with an Excel data sheet for easy data extraction and analysis.
  • All data from the report will also be delivered in an excel dashboard format.
Description:

Where is the largest and fastest growing market for cellulosic fire protection intumescent coating ? How does the market relate to the overall economy, demography and other similar markets? What forces will shape the market going forward, including technological disruption, regulatory shifts, and changing consumer preferences? The cellulosic fire protection intumescent coating market global report from the Business Research Company answers all these questions and many more.

The report covers market characteristics, size and growth, segmentation, regional and country breakdowns, total addressable market (TAM), market attractiveness score (MAS), competitive landscape, market shares, company scoring matrix, trends and strategies for this market. It traces the market’s historic and forecast market growth by geography.
  • The market characteristics section of the report defines and explains the market. This section also examines key products and services offered in the market, evaluates brand-level differentiation, compares product features, and highlights major innovation and product development trends.
  • The supply chain analysis section provides an overview of the entire value chain, including key raw materials, resources, and supplier analysis. It also provides a list competitor at each level of the supply chain.
  • The updated trends and strategies section analyses the shape of the market as it evolves and highlights emerging technology trends such as digital transformation, automation, sustainability initiatives, and AI-driven innovation. It suggests how companies can leverage these advancements to strengthen their market position and achieve competitive differentiation.
  • The regulatory and investment landscape section provides an overview of the key regulatory frameworks, regularity bodies, associations, and government policies influencing the market. It also examines major investment flows, incentives, and funding trends shaping industry growth and innovation.
  • The market size section gives the market size ($b) covering both the historic growth of the market, and forecasting its development.
  • The forecasts are made after considering the major factors currently impacting the market. These include the technological advancements such as AI and automation, Russia-Ukraine war, trade tariffs (government-imposed import/export duties), elevated inflation and interest rates.
  • The total addressable market (TAM) analysis section defines and estimates the market potential compares it with the current market size, and provides strategic insights and growth opportunities based on this evaluation.
  • The market attractiveness scoring section evaluates the market based on a quantitative scoring framework that considers growth potential, competitive dynamics, strategic fit, and risk profile. It also provides interpretive insights and strategic implications for decision-makers.
  • Market segmentations break down the market into sub markets.
  • The regional and country breakdowns section gives an analysis of the market in each geography and the size of the market by geography and compares their historic and forecast growth.
  • Expanded geographical coverage includes Taiwan and Southeast Asia, reflecting recent supply chain realignments and manufacturing shifts in the region. This section analyzes how these markets are becoming increasingly important hubs in the global value chain.
  • The competitive landscape chapter gives a description of the competitive nature of the market, market shares, and a description of the leading companies. Key financial deals which have shaped the market in recent years are identified.
  • The company scoring matrix section evaluates and ranks leading companies based on a multi-parameter framework that includes market share or revenues, product innovation, and brand recognition.
Scope

Markets Covered:1) By Type: Solvent-borne; Water-borne

2) By Application: Residential; Commercial

3) By End Use Industry: Construction; Oil and Gas; Other End Use Industries

Subsegments:

1) By Solvent-borne: Solvent-borne Acrylic Intumescent Coatings; Solvent-borne Alkyd Intumescent Coatings

2) By Water-borne: Water-borne Acrylic Intumescent Coatings; Water-borne Epoxy Intumescent Coatings

Companies Mentioned: AkzoNobel N.V.; The Sherwin-Williams Company; PPG Industries Inc.; Jotun AS; Hempel A/S; Contego International Inc.; No-Burn Inc.; Nullifire Ltd.; Carboline Company; Albi Protective Coatings; Isolatek International Ltd.; Rudolf Hensel GmbH; Tor Coatings Ltd.; Kansai Paints Co. Ltd.; RPM International Inc.; Teknos Group And Paints Private Limited; Leighs Paints Ltd.; Firetherm Intumescent & Insulation Supplies Ltd.; Albi Manufacturing Ltd.; Firefree Coatings Inc.; International Paint Ltd.; Crown Paints Ltd.

Countries: Australia; Brazil; China; France; Germany; India; Indonesia; Japan; Taiwan; Russia; South Korea; UK; USA; Canada; Italy; Spain

Regions: Asia-Pacific; South East Asia; Western Europe; Eastern Europe; North America; South America; Middle East; Africa

Time Series: Five years historic and ten years forecast.

Data: Ratios of market size and growth to related markets, GDP proportions, expenditure per capita,

Data Segmentations: country and regional historic and forecast data, market share of competitors, market segments.

