Transformer Report Ed 10 2022 - Vol 1 & 2

Publisher StatPlan Energy

Published Aug 17, 2022

SKU # STPL17345441

Description

Transformer Report Ed 10 2022 - Vol 1 & 2

With the start of the Covid pandemic, 2020 experienced the lowest sales of power and distribution trans-formers but 2021 saw an surge of 24% to $49.3 billion. The forecasting model indicates that MVA capacity sales increased 6% in volume and 17% in price. The volume increase was due to recovery from Covid, while the larger price increase was due to increased costs of materials - CRGO, copper, transformer oil and hard steel as well as soaring energy costs - together with higher demand for materials in China, supply chain and transport blockages. The model plots the trend up to 2027 for each country, in both capacity (MVA) and value ($).

These results are verified by reports from the market of transformer manufactures announcing price increase of 8%-10% in May 2021, w.e.f. June 2021, with a warning that further increases may follow. Lead times have doubled and more. The US PPI records a production cost increase in 2021 of 36% for power and distribution transformers and 20% yoy July 2022.

There have been wide variations country to country. For example, Chinese sales grew 28% in value in 2021, com-pared with 4% in India, while India suffered falls in domestic production of transformers of 19.2% in 2019 and of 22.7% in 2020 and the market remained static due to imports.

Vol 1 of the Transformer Report provides sales forecasts, market analysis of sales, production, imports, ex-ports, production shares, the installed base of transformers, global trade and factors determining prices.

Market analysis - production, import, exports, sales
Market analysis of value ($), by country - production, import, exports, sales
Market analysis of capacity MVA, by country - production, import, exports, sales
Market analysis of value ($), by country, by transformer technology and voltage - production, imports, exports, sales
Market analysis of capacity (MVA), by country, by transformer technology, voltage and capacity - production, import, exports, sales
Sales analysis
Sales in value ($) - by country, 2020, forecast 2021 to 2027
Sales in capacity (MVA) - by country, 2020, forecast 2021 to 2027
Sales in capacity (MVA) - by country and transformer segment, voltage and capacity, 2020, forecast 2021 to 2027
Production shares
Production % shares of manufactures’ sales of transformers ≥ $5 million
For Europe (79 cos), USA (47 cos), Canada (13 cos) , Mexico (21 cos) , Brazil 24 cos), India (20 cos)

Definitions
Transformer segment refers to function - Central GSU ≥36 kV, ≥10 MVA, Distributed GSU, <36 kV, <10 MVA, Net-work PT ≥36 kV, ≥10 MVA, Network DT <36 kV, <10 MVA, Dry-type MV & LV

Transformer technology refers to the type of transformer - Power oil-filled transformer ≥36 kV, ≥10 MVA, Distribu-tion oil-filled transformer <36 kV, <10 MVA, Dry-type >1kV, Dry-type <1kV

Installed base of transformers
Installed transformer capacity (MVA) - by country, by segment, voltage and capacity
Ratios of transformer capacity (MVA) to generating capacity (MW) - by country, by segment, voltage and capacity
Numbers of distribution transformers and capacity (kVA) - by country, kVA/unit

Development of distributed and central generation
World central and distributed GSU transformer capacity (MVA) plotted from 1990 to 2030
(Analysis by country is available, contact StatPlan)

A chapter outlines the recent trends in development of distributed generation and its impact on central generation, with surveys of renewables growth and the different technologies.

Trade of power and distribution transformers, 2020
Imports of oil-filled transformers by capacity <650 kVA, 650<10,000 kVA, ≥10 MVA
Exports of oil-filled transformers by capacity <650 kVA, 650<10,000 kVA, ≥10 MVA
Imports of dry-type transformers by capacity <1-16 kVA, 16<500 kVA, ≥500 kVA
Exports of dry-type transformers by capacity <1-16 kVA, 16<500 kVA, ≥500 kVA

Top 35 importers and exporters, analysed by capacity, 2020
Top 35 importers of oil-filled transformers total, by capacity <650 kVA, 650<10,000 kVA, ≥10 MVA
Top 35 exporters of oil-filled transformers total, by capacity <650 kVA, 650<10,000 kVA, ≥10 MVA
Top 35 importers of dry-type transformers total, by capacity <1-16 kVA, 16<500 kVA, ≥500 kVA
Top 35 exporters of dry-type transformers total, by capacity <1-16 kVA, 16<500 kVA, ≥500 kVA

Top 35 importers and exporters, analysed ty voltage, 2020
Top 35 importers of transformers total, by PT oil-filled HV, DT oil-filled MV, dry-type MV, dry-type LV
Top 35 exporters of transformers total, by PT oil-filled HV, DT oil-filled MV, dry-type MV, dry-type LV

Note: Trade data is not yet available for 2021 for all countries, including some which are in the Top 35.

