Flat Steel Market by Product Type (Cold Rolled Flat Steel, Hot Rolled Flat Steel), Shape (Bars, Plates, Sheets), Material Type, Thickness, End-Use Industry, Distribution Channel - Global Forecast 2025-2032
Description
The Flat Steel Market was valued at USD 510.77 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow to USD 557.88 billion in 2025, with a CAGR of 9.65%, reaching USD 1,067.77 billion by 2032.
A comprehensive introduction to flat steel fundamentals highlighting supply chain linkages, processing distinctions, and strategic pressures reshaping production and procurement
The global flat steel sector occupies a foundational role across modern industrial value chains, linking raw-material extraction, complex processing technologies, and end-use manufacturing where consistent quality and precise specifications are prerequisites. In recent years, cyclical commodity trends, evolving environmental standards, and rapid shifts in end-use demand have elevated flat steel from a bulk commodity to a targeted strategic input that requires nuanced procurement strategies and adaptive production planning.
This introduction frames the conversation by outlining the critical dimensions industry leaders must consider: feedstock variability driven by global scrap flows and pig-iron production; process choices between cold rolled and hot rolled product lines; and the importance of shape and thickness variants that determine suitability for specific applications. Moreover, the interplay between regulatory pressure, decarbonization commitments, and digitalization investments is reshaping competitive positioning and capital allocation across the value chain. Consequently, stakeholders from raw-material suppliers to original equipment manufacturers must align short-term operational adjustments with long-term structural responses in order to maintain reliability and control total cost of ownership.
How technological modernization, decarbonization imperatives, and shifting end-use requirements are collectively transforming production economics and competitive dynamics
Transformative shifts are underway that are altering how flat steel is produced, traded, and consumed, and these changes are neither isolated nor temporary. Rapid adoption of low-emissions production routes and expanded electric-arc furnace capacity are redefining supplier competitiveness while regulatory regimes increasingly favor products with traceable carbon footprints. At the same time, digital tools-ranging from advanced process control to predictive maintenance-are improving yield and asset utilization, enabling producers to compete on precision and reliability rather than purely on price.
Simultaneously, end-use industries are exerting differentiated demand pressure. Automotive manufacturers are driving requirements for higher-strength, thinner gauges suitable for lightweighting, while construction sectors continue to demand durable plates and structural components with long life cycles. The convergence of these factors is accelerating product differentiation, prompting strategic investments in value-added finishing, and encouraging supply-chain partnerships that secure feedstock flows and mitigate disruption. As a result, firms that integrate technological upgrades with market-facing product innovation will be best positioned to capture emerging opportunities and manage transitional risks.
Assessing the cumulative repercussions of recent United States tariff measures on sourcing strategies, production relocation, and global trade corridors in flat steel
Recent tariff actions originating from the United States have had a layered impact on global flat steel trade flows, procurement choices, and supplier strategies, creating a more complex operating environment for both importers and domestic producers. Tariff measures have prompted affected buyers to diversify sourcing, seek closer regional partners, and, in many cases, accelerate localization strategies to reduce exposure to trade policy volatility. Consequently, procurement teams have increased their emphasis on contractual flexibility, alternative supplier qualification, and inventory management protocols to maintain continuity of supply.
For producers, tariffs have triggered reactions that go beyond short-term cost pass-through. Some suppliers have shifted production footprints to jurisdictions with preferential trade access, while others have re-engineered product portfolios to target segments less sensitive to tariff regimes. In parallel, downstream manufacturers have revisited product specifications to optimize material usage and to evaluate substitution where feasible without compromising performance. The cumulative effect has been a reconfiguration of trade corridors, a recalibration of supplier-buyer relationships, and an intensified focus on resilience in procurement and manufacturing planning across the value chain.
Key segmentation insights linking product form, material grade, thickness classifications, end-use requirements, and distribution channels to strategic priorities across the value chain
A nuanced understanding of segmentation is essential to interpret demand patterns, product prioritization, and investment choices across the flat steel ecosystem. When analyzed by product type, the industry divides into cold rolled flat steel and hot rolled flat steel, with cold rolled grades favored for surface finish and tight dimensional tolerances while hot rolled products remain indispensable for heavy forming and structural applications. Looking at shape, the sector encompasses bars, plates, sheets, and strips, each form factor carrying distinct processing requirements and downstream fabrication pathways that influence cycle time and value capture.