Sourcing and Referencing: Data and analysis throughout the report is sourced using end notes.

Please Note: Report will be updated with the latest data and delivered to you within 3-5 working days of order.

Table of Contents

250 Pages
1. Executive Summary
1.1. Key Market Insights (2020-2035)
1.2. Visual Dashboard: Market Size, Growth Rate, Hotspots
1.3. Major Factors Driving the Market
1.4. Top Three Trends Shaping the Market
2. Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Characteristics
2.1. Market Definition & Scope
2.2. Market Segmentations
2.3. Overview of Key Products and Services
2.4. Global Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Attractiveness Scoring And Analysis
2.4.1. Overview of Market Attractiveness Framework
2.4.2. Quantitative Scoring Methodology
2.4.3. Factor-Wise Evaluation
Growth Potential Analysis, Competitive Dynamics Assessment, Strategic Fit Assessment And Risk Profile Evaluation
2.4.4. Market Attractiveness Scoring and Interpretation
2.4.5. Strategic Implications and Recommendations
3. Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Supply Chain Analysis
3.1. Overview of the Supply Chain and Ecosystem
3.2. List Of Key Raw Materials, Resources & Suppliers
3.3. List Of Major Distributors and Channel Partners
3.4. List Of Major End Users
4. Global Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Trends And Strategies
4.1. Key Technologies & Future Trends
4.1.1 Sustainability, Climate Tech & Circular Economy
4.1.2 Industry 4.0 & Intelligent Manufacturing
4.1.3 Internet Of Things (Iot), Smart Infrastructure & Connected Ecosystems
4.1.4 Digitalization, Cloud, Big Data & Cybersecurity
4.1.5 Electric Mobility & Transportation Electrification
4.2. Major Trends
4.2.1 Increasing Adoption Of Passive Fire Protection Solutions
4.2.2 Rising Demand For Water-Borne Intumescent Coatings
4.2.3 Growing Use In Infrastructure And High-Rise Buildings
4.2.4 Expansion Of Lightweight Fire Protection Systems
4.2.5 Enhanced Compliance With Fire Safety Regulations
5. Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Analysis Of End Use Industries
5.1 Construction Companies
5.2 Automotive Manufacturers
5.3 Oil And Gas Operators
5.4 Infrastructure Developers
5.5 Industrial Facility Owners
6. Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market - Macro Economic Scenario Including The Impact Of Interest Rates, Inflation, Geopolitics, Trade Wars and Tariffs, Supply Chain Impact from Tariff War & Trade Protectionism, And Covid And Recovery On The Market
7. Global Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Strategic Analysis Framework, Current Market Size, Market Comparisons And Growth Rate Analysis
7.1. Global Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating PESTEL Analysis (Political, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal Factors, Drivers and Restraints)
7.2. Global Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Size, Comparisons And Growth Rate Analysis
7.3. Global Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Historic Market Size and Growth, 2020 - 2025, Value ($ Billion)
7.4. Global Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Forecast Market Size and Growth, 2025 - 2030, 2035F, Value ($ Billion)
8. Global Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Total Addressable Market (TAM) Analysis for the Market
8.1. Definition and Scope of Total Addressable Market (TAM)
8.2. Methodology and Assumptions
8.3. Global Total Addressable Market (TAM) Estimation
8.4. TAM vs. Current Market Size Analysis
8.5. Strategic Insights and Growth Opportunities from TAM Analysis
9. Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Segmentation
9.1. Global Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
Solvent-borne, Water-borne
9.2. Global Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
Residential, Commercial
9.3. Global Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Segmentation By End Use Industry, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
Construction, Oil and Gas, Other End Use Industries
9.4. Global Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Sub-Segmentation Of Solvent-borne, By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
Solvent-borne Acrylic Intumescent Coatings, Solvent-borne Alkyd Intumescent Coatings
9.5. Global Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Sub-Segmentation Of Water-borne, By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
Water-borne Acrylic Intumescent Coatings, Water-borne Epoxy Intumescent Coatings
10. Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Regional And Country Analysis
10.1. Global Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Split By Region, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
10.2. Global Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Split By Country, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
11. Asia-Pacific Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market
11.1. Asia-Pacific Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Overview
Region Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
11.2. Asia-Pacific Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Application, Segmentation By End Use Industry, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
12. China Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market
12.1. China Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Overview
Country Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
12.2. China Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Application, Segmentation By End Use Industry, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
13. India Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market
13.1. India Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Application, Segmentation By End Use Industry, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
14. Japan Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market
14.1. Japan Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Overview
Country Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
14.2. Japan Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Application, Segmentation By End Use Industry, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
15. Australia Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market
15.1. Australia Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Application, Segmentation By End Use Industry, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
16. Indonesia Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market
16.1. Indonesia Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Application, Segmentation By End Use Industry, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
17. South Korea Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market
17.1. South Korea Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Overview
Country Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
17.2. South Korea Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Application, Segmentation By End Use Industry, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
18. Taiwan Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market
18.1. Taiwan Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Overview
Country Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
18.2. Taiwan Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Application, Segmentation By End Use Industry, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
19. South East Asia Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market