Prices and factors determining transformer prices
The composition of production costs for transformers is shown, with their % contribution. The future price trends for the important materials and components in different regions is charted, together with PPI (Producer Price Indices) for transformers or electrical equipment. These are essential inputs to the new forecasting model.

Production capacity and utilisation
Production capacity for manufactures in each important market, together with utilisation factors. In the last decade the transformer market has been affected by excess production capacity, sometimes and in some countries a high level but this is being reduced and utilisation levels are increasing.

Long term demand trend
StatPlan maintains a historical database of generating and transformer capacity for every country, recorded from 1900 to 2022 and forecast to 2050. Demand consists of current sales for new capacity plus replacements of old plant. The chart plots the new installations, replacements and the total. Replacements have been calculated as the amount installed at the date of installation, not as a % of the current installed capacity, which over-estimates the amount of replacement in a growing market. The model distinguishes very clearly between growing markets and mature markets which have little new growth but high replacement volume.

Competitive analysis
Production share data is provided as outlined above. The report also contains detailed profiles of the major global and regional manufacturers, mostly based in Europe, North and South America and Asia Pacific. These include some companies which are seeking to expand from a strong national base but in a limited market to regional sales and further. As well as these profiles, the report lists several hundred companies with their main products.

Vol 2
Vol 2 contains a wide range of descriptive material about the transformer markets, products and the indus-try. These are the accumulation of years of researching these markets and industries. This volume may be of less interest to professionals in the transformer industry but offer valuable insights to experts from other fields who are less familiar with transformers.

A full list of contents is contained in the Table of Contents. Topics include outlines of the many transformer types, background information about low voltage transformers, descriptions of the different distribution network systems of Europe and North America and their impact on global practice, the use and impact of solar inverters on the distribu-tion transformer market, with a survey of hosting capacity practices and developments, redundancy at N-1 and other levels, smart transformers, a survey of MEPS and high efficiency transformers, the supply chain and logistics.

New Methodologies for the StatPlan Transformer Report, Ed 10 2022

Three new models - sizing and forecasting the transformer market - sizing the installed transformer base - sizing and plotting the development of distributed and central generation.

1. Forecasting the transformer market (USD and MVA) - The demand forecast model has two stag-es. Sales in the base year are disaggregated into cost components; materials, labour and overhead and others), and 1) sales of each component are forecast at constant values based on the power consumption trend; 2) constant values of individual cost components are projected to nominal mar-ket values based on material price forecasts, inflation and productivity.

2. Sizing the installed transformer base (MVA) - capacity is calculated in four segments with sepa-rate models; central and distributed generation, power network and distribution network. DT network capacity (< 10 MVA, <36 kV) at the end user level in the distribution network is derived from GWh consumption and average load in each end user segment, calibrated by the network structure of primary and secondary substations and the number of transformations incurred. PT network capaci-ty {≥ 10 MVA, ≥ 36 kV) is derived from transmission utility data factored by the % of EHV and HV industrial and commercial users connected directly with the HV transmission system. Central and distributed generating capacity are calculated separately with the model below.

3. Sizing and plotting the development of transformer capacity for distributed (< 10 MVA, <36 kV) and central (≥ 10 MVA, ≥36 kV) generation - MVA generator transformer capacity is calculat-ed in four sub-groups; 1) renewables central generation, 2) renewables distributed generation, 3) non-renewables central generation, 4) non-renewables distributed generation. A spreadsheet of in-stalled generating capacity (MW) was first created for every country (184 countries) with annual da-ta from 1990 to 2022, forecast to 2030 for 18 categories (coal, oil, gas, multi fuel, pumped storage, conventional hydro, nuclear, wind onshore, wind offshore, concentrated solar, solar PV, biomass, MSW & other waste, liquid biofuels, biogas, geothermal, ocean/tidal, other). These were sorted into 23 groups and each of these was modelled separately for central and distributed generating capaci-ty. Factors were applied to the installed generating capacity in each group to calculate transformer capacity.

Market size
The markets in each country were sized in several ways, dependent on the data available. Wherever possible they were calculated as the sum of production plus imports minus exports. In some cases countries publish precise production data, and in other we have summed the output of the manufactur-ers, either with published data or best estimates. Import and export data was averaged over five years. In other cases it was impossible to obtain production data and in these cases we estimated demand as the sum of new installations of capacity plus replacements, based on installations in the year of instal-lation, using our historical database of transformer capacity.