Material type further differentiates the market into alloy steel, carbon steel, and stainless steel, with stainless grades commanding premium positioning where corrosion resistance and hygiene are critical. Thickness categories-commonly categorized as less than 3 mm, 3 mm to 10 mm, and more than 10 mm-define suitability across thin-gauge automotive panels, medium-thickness consumer goods components, and thick plates for infrastructure and heavy engineering contexts. End-use industry segmentation highlights diverse applications: Automotive & Transportation requires solutions from car body panels to truck and trailer bodies that prioritize weight reduction and crash performance, Construction & Infrastructure demands plates and structural frames for bridges, roofing and cladding systems that balance durability with constructability, Consumer Goods leans on sheets and strips for formability and finish, Energy & Power emphasizes long-life corrosion resistance and dimensional stability, Mechanical & Heavy Engineering focuses on machine parts and pipes and tubes with stringent mechanical property requirements, and Oil & Gas applications such as offshore platforms and storage tanks necessitate specialized plate grades and fabrication practices. Finally, distribution channels oscillate between traditional offline networks and growing online procurement platforms, each channel shaping lead times, value-added services, and buying behaviors. Integrating these segmentation lenses produces clearer signals for product development, plant configuration, and commercial targeting.
Regional dynamics and strategic implications across the Americas, Europe-Middle East-Africa and Asia-Pacific that are reshaping sourcing, investment, and compliance priorities
Regional dynamics continue to exert a profound influence on production strategy, trade policy, and investment flows across the flat steel landscape. In the Americas, supply-chain decisions are increasingly influenced by nearshoring trends, infrastructure programs, and the need for resilient sourcing corridors that reduce exposure to long transit times. Producers in the region are evaluating capacity modernization and logistics enhancements to satisfy demand from automotive, construction, and oil and gas projects while meeting evolving regulatory expectations.
Europe, Middle East & Africa presents a heterogeneous picture where strict environmental standards and circular-economy initiatives in many European markets elevate demand for low-emission and traceable products, whereas other EMEA markets prioritize volume, cost-competitive supply, and robust materials for infrastructure expansion. Policy divergence across this broad region compels suppliers to adopt differentiated go-to-market strategies. In the Asia-Pacific, high manufacturing intensity and integrated supply chains remain influential, with several markets demonstrating strong demand tied to transportation manufacturing and construction activity. At the same time, the Asia-Pacific region continues to be a center for both primary production and downstream processing innovations, which often set global benchmarks for productivity and cost efficiency.
Competitive behaviors and corporate strategies that combine technological upgrades, value-added services, and partnership models to secure preferential positioning in key segments
Competitive positioning among leading flat steel companies reflects a mix of capacity optimization, value-added services, and strategic partnerships that extend beyond simple scale. Several firms are prioritizing investments in process electrification, low-emission production routes, and digital process control to reduce unit energy intensity and to provide customers with quality assurances tied to sustainability credentials. Others are building integrated service offerings-such as slitting, precision leveling, and just-in-time delivery programs-to deepen customer relationships and capture margin in finishing activities.
Partnerships with downstream fabricators, collaborative R&D with automotive and construction OEMs, and long-term supply agreements are increasingly common as companies seek to lock in demand and co-develop tailored grades. At the same time, selective plant relocations and joint ventures enable access to preferential trade arrangements and proximity to key end-use clusters. Firms that combine operational excellence with flexible commercial models and demonstrable sustainability performance are strengthening their positions in higher-value segments and retaining negotiating leverage with large industrial buyers.
Clear, actionable recommendations for producers and buyers to enhance resilience, capture premium segments, and operationalize sustainability and digital upgrades
Industry leaders should prioritize a set of actionable initiatives designed to improve resilience, capture higher-margin opportunities, and align product offerings with evolving customer expectations. First, accelerate investments in low-emission processing and energy-efficiency upgrades while pairing those actions with transparent lifecycle documentation to meet rising buyer requirements. Second, reorganize product portfolios to emphasize high-value finishing capabilities and specialty grades that respond to automotive lightweighting, construction durability, and energy-sector specifications, thereby differentiating offerings from commodity alternatives.
Third, strengthen supply-chain visibility by diversifying suppliers across regions, qualifying alternate feedstock routes, and implementing advanced procurement analytics to reduce lead-time variability. Fourth, expand partnerships with key downstream OEMs to co-develop materials and to embed just-in-time logistics that reduce total cost for buyers. Fifth, deploy digital operations and predictive maintenance to lift plant uptime and yield, enabling more competitive responses to demand swings. By executing these steps in an integrated manner, organizations can enhance commercial agility, protect margin, and better navigate policy-driven disruptions.
