Report cover image

Global Chrome Metal Powder Market Analysis and Forecast 2026-2032

Publisher APO Research, Inc.
Published Jan 01, 2026
Length 212 Pages
SKU # APRC20823175

Description

Chromium is a steel-gray, lustrous, and hard metal that finds wide use as a catalyst or in alloys. All chromium compounds have intense and varied colors. Chromium is used as a hardener in steel, for the manufacture of stainless steel and many useful alloys. It is also employed to give glass an emerald green color. Chromium does not oxidize in air, even in extreme moisture.

Chrome Metal Powder is a white grey powder and particle size less than 1mm. Thanks to its very high corrosion resistance against many different acids and bases as well as hot gases, Chrome Metal Powder is a popular material for all types of protective coating.

The major players in global Chrome Metal Powder market include DELACHAUX Group, EXO Tech, etc. The top 2 players occupy about 30% shares of the global market. Europe is the main market, and occupies about 50% of the global market. Metal Chromium Powder is the main type, with a share about 90%. Alloy is the main application, which holds a share about 35%.

This report presents an overview of global market for Chrome Metal Powder, capacity, output, revenue and price. Analyses of the global market trends, with historic market revenue or sales data for 2021 - 2025, estimates for 2026, and projections of CAGR through 2032.

This report researches the key producers of Chrome Metal Powder, also provides the consumption of main regions and countries. Of the upcoming market potential for Chrome Metal Powder, and key regions or countries of focus to forecast this market into various segments and sub-segments. Country specific data and market value analysis for the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil, China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, India, Germany, the U.K., Italy, Middle East, Africa, and Other Countries.

This report focuses on the Chrome Metal Powder sales, revenue, market share and industry ranking of main manufacturers, data from 2021 to 2026. Identification of the major stakeholders in the global Chrome Metal Powder market, and analysis of their competitive landscape and market positioning based on recent developments and segmental revenues. This report will help stakeholders to understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights and position their businesses and market strategies in a better way.

This report analyzes the segments data by Type and by Application, sales, revenue, and price, from 2021 to 2032. Evaluation and forecast the market size for Chrome Metal Powder sales, projected growth trends, production technology, application and end-user industry.

Chrome Metal Powder Segment by Company

DELACHAUX Group
EXO Tech
POLEMA
Jayu Optical Material
GfE
MidUral Group
Global Metal Powders
Bell Group
Kohsei Co., Ltd.
Hascor
TRITRUST INDUSTRIAL
Loudishi Dajin Xincailiao
Zegen Metals&Chemicals Limited
Jayesh Group
Shanghai CNPC Powder Material
Jinzhou New Century Quartz

Chrome Metal Powder Segment by Type

Metal Chromium Powder
Electrolytic Chromium Powder

Chrome Metal Powder Segment by Application

Aerospace
Electronics and Welding Material
Alloy
Others

Chrome Metal Powder Segment by Region

North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Spain
Netherlands
Switzerland
Sweden
Poland
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
Taiwan
Southeast Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Türkiye
GCC Countries

Study Objectives

1. To analyze and research the global status and future forecast, involving, production, value, consumption, growth rate (CAGR), market share, historical and forecast.
2. To present the key manufacturers, capacity, production, revenue, market share, and Recent Developments.
3. To split the breakdown data by regions, type, manufacturers, and Application.
4. To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints, and risks.
5. To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions.
6. To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.

Reasons to Buy This Report

1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Chrome Metal Powder market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Chrome Metal Powder and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.
4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market.
5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally.
6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Chrome Metal Powder.
7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.

Chapter Outline

Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (by type and by application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 2: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 3: Chrome Metal Powder production/output of global and key producers (regions/countries). It provides a quantitative analysis of the production, and development potential of each producer in the next six years.
Chapter 4: Sales (consumption), revenue of Chrome Metal Powder in global, regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space of each country in the world.
Chapter 5: Detailed analysis of Chrome Metal Powder manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and industry ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 6: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the sales, revenue, average price, and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 7: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the sales, revenue, average price, and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 8: Provides profiles of key manufacturers, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product descriptions and specifications, Chrome Metal Powder sales, revenue, price, gross margin, and recent development, etc.
Chapter 9: North America by type, by application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 10: Europe by type, by application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 11: China by type, by application, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 12: Asia (Excluding China) by type, by application and by region, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 13: South America, Middle East and Africa by type, by application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 14: Analysis of industrial chain, sales channel, key raw materials, distributors and customers.
Chapter 15: The main concluding insights of the report.