Please Note: This product is delivered as a zip file (PDF & Excel).

Volume 1
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: 1.1. Transformer Report Volume 1; 1.2. Transformer Report Vol 2
2. THE WORLD MARKET FOR POWER AND DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS: 2.1. The global market for power and distribution transformers; 2.2. Installed base of transformers, capacity ratios & numbers of distribution transformers; 2.3. Capacity ratios; 2.4. Numbers of distribution transformers
3. NORTH AMERICAN TRANSFORMER MARKETS: 3.1. The North American Markets; 3.2. Installed base of transformers in North America; 3.3. United States; 3.4. The US transformer stock; 3.5. CANADA; 3.6. MEXICO
4. LAC TRANSFORMER MARKETS: 4.1. The transformer markets in LAC; 4.2. Installed base of transformers in LAC; 4.3. BRAZIL
5. EUROPEAN TRANSFORMER MARKETS: 5.1. The European markets; 5.2. Installed base of transformers; 5.3. FRANCE; 5.4. GERMANY; 5.5. ITALY; 5.6. SPAIN; 5.7. SWITZERLAND; 5.8. UNITED KINGDOM
6. CIS TRANSFORMER MARKET: 6.1. The transformer markets of the CISS; 6.2. Installed base of transformers; 6.3. RUSSIA; 6.4. UKRAINE
7. AFRICAN TRANSFORMER MARKETS: 7.1. The Africa markets; 7.2. Installed base of transformers
8. MIDDLE EASTERN TRANSFORMER MARKETS: 8.1. The Middle Eastern transformer markets; 8.2. Installed base of transformers; 8.3. IRAN; 8.4. SAUDI ARABIA; 8.5. TURKEY; 8.6. UAE
9. CHINESE TRANSFORMER MARKET: 9.1. Market; 9.2. Installed base of transformers
10. ASIA PACIFIC TRANSFORMER MARKETS: 10.1. Markets; 10.2. Installed base of transformers; 10.3. JAPAN; 10.4. INDIA; 10.5. INDONESIA; 10.6. KOREA; 10.7. MALAYSIA; 10.8. PHILIPPINES; 10.9. TAIWAN; 10.10. THAILAND; 10.11. VIETNAM
11. PRICE TRENDS AND FACTORS DRIVING TRANSFORMER PRICES
12. THE LONG-TERM DEMAND CYCLE 1900-2050: 12.1.1. Installed capacity versus demand
13. TRANSFORMER PRODUCTION CAPACITY: 13.1. Manufacturing capacity, global and by region
14. RECENT TRENDS IN CENTRAL AND DISTRIBUTED TRANSFORMER CAPACITY: 14.1. Central and distributed generation
15. TOP 35 IMPORTERS AND EXPORTERS OF TRANSFORMERS
16. METHODOLOGY: 16.1. Volume 1 - Primary objectives; 16.2. Volume 2 - Secondary objectives; 16.3. Methodology of Volumes 1-9, 2010 to 2021; 16.4. Methodology of Volume 10, 2022
Figures: Figure 1: USA Electric power system with substation types; Figure 2: Imports of power transformers (Oil filled ≥ 10 MVA), into the US, 2005-2021 $ value.; Figure 3: Share of distribution lines by voltage category in Europe, 2020; Figure 4: Voltage levels and ranges used for power distribution in Europe, 2020; Figure 5: RWE and E.ON reorganize the German power sector, splitting up Innogy.; Figure 6: Market shares for UHV AC and HVDC transformers in China; Figure 7: Market shares of leading transformer manufacturers for SGCC’s HV, MV and LV tenders; Figure 8: Structure of the Chinese electric power industry; Figure 9: Investment as a % of GDP, selected countries and economic groupings, 1980-2020; Figure 10: Share of costs in transformer production; Figure 11: Prices of transformer materals 2011 to Q1 2022; Figure 12: Prices of aluminium and copper in the European market, 2019 to 2022; Figure 13: Prices of natural gas in Europe 1970 to 2022; Figure 14: Producer Price Indices for power and distribution transformers in the US 1967 to 2022; Figure 15: EU Producer Price Index for industrial manufactures 2010 to 2022; Figure 16: China Producer Price Index for industrial goods 2010 to 2022; Figure 17: Japan Producer Price Index for electrical machinery and equipment 1996 to 2022; Figure 18: The manufacturing processes for CRGO and CNRGO; Figure 19: Installed capacity of power and distribution transformers, GVA, 1900 - 2050; Figure 20: Global installed transformation capacity and demand, GVA, 1900 - 2050; Figure 21: The development of central and distributed step-up transformer capacity as percentages of generating capacity from 1990 to 2030; Figure 22: Regional growth of distributed generation 1990 to 2030; Figure 23: Distributed energy, gas and electricity; Figure 24: Overview of distributed generation and of typical uses; Figure 25: Commercial distributed solar PV capacity, 2015 to 2050; Figure 26: The smart grid and distributed generation; Figure 27: Annual development of onshore wind energy capacity in Germany; Figure 28: Annual development of offshore wind energy capacity in Germany; Figure 29: The development of central and distributed step-up transformer capacity as percentages of generating capacity from 1990 to 2030; Figure 30: The growth in distributed generation transformer capacity DGSU, 1990 to 2030 by region
