Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Market Analysis and Forecast 2026-2032

1 Market Overview 1.1 Product Definition 1.2 Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Market by Type 1.2.1 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Market Size by Type, 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 1.2.2 Offline Data Loggers 1.2.3 Cellular Connected Data Loggers 1.2.4 Wireless Connected Data Loggers 1.3 Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Market by Application 1.3.1 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Market Size by Application, 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 1.3.2 Fruit 1.3.3 Vegetable 1.3.4 Meat 1.3.5 Aquatic Products 1.3.6 Dairy Products 1.3.7 Frozen Food 1.3.8 Others 1.4 Assumptions and Limitations 1.5 Study Goals and Objectives 2 Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Market Dynamics 2.1 Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Industry Trends 2.2 Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Industry Drivers 2.3 Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Industry Opportunities and Challenges 2.4 Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Industry Restraints 3 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Production Overview 3.1 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Production Capacity (2021-2032) 3.2 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Production by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 3.3 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Production by Region 3.3.1 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Production by Region (2021-2026) 3.3.2 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Production by Region (2027-2032) 3.3.3 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Production Market Share by Region (2021-2032) 3.4 North America 3.5 Europe 3.6 China 3.7 Japan 3.8 South Korea 4 Global Market Growth Prospects 4.1 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032) 4.2 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue by Region 4.2.1 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 4.2.2 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue by Region (2021-2026) 4.2.3 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue by Region (2027-2032) 4.2.4 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue Market Share by Region (2021-2032) 4.3 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales Estimates and Forecasts 2021-2032 4.4 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales by Region 4.4.1 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 4.4.2 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales by Region (2021-2026) 4.4.3 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales by Region (2027-2032) 4.4.4 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales Market Share by Region (2021-2032) 4.5 North America 4.6 Europe 4.7 China 4.8 Asia (Excluding China) 4.9 South America, Middle East and Africa 5 Market Competitive Landscape by Manufacturers 5.1 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue by Manufacturers 5.1.1 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue by Manufacturers (2021-2026) 5.1.2 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2021-2026) 5.1.3 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Manufacturers Revenue Share Top 10 and Top 5 in 2025 5.2 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales by Manufacturers 5.2.1 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales by Manufacturers (2021-2026) 5.2.2 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2021-2026) 5.2.3 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Manufacturers Sales Share Top 10 and Top 5 in 2025 5.3 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales Price by Manufacturers (2021-2026) 5.4 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Key Manufacturers Ranking, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2026 5.5 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Key Manufacturers Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters 5.6 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Manufacturers, Product Type & Application 5.7 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Manufacturers Commercialization Time 5.8 Market Competitive Analysis 5.8.1 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Market CR5 and HHI 5.8.2 2025 Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3 6 Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Market by Type 6.1 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue by Type 6.1.1 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue by Type (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) 6.1.2 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue Market Share by Type (2021-2032) 6.2 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales by Type 6.2.1 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales by Type (2021-2032) & (k units) 6.2.2 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales Market Share by Type (2021-2032) 6.3 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Price by Type 7 Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Market by Application 7.1 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue by Application 7.1.1 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue by Application (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) 7.1.2 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue Market Share by Application (2021-2032) 7.2 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales by Application 7.2.1 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales by Application (2021-2032) & (k units) 7.2.2 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales Market Share by Application (2021-2032) 7.3 Global Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Price by Application 8 Company Profiles 8.1 Sensitech 8.1.1 Sensitech Company Information 8.1.2 Sensitech Business Overview 8.1.3 Sensitech Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026) 8.1.4 Sensitech Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Product Portfolio 8.1.5 Sensitech Recent Developments 8.2 ELPRO-BUCHS AG 8.2.1 ELPRO-BUCHS AG Company Information 8.2.2 ELPRO-BUCHS AG Business Overview 8.2.3 ELPRO-BUCHS AG Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026) 8.2.4 ELPRO-BUCHS AG Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Product Portfolio 8.2.5 ELPRO-BUCHS AG Recent Developments 8.3 xylem 8.3.1 xylem Company Information 8.3.2 xylem Business Overview 8.3.3 xylem Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026) 8.3.4 xylem Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Product Portfolio 8.3.5 xylem Recent Developments 8.4 Berlinger & Co AG 8.4.1 Berlinger & Co AG Company Information 8.4.2 Berlinger & Co AG Business Overview 8.4.3 Berlinger & Co AG Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026) 8.4.4 Berlinger & Co AG Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Product Portfolio 8.4.5 Berlinger & Co AG Recent Developments 8.5 Oceasoft 8.5.1 Oceasoft Company Information 8.5.2 Oceasoft Business Overview 8.5.3 Oceasoft Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026) 8.5.4 Oceasoft Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Product Portfolio 8.5.5 Oceasoft Recent Developments 8.6 Corintech Ltd. 8.6.1 Corintech Ltd. Company Information 8.6.2 Corintech Ltd. Business Overview 8.6.3 Corintech Ltd. Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026) 8.6.4 Corintech Ltd. Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Product Portfolio 8.6.5 Corintech Ltd. Recent Developments 8.7 ORBCOMM 8.7.1 ORBCOMM Company Information 8.7.2 ORBCOMM Business Overview 8.7.3 ORBCOMM Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026) 8.7.4 ORBCOMM Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Product Portfolio 8.7.5 ORBCOMM Recent Developments 8.8 Dickson 8.8.1 Dickson Company Information 8.8.2 Dickson Business Overview 8.8.3 Dickson Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026) 8.8.4 Dickson Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Product Portfolio 8.8.5 Dickson Recent Developments 8.9 Emerson 8.9.1 Emerson Company Information 8.9.2 Emerson Business Overview 8.9.3 Emerson Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026) 8.9.4 Emerson Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Product Portfolio 8.9.5 Emerson Recent Developments 8.10 TempSen 8.10.1 TempSen Company Information 8.10.2 TempSen Business Overview 8.10.3 TempSen Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026) 8.10.4 TempSen Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Product Portfolio 8.10.5 TempSen Recent Developments 8.11 LogTag Recorders Ltd 8.11.1 LogTag Recorders Ltd Company Information 8.11.2 LogTag Recorders Ltd Business Overview 8.11.3 LogTag Recorders Ltd Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026) 8.11.4 LogTag Recorders Ltd Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Product Portfolio 8.11.5 LogTag Recorders Ltd Recent Developments 8.12 Ellab 8.12.1 Ellab Company Information 8.12.2 Ellab Business Overview 8.12.3 Ellab Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026) 8.12.4 Ellab Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Product Portfolio 8.12.5 Ellab Recent Developments 8.13 Onset HOBO 8.13.1 Onset HOBO Company Information 8.13.2 Onset HOBO Business Overview 8.13.3 Onset HOBO Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026) 8.13.4 Onset HOBO Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Product Portfolio 8.13.5 Onset HOBO Recent Developments 8.14 DeltaTrak 8.14.1 DeltaTrak Company Information 8.14.2 DeltaTrak Business Overview 8.14.3 DeltaTrak Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026) 8.14.4 DeltaTrak Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Product Portfolio 8.14.5 DeltaTrak Recent Developments 8.15 Duoxieyun 8.15.1 Duoxieyun Company Information 8.15.2 Duoxieyun Business Overview 8.15.3 Duoxieyun Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026) 8.15.4 Duoxieyun Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Product Portfolio 8.15.5 Duoxieyun Recent Developments 8.16 T&D 8.16.1 T&D Company Information 8.16.2 T&D Business Overview 8.16.3 T&D Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026) 8.16.4 T&D Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Product Portfolio 8.16.5 T&D Recent Developments 8.17 Cold Chain Technologies 8.17.1 Cold Chain Technologies Company Information 8.17.2 Cold Chain Technologies Business Overview 8.17.3 Cold Chain Technologies Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026) 8.17.4 Cold Chain Technologies Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Product Portfolio 8.17.5 Cold Chain Technologies Recent Developments 8.18 Testo 8.18.1 Testo Company Information 8.18.2 Testo Business Overview 8.18.3 Testo Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026) 8.18.4 Testo Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Product Portfolio 8.18.5 Testo Recent Developments 8.19 Temptime 8.19.1 Temptime Company Information 8.19.2 Temptime Business Overview 8.19.3 Temptime Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026) 8.19.4 Temptime Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Product Portfolio 8.19.5 Temptime Recent Developments 8.20 ZeDA Instruments 8.20.1 ZeDA Instruments Company Information 8.20.2 ZeDA Instruments Business Overview 8.20.3 ZeDA Instruments Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026) 8.20.4 ZeDA Instruments Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Product Portfolio 8.20.5 ZeDA Instruments Recent Developments 8.21 Rotronic 8.21.1 Rotronic Company Information 8.21.2 Rotronic Business Overview 8.21.3 Rotronic Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026) 8.21.4 Rotronic Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Product Portfolio 8.21.5 Rotronic Recent Developments 8.22 Omega 8.22.1 Omega Company Information 8.22.2 Omega Business Overview 8.22.3 Omega Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026) 8.22.4 Omega Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Product Portfolio 8.22.5 Omega Recent Developments 8.23 CAEN 8.23.1 CAEN Company Information 8.23.2 CAEN Business Overview 8.23.3 CAEN Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026) 8.23.4 CAEN Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Product Portfolio 8.23.5 CAEN Recent Developments 8.24 Haier Biomedical 8.24.1 Haier Biomedical Company Information 8.24.2 Haier Biomedical Business Overview 8.24.3 Haier Biomedical Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026) 8.24.4 Haier Biomedical Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Product Portfolio 8.24.5 Haier Biomedical Recent Developments 8.25 tempmate GmbH 8.25.1 tempmate GmbH Company Information 8.25.2 tempmate GmbH Business Overview 8.25.3 tempmate GmbH Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026) 8.25.4 tempmate GmbH Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Product Portfolio 8.25.5 tempmate GmbH Recent Developments 8.26 Spotsee 8.26.1 Spotsee Company Information 8.26.2 Spotsee Business Overview 8.26.3 