Please Note: Single-User license will be delivered via PDF from the publisher without the rights to print or to edit.

Table of Contents

212 Pages
1 Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Chrome Metal Powder Market by Type
1.2.1 Global Chrome Metal Powder Market Size by Type, 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
1.2.2 Metal Chromium Powder
1.2.3 Electrolytic Chromium Powder
1.3 Chrome Metal Powder Market by Application
1.3.1 Global Chrome Metal Powder Market Size by Application, 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
1.3.2 Aerospace
1.3.3 Electronics and Welding Material
1.3.4 Alloy
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
1.5 Study Goals and Objectives
2 Chrome Metal Powder Market Dynamics
2.1 Chrome Metal Powder Industry Trends
2.2 Chrome Metal Powder Industry Drivers
2.3 Chrome Metal Powder Industry Opportunities and Challenges
2.4 Chrome Metal Powder Industry Restraints
3 Global Chrome Metal Powder Production Overview
3.1 Global Chrome Metal Powder Production Capacity (2021-2032)
3.2 Global Chrome Metal Powder Production by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
3.3 Global Chrome Metal Powder Production by Region
3.3.1 Global Chrome Metal Powder Production by Region (2021-2026)
3.3.2 Global Chrome Metal Powder Production by Region (2027-2032)
3.3.3 Global Chrome Metal Powder Production Market Share by Region (2021-2032)
3.4 North America
3.5 Europe
3.6 China
3.7 Japan
4 Global Market Growth Prospects
4.1 Global Chrome Metal Powder Revenue Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
4.2 Global Chrome Metal Powder Revenue by Region
4.2.1 Global Chrome Metal Powder Revenue by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
4.2.2 Global Chrome Metal Powder Revenue by Region (2021-2026)
4.2.3 Global Chrome Metal Powder Revenue by Region (2027-2032)
4.2.4 Global Chrome Metal Powder Revenue Market Share by Region (2021-2032)
4.3 Global Chrome Metal Powder Sales Estimates and Forecasts 2021-2032
4.4 Global Chrome Metal Powder Sales by Region
4.4.1 Global Chrome Metal Powder Sales by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
4.4.2 Global Chrome Metal Powder Sales by Region (2021-2026)
4.4.3 Global Chrome Metal Powder Sales by Region (2027-2032)
4.4.4 Global Chrome Metal Powder Sales Market Share by Region (2021-2032)
4.5 North America
4.6 Europe
4.7 China
4.8 Asia (Excluding China)
4.9 South America, Middle East and Africa
5 Market Competitive Landscape by Manufacturers
5.1 Global Chrome Metal Powder Revenue by Manufacturers
5.1.1 Global Chrome Metal Powder Revenue by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
5.1.2 Global Chrome Metal Powder Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
5.1.3 Global Chrome Metal Powder Manufacturers Revenue Share Top 10 and Top 5 in 2025
5.2 Global Chrome Metal Powder Sales by Manufacturers
5.2.1 Global Chrome Metal Powder Sales by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
5.2.2 Global Chrome Metal Powder Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
5.2.3 Global Chrome Metal Powder Manufacturers Sales Share Top 10 and Top 5 in 2025
5.3 Global Chrome Metal Powder Sales Price by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
5.4 Global Chrome Metal Powder Key Manufacturers Ranking, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2026
5.5 Global Chrome Metal Powder Key Manufacturers Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
5.6 Global Chrome Metal Powder Manufacturers, Product Type & Application
5.7 Global Chrome Metal Powder Manufacturers Commercialization Time
5.8 Market Competitive Analysis
5.8.1 Global Chrome Metal Powder Market CR5 and HHI
5.8.2 2025 Chrome Metal Powder Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3