An integrated research methodology combining primary industry engagement and structured secondary synthesis to ensure robust, triangulated insights across segments and regions
This research leverages a mixed-methods approach combining qualitative interviews, primary supplier and buyer engagement, and secondary synthesis of publicly available technical and regulatory sources to construct a comprehensive view of the flat steel ecosystem. Primary inputs include structured discussions with procurement leaders, operations executives, and product engineers across automotive, construction, and heavy engineering sectors to validate demand signals and performance requirements. Secondary materials were used to corroborate technology adoption trends, policy developments, and trade practice observations.
Analytical steps included segmentation mapping by product type, shape, material, thickness, end-use, and distribution channel to identify cross-cutting themes and strategic inflection points. Regional analyses were grounded in policy review and supply-chain flow assessment. Wherever possible, findings were triangulated across multiple sources to strengthen reliability and to surface divergent perspectives. The approach emphasizes transparency in input categorization, reproducibility of analytical constructs, and clear articulation of assumptions used to interpret observed industry shifts.
A concluding synthesis stressing adaptability, operational excellence, and strategic investment choices as the central pillars for durable competitive advantage
Concluding observations underline that the flat steel industry is entering a phase where adaptability, differentiated product strategies, and credible sustainability credentials will determine long-term success. Market participants that invest in process modernization, foster collaborative relationships with end-use customers, and pursue targeted product differentiation will be better positioned to withstand policy shocks and to capture higher-margin opportunities. At the same time, operational excellence-manifested through improved asset utilization, tighter quality control, and supply-chain agility-remains a core determinant of competitive health.
Looking ahead, companies should treat regulatory and trade-related pressures as catalysts for strategic renewal rather than as merely episodic disruptions. By aligning capital expenditure with evolving customer requirements and by embedding digital controls and lifecycle transparency into their offerings, firms can convert near-term challenges into a platform for sustainable, long-term value creation. The path forward demands coherent strategies that balance short-term resilience with investments that enable future growth.
Please Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
A comprehensive introduction to flat steel fundamentals highlighting supply chain linkages, processing distinctions, and strategic pressures reshaping production and procurement
The global flat steel sector occupies a foundational role across modern industrial value chains, linking raw-material extraction, complex processing technologies, and end-use manufacturing where consistent quality and precise specifications are prerequisites. In recent years, cyclical commodity trends, evolving environmental standards, and rapid shifts in end-use demand have elevated flat steel from a bulk commodity to a targeted strategic input that requires nuanced procurement strategies and adaptive production planning.
This introduction frames the conversation by outlining the critical dimensions industry leaders must consider: feedstock variability driven by global scrap flows and pig-iron production; process choices between cold rolled and hot rolled product lines; and the importance of shape and thickness variants that determine suitability for specific applications. Moreover, the interplay between regulatory pressure, decarbonization commitments, and digitalization investments is reshaping competitive positioning and capital allocation across the value chain. Consequently, stakeholders from raw-material suppliers to original equipment manufacturers must align short-term operational adjustments with long-term structural responses in order to maintain reliability and control total cost of ownership.
How technological modernization, decarbonization imperatives, and shifting end-use requirements are collectively transforming production economics and competitive dynamics
Transformative shifts are underway that are altering how flat steel is produced, traded, and consumed, and these changes are neither isolated nor temporary. Rapid adoption of low-emissions production routes and expanded electric-arc furnace capacity are redefining supplier competitiveness while regulatory regimes increasingly favor products with traceable carbon footprints. At the same time, digital tools-ranging from advanced process control to predictive maintenance-are improving yield and asset utilization, enabling producers to compete on precision and reliability rather than purely on price.
Simultaneously, end-use industries are exerting differentiated demand pressure. Automotive manufacturers are driving requirements for higher-strength, thinner gauges suitable for lightweighting, while construction sectors continue to demand durable plates and structural components with long life cycles. The convergence of these factors is accelerating product differentiation, prompting strategic investments in value-added finishing, and encouraging supply-chain partnerships that secure feedstock flows and mitigate disruption. As a result, firms that integrate technological upgrades with market-facing product innovation will be best positioned to capture emerging opportunities and manage transitional risks.