Spotsee Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026) 8.26.4 Spotsee Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Product Portfolio 8.26.5 Spotsee Recent Developments 9 North America 9.1 North America Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Market Size by Type 9.1.1 North America Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue by Type (2021-2032) 9.1.2 North America Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales by Type (2021-2032) 9.1.3 North America Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Price by Type (2021-2032) 9.2 North America Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Market Size by Application 9.2.1 North America Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue by Application (2021-2032) 9.2.2 North America Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales by Application (2021-2032) 9.2.3 North America Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Price by Application (2021-2032) 9.3 North America Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Market Size by Country 9.3.1 North America Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) 9.3.2 North America Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) 9.3.3 North America Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Price by Country (2021-2032) 9.3.4 United States 9.3.5 Canada 9.3.6 Mexico 10 Europe 10.1 Europe Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Market Size by Type 10.1.1 Europe Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue by Type (2021-2032) 10.1.2 Europe Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales by Type (2021-2032) 10.1.3 Europe Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Price by Type (2021-2032) 10.2 Europe Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Market Size by Application 10.2.1 Europe Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue by Application (2021-2032) 10.2.2 Europe Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales by Application (2021-2032) 10.2.3 Europe Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Price by Application (2021-2032) 10.3 Europe Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Market Size by Country 10.3.1 Europe Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) 10.3.2 Europe Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) 10.3.3 Europe Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Price by Country (2021-2032) 10.3.4 Germany 10.3.5 France 10.3.6 U.K. 10.3.7 Italy 10.3.8 Russia 10.3.9 Spain 10.3.10 Netherlands 10.3.11 Switzerland 10.3.12 Sweden 11 China 11.1 China Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Market Size by Type 11.1.1 China Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue by Type (2021-2032) 11.1.2 China Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales by Type (2021-2032) 11.1.3 China Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Price by Type (2021-2032) 11.2 China Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Market Size by Application 11.2.1 China Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue by Application (2021-2032) 11.2.2 China Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales by Application (2021-2032) 11.2.3 China Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Price by Application (2021-2032) 12 Asia (Excluding China) 12.1 Asia Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Market Size by Type 12.1.1 Asia Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue by Type (2021-2032) 12.1.2 Asia Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales by Type (2021-2032) 12.1.3 Asia Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Price by Type (2021-2032) 12.2 Asia Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Market Size by Application 12.2.1 Asia Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue by Application (2021-2032) 12.2.2 Asia Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales by Application (2021-2032) 12.2.3 Asia Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Price by Application (2021-2032) 12.3 Asia Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Market Size by Country 12.3.1 Asia Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) 12.3.2 Asia Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) 12.3.3 Asia Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Price by Country (2021-2032) 12.3.4 Japan 12.3.5 South Korea 12.3.6 India 12.3.7 Australia 12.3.8 Taiwan 12.3.9 Southeast Asia 13 South America, Middle East and Africa 13.1 SAMEA Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Market Size by Type 13.1.1 SAMEA Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue by Type (2021-2032) 13.1.2 SAMEA Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales by Type (2021-2032) 13.1.3 SAMEA Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Price by Type (2021-2032) 13.2 SAMEA Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Market Size by Application 13.2.1 SAMEA Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue by Application (2021-2032) 13.2.2 SAMEA Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales by Application (2021-2032) 13.2.3 SAMEA Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Price by Application (2021-2032) 13.3 SAMEA Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Market Size by Country 13.3.1 SAMEA Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) 13.3.2 SAMEA Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) 13.3.3 SAMEA Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Price by Country (2021-2032) 13.3.4 Brazil 13.3.5 Argentina 13.3.6 Chile 13.3.7 Colombia 13.3.8 Peru 13.3.9 Saudi Arabia 13.3.10 Israel 13.3.11 UAE 13.3.12 Turkey 13.3.13 Iran 13.3.14 Egypt 14 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis 14.1 Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Value Chain Analysis 14.1.1 Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Key Raw Materials 14.1.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers 14.1.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure 14.1.4 Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Production Mode & Process 14.2 Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Sales Channels Analysis 14.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share 14.2.2 Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Distributors 14.2.3 Cold Chain Monitoring Data Loggers for Food Customers 15 Concluding Insights 16 Appendix 16.1 Reasons for Doing This Study 16.2 Research Methodology 16.3 Research Process 16.4 Authors List of This Report 16.5 Data Source 16.5.1 Secondary Sources 16.5.2 Primary Sources 16.6 Disclaimer