6 Chrome Metal Powder Market by Type
6.1 Global Chrome Metal Powder Revenue by Type
6.1.1 Global Chrome Metal Powder Revenue by Type (2021-2032) & (US$ Million)
6.1.2 Global Chrome Metal Powder Revenue Market Share by Type (2021-2032)
6.2 Global Chrome Metal Powder Sales by Type
6.2.1 Global Chrome Metal Powder Sales by Type (2021-2032) & (MT)
6.2.2 Global Chrome Metal Powder Sales Market Share by Type (2021-2032)
6.3 Global Chrome Metal Powder Price by Type
7 Chrome Metal Powder Market by Application
7.1 Global Chrome Metal Powder Revenue by Application
7.1.1 Global Chrome Metal Powder Revenue by Application (2021-2032) & (US$ Million)
7.1.2 Global Chrome Metal Powder Revenue Market Share by Application (2021-2032)
7.2 Global Chrome Metal Powder Sales by Application
7.2.1 Global Chrome Metal Powder Sales by Application (2021-2032) & (MT)
7.2.2 Global Chrome Metal Powder Sales Market Share by Application (2021-2032)
7.3 Global Chrome Metal Powder Price by Application
8 Company Profiles
8.1 DELACHAUX Group
8.1.1 DELACHAUX Group Company Information
8.1.2 DELACHAUX Group Business Overview
8.1.3 DELACHAUX Group Chrome Metal Powder Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
8.1.4 DELACHAUX Group Chrome Metal Powder Product Portfolio
8.1.5 DELACHAUX Group Recent Developments
8.2 EXO Tech
8.2.1 EXO Tech Company Information
8.2.2 EXO Tech Business Overview
8.2.3 EXO Tech Chrome Metal Powder Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
8.2.4 EXO Tech Chrome Metal Powder Product Portfolio
8.2.5 EXO Tech Recent Developments
8.3 POLEMA
8.3.1 POLEMA Company Information
8.3.2 POLEMA Business Overview
8.3.3 POLEMA Chrome Metal Powder Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
8.3.4 POLEMA Chrome Metal Powder Product Portfolio
8.3.5 POLEMA Recent Developments
8.4 Jayu Optical Material
8.4.1 Jayu Optical Material Company Information
8.4.2 Jayu Optical Material Business Overview
8.4.3 Jayu Optical Material Chrome Metal Powder Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
8.4.4 Jayu Optical Material Chrome Metal Powder Product Portfolio
8.4.5 Jayu Optical Material Recent Developments
8.5 GfE
8.5.1 GfE Company Information
8.5.2 GfE Business Overview
8.5.3 GfE Chrome Metal Powder Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
8.5.4 GfE Chrome Metal Powder Product Portfolio
8.5.5 GfE Recent Developments
8.6 MidUral Group
8.6.1 MidUral Group Company Information
8.6.2 MidUral Group Business Overview
8.6.3 MidUral Group Chrome Metal Powder Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
8.6.4 MidUral Group Chrome Metal Powder Product Portfolio
8.6.5 MidUral Group Recent Developments
8.7 Global Metal Powders
8.7.1 Global Metal Powders Company Information
8.7.2 Global Metal Powders Business Overview
8.7.3 Global Metal Powders Chrome Metal Powder Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
8.7.4 Global Metal Powders Chrome Metal Powder Product Portfolio
8.7.5 Global Metal Powders Recent Developments
8.8 Bell Group
8.8.1 Bell Group Company Information
8.8.2 Bell Group Business Overview
8.8.3 Bell Group Chrome Metal Powder Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
8.8.4 Bell Group Chrome Metal Powder Product Portfolio
8.8.5 Bell Group Recent Developments
8.9 Kohsei Co., Ltd.
8.9.1 Kohsei Co., Ltd. Company Information
8.9.2 Kohsei Co., Ltd. Business Overview
8.9.3 Kohsei Co., Ltd. Chrome Metal Powder Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
8.9.4 Kohsei Co., Ltd. Chrome Metal Powder Product Portfolio
8.9.5 Kohsei Co., Ltd. Recent Developments
8.10 Hascor
8.10.1 Hascor Company Information
8.10.2 Hascor Business Overview
8.10.3 Hascor Chrome Metal Powder Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