Assessing the cumulative repercussions of recent United States tariff measures on sourcing strategies, production relocation, and global trade corridors in flat steel
Recent tariff actions originating from the United States have had a layered impact on global flat steel trade flows, procurement choices, and supplier strategies, creating a more complex operating environment for both importers and domestic producers. Tariff measures have prompted affected buyers to diversify sourcing, seek closer regional partners, and, in many cases, accelerate localization strategies to reduce exposure to trade policy volatility. Consequently, procurement teams have increased their emphasis on contractual flexibility, alternative supplier qualification, and inventory management protocols to maintain continuity of supply.
For producers, tariffs have triggered reactions that go beyond short-term cost pass-through. Some suppliers have shifted production footprints to jurisdictions with preferential trade access, while others have re-engineered product portfolios to target segments less sensitive to tariff regimes. In parallel, downstream manufacturers have revisited product specifications to optimize material usage and to evaluate substitution where feasible without compromising performance. The cumulative effect has been a reconfiguration of trade corridors, a recalibration of supplier-buyer relationships, and an intensified focus on resilience in procurement and manufacturing planning across the value chain.
Key segmentation insights linking product form, material grade, thickness classifications, end-use requirements, and distribution channels to strategic priorities across the value chain
A nuanced understanding of segmentation is essential to interpret demand patterns, product prioritization, and investment choices across the flat steel ecosystem. When analyzed by product type, the industry divides into cold rolled flat steel and hot rolled flat steel, with cold rolled grades favored for surface finish and tight dimensional tolerances while hot rolled products remain indispensable for heavy forming and structural applications. Looking at shape, the sector encompasses bars, plates, sheets, and strips, each form factor carrying distinct processing requirements and downstream fabrication pathways that influence cycle time and value capture.
Material type further differentiates the market into alloy steel, carbon steel, and stainless steel, with stainless grades commanding premium positioning where corrosion resistance and hygiene are critical. Thickness categories-commonly categorized as less than 3 mm, 3 mm to 10 mm, and more than 10 mm-define suitability across thin-gauge automotive panels, medium-thickness consumer goods components, and thick plates for infrastructure and heavy engineering contexts. End-use industry segmentation highlights diverse applications: Automotive & Transportation requires solutions from car body panels to truck and trailer bodies that prioritize weight reduction and crash performance, Construction & Infrastructure demands plates and structural frames for bridges, roofing and cladding systems that balance durability with constructability, Consumer Goods leans on sheets and strips for formability and finish, Energy & Power emphasizes long-life corrosion resistance and dimensional stability, Mechanical & Heavy Engineering focuses on machine parts and pipes and tubes with stringent mechanical property requirements, and Oil & Gas applications such as offshore platforms and storage tanks necessitate specialized plate grades and fabrication practices. Finally, distribution channels oscillate between traditional offline networks and growing online procurement platforms, each channel shaping lead times, value-added services, and buying behaviors. Integrating these segmentation lenses produces clearer signals for product development, plant configuration, and commercial targeting.
Regional dynamics and strategic implications across the Americas, Europe-Middle East-Africa and Asia-Pacific that are reshaping sourcing, investment, and compliance priorities
Regional dynamics continue to exert a profound influence on production strategy, trade policy, and investment flows across the flat steel landscape. In the Americas, supply-chain decisions are increasingly influenced by nearshoring trends, infrastructure programs, and the need for resilient sourcing corridors that reduce exposure to long transit times. Producers in the region are evaluating capacity modernization and logistics enhancements to satisfy demand from automotive, construction, and oil and gas projects while meeting evolving regulatory expectations.
Europe, Middle East & Africa presents a heterogeneous picture where strict environmental standards and circular-economy initiatives in many European markets elevate demand for low-emission and traceable products, whereas other EMEA markets prioritize volume, cost-competitive supply, and robust materials for infrastructure expansion. Policy divergence across this broad region compels suppliers to adopt differentiated go-to-market strategies. In the Asia-Pacific, high manufacturing intensity and integrated supply chains remain influential, with several markets demonstrating strong demand tied to transportation manufacturing and construction activity. At the same time, the Asia-Pacific region continues to be a center for both primary production and downstream processing innovations, which often set global benchmarks for productivity and cost efficiency.