19.1. South East Asia Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Overview
Region Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
19.2. South East Asia Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Application, Segmentation By End Use Industry, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
20. Western Europe Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market
20.1. Western Europe Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Overview
Region Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
20.2. Western Europe Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Application, Segmentation By End Use Industry, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
21. UK Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market
21.1. UK Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Application, Segmentation By End Use Industry, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
22. Germany Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market
22.1. Germany Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Application, Segmentation By End Use Industry, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
23. France Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market
23.1. France Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Application, Segmentation By End Use Industry, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
24. Italy Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market
24.1. Italy Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Application, Segmentation By End Use Industry, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
25. Spain Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market
25.1. Spain Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Application, Segmentation By End Use Industry, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
26. Eastern Europe Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market
26.1. Eastern Europe Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Overview
Region Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
26.2. Eastern Europe Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Application, Segmentation By End Use Industry, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
27. Russia Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market
27.1. Russia Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Application, Segmentation By End Use Industry, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
28. North America Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market
28.1. North America Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Overview
Region Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
28.2. North America Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Application, Segmentation By End Use Industry, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
29. USA Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market
29.1. USA Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Overview
Country Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
29.2. USA Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Application, Segmentation By End Use Industry, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
30. Canada Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market
30.1. Canada Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Overview
Country Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
30.2. Canada Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Application, Segmentation By End Use Industry, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
31. South America Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market
31.1. South America Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Overview
Region Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
31.2. South America Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Application, Segmentation By End Use Industry, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
32. Brazil Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market
32.1. Brazil Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Application, Segmentation By End Use Industry, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
33. Middle East Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market
33.1. Middle East Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Overview
Region Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
33.2. Middle East Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Application, Segmentation By End Use Industry, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
34. Africa Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market
34.1. Africa Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Overview
Region Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
34.2. Africa Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Application, Segmentation By End Use Industry, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
35. Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Regulatory and Investment Landscape
36. Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Competitive Landscape And Company Profiles
36.1. Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Competitive Landscape And Market Share 2024
36.1.1. Top 10 Companies (Ranked by revenue/share)
36.2. Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market - Company Scoring Matrix
36.2.1. Market Revenues
36.2.2. Product Innovation Score
36.2.3. Brand Recognition
36.3. Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Company Profiles
36.3.1. AkzoNobel N.V. Overview, Products and Services, Strategy and Financial Analysis
36.3.2. The Sherwin-Williams Company Overview, Products and Services, Strategy and Financial Analysis
36.3.3. PPG Industries Inc. Overview, Products and Services, Strategy and Financial Analysis
36.3.4. Jotun AS Overview, Products and Services, Strategy and Financial Analysis
36.3.5. Hempel A/S Overview, Products and Services, Strategy and Financial Analysis
37. Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Other Major And Innovative Companies
Contego International Inc., No-Burn Inc., Nullifire Ltd., Carboline Company, Albi Protective Coatings, Isolatek International Ltd., Rudolf Hensel GmbH, Tor Coatings Ltd., Kansai Paints Co. Ltd., RPM International Inc., Teknos Group, Leighs Paints Ltd., Firetherm Intumescent & Insulation Supplies Ltd., Albi Manufacturing Ltd., Firefree Coatings Inc.
38. Global Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market Competitive Benchmarking And Dashboard
39. Key Mergers And Acquisitions In The Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market
40. Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market High Potential Countries, Segments and Strategies
40.1 Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market In 2030 - Countries Offering Most New Opportunities
40.2 Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market In 2030 - Segments Offering Most New Opportunities
40.3 Cellulosic Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Market In 2030 - Growth Strategies
40.3.1 Market Trend Based Strategies
40.3.2 Competitor Strategies
41. Appendix
41.1. Abbreviations
41.2. Currencies
41.3. Historic And Forecast Inflation Rates
41.4. Research Inquiries
41.5. The Business Research Company
41.6. Copyright And Disclaimer
How Do Licenses Work?
Request A Sample
Head shot

Questions or Comments?

Our team has the ability to search within reports to verify it suits your needs. We can also help maximize your budget by finding sections of reports you can purchase.