8.10.4 Hascor Chrome Metal Powder Product Portfolio
8.10.5 Hascor Recent Developments
8.11 TRITRUST INDUSTRIAL
8.11.1 TRITRUST INDUSTRIAL Company Information
8.11.2 TRITRUST INDUSTRIAL Business Overview
8.11.3 TRITRUST INDUSTRIAL Chrome Metal Powder Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
8.11.4 TRITRUST INDUSTRIAL Chrome Metal Powder Product Portfolio
8.11.5 TRITRUST INDUSTRIAL Recent Developments
8.12 Loudishi Dajin Xincailiao
8.12.1 Loudishi Dajin Xincailiao Company Information
8.12.2 Loudishi Dajin Xincailiao Business Overview
8.12.3 Loudishi Dajin Xincailiao Chrome Metal Powder Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
8.12.4 Loudishi Dajin Xincailiao Chrome Metal Powder Product Portfolio
8.12.5 Loudishi Dajin Xincailiao Recent Developments
8.13 Zegen Metals&Chemicals Limited
8.13.1 Zegen Metals&Chemicals Limited Company Information
8.13.2 Zegen Metals&Chemicals Limited Business Overview
8.13.3 Zegen Metals&Chemicals Limited Chrome Metal Powder Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
8.13.4 Zegen Metals&Chemicals Limited Chrome Metal Powder Product Portfolio
8.13.5 Zegen Metals&Chemicals Limited Recent Developments
8.14 Jayesh Group
8.14.1 Jayesh Group Company Information
8.14.2 Jayesh Group Business Overview
8.14.3 Jayesh Group Chrome Metal Powder Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
8.14.4 Jayesh Group Chrome Metal Powder Product Portfolio
8.14.5 Jayesh Group Recent Developments
8.15 Shanghai CNPC Powder Material
8.15.1 Shanghai CNPC Powder Material Company Information
8.15.2 Shanghai CNPC Powder Material Business Overview
8.15.3 Shanghai CNPC Powder Material Chrome Metal Powder Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
8.15.4 Shanghai CNPC Powder Material Chrome Metal Powder Product Portfolio
8.15.5 Shanghai CNPC Powder Material Recent Developments
8.16 Jinzhou New Century Quartz
8.16.1 Jinzhou New Century Quartz Company Information
8.16.2 Jinzhou New Century Quartz Business Overview
8.16.3 Jinzhou New Century Quartz Chrome Metal Powder Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
8.16.4 Jinzhou New Century Quartz Chrome Metal Powder Product Portfolio
8.16.5 Jinzhou New Century Quartz Recent Developments
9 North America
9.1 North America Chrome Metal Powder Market Size by Type
9.1.1 North America Chrome Metal Powder Revenue by Type (2021-2032)
9.1.2 North America Chrome Metal Powder Sales by Type (2021-2032)
9.1.3 North America Chrome Metal Powder Price by Type (2021-2032)
9.2 North America Chrome Metal Powder Market Size by Application
9.2.1 North America Chrome Metal Powder Revenue by Application (2021-2032)
9.2.2 North America Chrome Metal Powder Sales by Application (2021-2032)
9.2.3 North America Chrome Metal Powder Price by Application (2021-2032)
9.3 North America Chrome Metal Powder Market Size by Country
9.3.1 North America Chrome Metal Powder Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
9.3.2 North America Chrome Metal Powder Sales by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
9.3.3 North America Chrome Metal Powder Price by Country (2021-2032)
9.3.4 United States
9.3.5 Canada
9.3.6 Mexico
10 Europe
10.1 Europe Chrome Metal Powder Market Size by Type
10.1.1 Europe Chrome Metal Powder Revenue by Type (2021-2032)
10.1.2 Europe Chrome Metal Powder Sales by Type (2021-2032)
10.1.3 Europe Chrome Metal Powder Price by Type (2021-2032)
10.2 Europe Chrome Metal Powder Market Size by Application
10.2.1 Europe Chrome Metal Powder Revenue by Application (2021-2032)
10.2.2 Europe Chrome Metal Powder Sales by Application (2021-2032)
10.2.3 Europe Chrome Metal Powder Price by Application (2021-2032)
10.3 Europe Chrome Metal Powder Market Size by Country