Competitive behaviors and corporate strategies that combine technological upgrades, value-added services, and partnership models to secure preferential positioning in key segments
Competitive positioning among leading flat steel companies reflects a mix of capacity optimization, value-added services, and strategic partnerships that extend beyond simple scale. Several firms are prioritizing investments in process electrification, low-emission production routes, and digital process control to reduce unit energy intensity and to provide customers with quality assurances tied to sustainability credentials. Others are building integrated service offerings-such as slitting, precision leveling, and just-in-time delivery programs-to deepen customer relationships and capture margin in finishing activities.
Partnerships with downstream fabricators, collaborative R&D with automotive and construction OEMs, and long-term supply agreements are increasingly common as companies seek to lock in demand and co-develop tailored grades. At the same time, selective plant relocations and joint ventures enable access to preferential trade arrangements and proximity to key end-use clusters. Firms that combine operational excellence with flexible commercial models and demonstrable sustainability performance are strengthening their positions in higher-value segments and retaining negotiating leverage with large industrial buyers.
Clear, actionable recommendations for producers and buyers to enhance resilience, capture premium segments, and operationalize sustainability and digital upgrades
Industry leaders should prioritize a set of actionable initiatives designed to improve resilience, capture higher-margin opportunities, and align product offerings with evolving customer expectations. First, accelerate investments in low-emission processing and energy-efficiency upgrades while pairing those actions with transparent lifecycle documentation to meet rising buyer requirements. Second, reorganize product portfolios to emphasize high-value finishing capabilities and specialty grades that respond to automotive lightweighting, construction durability, and energy-sector specifications, thereby differentiating offerings from commodity alternatives.
Third, strengthen supply-chain visibility by diversifying suppliers across regions, qualifying alternate feedstock routes, and implementing advanced procurement analytics to reduce lead-time variability. Fourth, expand partnerships with key downstream OEMs to co-develop materials and to embed just-in-time logistics that reduce total cost for buyers. Fifth, deploy digital operations and predictive maintenance to lift plant uptime and yield, enabling more competitive responses to demand swings. By executing these steps in an integrated manner, organizations can enhance commercial agility, protect margin, and better navigate policy-driven disruptions.
An integrated research methodology combining primary industry engagement and structured secondary synthesis to ensure robust, triangulated insights across segments and regions
This research leverages a mixed-methods approach combining qualitative interviews, primary supplier and buyer engagement, and secondary synthesis of publicly available technical and regulatory sources to construct a comprehensive view of the flat steel ecosystem. Primary inputs include structured discussions with procurement leaders, operations executives, and product engineers across automotive, construction, and heavy engineering sectors to validate demand signals and performance requirements. Secondary materials were used to corroborate technology adoption trends, policy developments, and trade practice observations.
Analytical steps included segmentation mapping by product type, shape, material, thickness, end-use, and distribution channel to identify cross-cutting themes and strategic inflection points. Regional analyses were grounded in policy review and supply-chain flow assessment. Wherever possible, findings were triangulated across multiple sources to strengthen reliability and to surface divergent perspectives. The approach emphasizes transparency in input categorization, reproducibility of analytical constructs, and clear articulation of assumptions used to interpret observed industry shifts.
A concluding synthesis stressing adaptability, operational excellence, and strategic investment choices as the central pillars for durable competitive advantage
Concluding observations underline that the flat steel industry is entering a phase where adaptability, differentiated product strategies, and credible sustainability credentials will determine long-term success. Market participants that invest in process modernization, foster collaborative relationships with end-use customers, and pursue targeted product differentiation will be better positioned to withstand policy shocks and to capture higher-margin opportunities. At the same time, operational excellence-manifested through improved asset utilization, tighter quality control, and supply-chain agility-remains a core determinant of competitive health.
Looking ahead, companies should treat regulatory and trade-related pressures as catalysts for strategic renewal rather than as merely episodic disruptions. By aligning capital expenditure with evolving customer requirements and by embedding digital controls and lifecycle transparency into their offerings, firms can convert near-term challenges into a platform for sustainable, long-term value creation. The path forward demands coherent strategies that balance short-term resilience with investments that enable future growth.