10.3.1 Europe Chrome Metal Powder Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
10.3.2 Europe Chrome Metal Powder Sales by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
10.3.3 Europe Chrome Metal Powder Price by Country (2021-2032)
10.3.4 Germany
10.3.5 France
10.3.6 U.K.
10.3.7 Italy
10.3.8 Russia
10.3.9 Spain
10.3.10 Netherlands
10.3.11 Switzerland
10.3.12 Sweden
11 China
11.1 China Chrome Metal Powder Market Size by Type
11.1.1 China Chrome Metal Powder Revenue by Type (2021-2032)
11.1.2 China Chrome Metal Powder Sales by Type (2021-2032)
11.1.3 China Chrome Metal Powder Price by Type (2021-2032)
11.2 China Chrome Metal Powder Market Size by Application
11.2.1 China Chrome Metal Powder Revenue by Application (2021-2032)
11.2.2 China Chrome Metal Powder Sales by Application (2021-2032)
11.2.3 China Chrome Metal Powder Price by Application (2021-2032)
12 Asia (Excluding China)
12.1 Asia Chrome Metal Powder Market Size by Type
12.1.1 Asia Chrome Metal Powder Revenue by Type (2021-2032)
12.1.2 Asia Chrome Metal Powder Sales by Type (2021-2032)
12.1.3 Asia Chrome Metal Powder Price by Type (2021-2032)
12.2 Asia Chrome Metal Powder Market Size by Application
12.2.1 Asia Chrome Metal Powder Revenue by Application (2021-2032)
12.2.2 Asia Chrome Metal Powder Sales by Application (2021-2032)
12.2.3 Asia Chrome Metal Powder Price by Application (2021-2032)
12.3 Asia Chrome Metal Powder Market Size by Country
12.3.1 Asia Chrome Metal Powder Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
12.3.2 Asia Chrome Metal Powder Sales by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
12.3.3 Asia Chrome Metal Powder Price by Country (2021-2032)
12.3.4 Japan
12.3.5 South Korea
12.3.6 India
12.3.7 Australia
12.3.8 Taiwan
12.3.9 Southeast Asia
13 South America, Middle East and Africa
13.1 SAMEA Chrome Metal Powder Market Size by Type
13.1.1 SAMEA Chrome Metal Powder Revenue by Type (2021-2032)
13.1.2 SAMEA Chrome Metal Powder Sales by Type (2021-2032)
13.1.3 SAMEA Chrome Metal Powder Price by Type (2021-2032)
13.2 SAMEA Chrome Metal Powder Market Size by Application
13.2.1 SAMEA Chrome Metal Powder Revenue by Application (2021-2032)
13.2.2 SAMEA Chrome Metal Powder Sales by Application (2021-2032)
13.2.3 SAMEA Chrome Metal Powder Price by Application (2021-2032)
13.3 SAMEA Chrome Metal Powder Market Size by Country
13.3.1 SAMEA Chrome Metal Powder Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
13.3.2 SAMEA Chrome Metal Powder Sales by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
13.3.3 SAMEA Chrome Metal Powder Price by Country (2021-2032)
13.3.4 Brazil
13.3.5 Argentina
13.3.6 Chile
13.3.7 Colombia
13.3.8 Peru
13.3.9 Saudi Arabia
13.3.10 Israel
13.3.11 UAE
13.3.12 Turkey
13.3.13 Iran
13.3.14 Egypt
14 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
14.1 Chrome Metal Powder Value Chain Analysis
14.1.1 Chrome Metal Powder Key Raw Materials
14.1.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
14.1.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
14.1.4 Chrome Metal Powder Production Mode & Process
14.2 Chrome Metal Powder Sales Channels Analysis
14.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
14.2.2 Chrome Metal Powder Distributors
14.2.3 Chrome Metal Powder Customers
15 Concluding Insights
16 Appendix
16.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
16.2 Research Methodology
16.3 Research Process
16.4 Authors List of This Report
16.5 Data Source
16.5.1 Secondary Sources
16.5.2 Primary Sources
16.6 Disclaimer
How Do Licenses Work?
Request A Sample
Head shot

Questions or Comments?

Our team has the ability to search within reports to verify it suits your needs. We can also help maximize your budget by finding sections of reports you can purchase.