Please Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
Table of Contents
198 Pages
- 1. Preface
- 1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
- 1.3. Years Considered for the Study
- 1.4. Currency
- 1.5. Language
- 1.6. Stakeholders
- 2. Research Methodology
- 3. Executive Summary
- 4. Market Overview
- 5. Market Insights
- 5.1. How rising electric vehicle adoption is driving high-strength flat steel demand
- 5.2. Impact of decarbonization regulations on low-carbon flat steel production technologies
- 5.3. Integration of digital twin solutions to optimize flat steel manufacturing processes
- 5.4. Shift towards advanced high-strength steel grades for automotive safety standards compliance
- 5.5. Growing use of flat steel in renewable energy infrastructure for offshore wind turbine foundations
- 5.6. Effects of global supply chain disruptions on flat steel raw material availability and pricing
- 5.7. Emergence of zero-waste recycling initiatives reducing carbon footprint in flat steel industry
- 5.8. Use of AI-driven predictive maintenance to reduce downtime in hot-rolled steel mills
- 5.9. Adoption of laser welding techniques improving precision in flat steel fabrication for aerospace applications
- 5.10. Implementing blockchain for traceability in flat steel supply chains to meet regulatory transparency requirements
- 6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025
- 7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025
- 8. Flat Steel Market, by Product Type
- 8.1. Cold Rolled Flat Steel
- 8.2. Hot Rolled Flat Steel
- 9. Flat Steel Market, by Shape
- 9.1. Bars
- 9.2. Plates
- 9.3. Sheets
- 9.4. Strips
- 10. Flat Steel Market, by Material Type
- 10.1. Alloy Steel
- 10.2. Carbon Steel
- 10.3. Stainless Steel
- 11. Flat Steel Market, by Thickness
- 11.1. 3 mm – 10 mm
- 11.2. Less than 3 mm
- 11.3. More than 10 mm
- 12. Flat Steel Market, by End-Use Industry
- 12.1. Automotive & Transportation
- 12.1.1. Car Body Panels
- 12.1.2. Truck/Trailer Bodies
- 12.2. Construction & Infrastructure
- 12.2.1. Bridges & Tunnels
- 12.2.2. Roofing & Cladding
- 12.2.3. Structural Frames
- 12.3. Consumer Goods
- 12.4. Energy & Power
- 12.5. Mechanical & Heavy Engineering
- 12.5.1. Machine parts
- 12.5.2. Pipes & Tubes
- 12.6. Oil & Gas
- 12.6.1. Offshore Platforms
- 12.6.2. Storage Tanks
- 13. Flat Steel Market, by Distribution Channel
- 13.1. Offline
- 13.2. Online
- 14. Flat Steel Market, by Region
- 14.1. Americas
- 14.1.1. North America
- 14.1.2. Latin America
- 14.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
- 14.2.1. Europe
- 14.2.2. Middle East
- 14.2.3. Africa
- 14.3. Asia-Pacific
- 15. Flat Steel Market, by Group
- 15.1. ASEAN
- 15.2. GCC
- 15.3. European Union
- 15.4. BRICS
- 15.5. G7
- 15.6. NATO
- 16. Flat Steel Market, by Country
- 16.1. United States
- 16.2. Canada
- 16.3. Mexico
- 16.4. Brazil
- 16.5. United Kingdom
- 16.6. Germany
- 16.7. France
- 16.8. Russia
- 16.9. Italy
- 16.10. Spain
- 16.11. China
- 16.12. India
- 16.13. Japan
- 16.14. Australia
- 16.15. South Korea
- 17. Competitive Landscape
- 17.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
- 17.2. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2024
- 17.3. Competitive Analysis
- 17.3.1. China Baowu Steel Group Co., Ltd.
- 17.3.2. ArcelorMittal S.A.
- 17.3.3. HBIS Group Co., Ltd.
- 17.3.4. Ansteel Group Corporation Limited
- 17.3.5. Nippon Steel Corporation
- 17.3.6. Jiangsu Shagang Group Company Limited
- 17.3.7. POSCO Co., Ltd.
- 17.3.8. JFE Steel Corporation
- 17.3.9. Nucor Corporation
- 17.3.10. JSW Steel Limited
- 17.3.11. Tata Steel Limited
- 17.3.12. Shandong Iron and Steel Group Co., Ltd.
- 17.3.13. Shougang Group Co., Ltd.
- 17.3.14. Metalúrgica Gerdau S.A
- 17.3.15. thyssenkrupp AG
- 17.3.16. Hyundai Steel Co., Ltd.
- 17.3.17. Voestalpine AG Source
- 17.3.18. Saudi Basic Industries Corporation
- 17.3.19. SSAB Corporation
- 17.3.20. SAI Global Inc
- 17.3.21. China Steel Corporation
- 17.3.22. Ezz Steel Company S.A.E.
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