Tables: Table 1: World, total transformer sales forecast, 2020-2027, $ nominal; Table 2: World, total transformer sales forecast, 2020-2027, MVA; Table 3: World, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2020-2027, MVA; Table 4: World, sales value by transformer type and voltage, $ nominal; Table 5: World, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, MVA; Table 6: Generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, $ nominal; Table 7: Generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, MVA; Table 8: World, production, imports, exports, market, $ nominal; Table 9: World, production, imports, exports, market, MVA; Table 10 : Installed transformer capacity of the world by regions; Table 11: Installed transformer capacity of North America by countries; Table 12: Installed transformer capacity of South and Central America by countries; Table 13: Installed transformer capacity of Europe by countries; Table 14: Installed transformer capacity of the CIS by countries; Table 15: Installed transformer capacity of the Middle East by countries; Table 16: Installed transformer capacity of North Africa by countries; Table 17: Installed transformer capacity of Sub-Saharan Africa by countries; Table 18: Installed transformer capacity of China by countries; Table 19: Installed transformer capacity of Asia Pacific by countries; Table 20: North American ratios of transformer capacity to generating capacity MVA:MW; Table 21: South and Central American ratios of transformer capacity to generating capacity MVA:MW; Table 22: European ratios of transformer capacity to generating capacity MVA:MW; Table 23: CIS ratios of transformer capacity to generating capacity MVA:MW; Table 24: Middle Eastern ratios of transformer capacity to generating capacity MVA:MW; Table 25: North African ratios of transformer capacity to generating capacity MVA:MW; Table 26: Sub-Saharan African ratios of transformer capacity to generating capacity MVA:MW; Table 27: Chinese ratios of transformer capacity to generating capacity MVA:MW; Table 28: Asia Pacific ratios of transformer capacity to generating capacity MVA:MW; Table 29: World numbers of distribution transformers; Table 30: North American numbers of distribution transformers; Table 31: South and Central American numbers of distribution transformers; Table 32: European numbers of distribution transformers; Table 33: CIS numbers of distribution transformers; Table 34: Middle Eastern numbers of distribution transformers; Table 35: North African numbers of distribution transformers; Table 36: Sub-Saharan African numbers of distribution transformers; Table 37: Chinese numbers of distribution transformers; Table 38: Asia Pacific numbers of distribution transformers; Table 39: North America, total transformer sales forecast, 2020-2027, $ nominal; Table 40: North America, total transformer sales forecast, 2020-2027, MVA; Table 41: North America, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2020-2027, MVA; Table 42: North America, sales value by transformer type and voltage, $ nominal; Table 43: North America, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, MVA; Table 44: Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, $ nominal; Table 45: Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, MVA; Table 46: North America, production, imports, exports, market, $ nominal; Table 47: North America, production, imports, exports, market, MVA; Table 48: North America, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category; Table 49: North America, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity; Table 50: USA production shares; Table 51: Canadian production shares; Table 52: Mexican production shares; Table 53: South & Central America, total transformer sales forecast, 2020-2027, $ nominal; Table 54: South & Central America, total transformer sales forecast, 2020-2027, MVA; Table 55: South America, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2020-2027, MVA; Table 56: Central America, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2020-2027, MVA; Table 57: South & Central America, sales value by transformer type and voltage, $ nominal; Table 58: South & Central America, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, MVA; Table 59: Generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, $ nominal; Table 60: Generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, MVA; Table 61: South & Central America, production, imports, exports, market, $ nominal; Table 62: South & Central America, production, imports, exports, market, MVA; Table 63: South & Central America, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category; Table 64: South & Central America, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity; Table 65: Brazil production shares; Table 66: Europe, total transformer sales forecast, 2020-2027, $ nominal; Table 67: Europe, total transformer sales forecast, 2020-2027, MVA; Table 68: Europe, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2020-2027, MVA; Table 69: Europe, sales value by transformer type and voltage, $ nominal; Table 70: Europe, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, MVA; Table 71: Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, $ nominal; Table 72: Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, MVA; Table 73: Europe, production, imports, exports, market, $ nominal; Table 74: Europe, production, imports, exports, market, MVA; Table 75: Europe, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category; Table 76: Europe, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity; Table 77: European production shares; Table 78: CIS, total transformer sales forecast, 2020-2027, $ nominal; Table 79: CIS, total transformer sales forecast, 2020-2027, MVA; Table 80: CIS, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2020-2027, MVA; Table 81: CIS, sales value by transformer type and voltage, $ nominal; Table 82: CIS, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, MVA; Table 83: Generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, $ nominal; Table 84: Generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, MVA; Table 85: CIS, production, imports, exports, market, $ nominal; Table 86: CIS, production, imports, exports, market, MVA; Table 87: CIS, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category; Table 88: CIS, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity; Table 89: Africa, total transformer sales forecast, 2020-2027, $ nominal; Table 90: Africa, total transformer sales forecast, 2020-2027, MVA; Table 91: Africa, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2020, $ nominal; Table 92: Africa, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2020, MVA; Table 93: Generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2020, $ nominal; Table 94: Generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2020, MVA; Table 95: Africa, production, imports, exports, market, $ nominal; Table 96: Africa, production, imports, exports, market, MVA; Table 97: Africa, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category; Table 98: Africa, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity; Table 99: Middle East, total transformer sales forecast, 2020-2027, $ nominal; Table 100: Middle East, total transformer sales forecast, 2020-2027, MVA; Table 101: Middle East, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2020-2027, MVA; Table 102: Middle East, sales value by transformer type and voltage, $ nominal; Table 103: Middle East, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, MVA; Table 104: Generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, $ nominal; Table 105: Generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, MVA; Table 106: Middle East, production, imports, exports, market, $ nominal; Table 107: Middle East, production, imports, exports, market, MVA; Table 108: Middle East, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category; Table 109: Middle East, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity; Table 110: China, total transformer sales forecast, 2020-2027, $ nominal; Table 111: China, total transformer sales forecast, 2020-2027, MVA; Table 112: China, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2020-2027, MVA; Table 113: China, sales value by transformer type and voltage, $ nominal; Table 114: China, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, MVA; Table 115: Generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, $ nominal; Table 116: Generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2020, MVA; Table 117: China, production, imports, exports, market, $ nominal; Table 118: China, production, imports, exports, market, MVA; Table 119: China, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category; Table 120: China, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity; Table 121: The operational UHV circuits in China in 2021; Table 122: UHV circuits under construction in China in 2021; Table 123: Key Technologies for UHV AC systems; Table 124: Key technologies for UVH DC systems; Table 125: Voltage sequence of distribution networks in China; Table 126: Asia Pacific excluding China, total transformer sales forecast, 2020-2027, $ nominal; Table 127: Asia Pacific excluding China, total transformer sales forecast, 2020-2027, MVA; Table 128: Asia Pacific, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2020-2027, MVA; Table 129: Asia Pacific excluding China, sales value by transformer type and voltage, $ nominal; Table 130: Asia Pacific excluding China, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, MVA; Table 131: Generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, $ nominal; Table 132: Generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, MVA; Table 133: Asia Pacific excluding China, production, imports, exports, market, $ nominal; Table 134: Asia Pacific excluding China, production, imports, exports, market, MVA; Table 135: Asia Pacific excluding China, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category; Table 136: Asia Pacific excluding China, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity; Table 137: Transformer manufacturers in Japan; Table 138: Transformers and their control modes in the BRPL distribution grid.; Table 139: Classification of distribution transformer loads on the rural 11 kV feeders in Delhi.; Table 140: Transformers and their control modes in the BRPL distribution grid.; Table 141: Comparison of relevant 11 kV grids in Delhi and Bhopal.; Table 142: Indian transformer production capacity MVA; Table 143: Indian production shares; Table 144: World production capacity for transformers, GVA; Table 145: Global leaders’ production capacity power and distribution transformers, GVA; Table 146: CIS, production capacity power and distribution transformers, GVA; Table 147: China, domestic production capacity power and distribution transformers, GVA; Table 148: India, production capacity power and distribution transformers, GVA, 2007 - 2020; Table 149: Top 35 importers of oil-filled transformers by KVA, 2020; Table 150: Top 35 exporters of oil-filled transformers by kVA, 2020; Table 151: Top 35 importers of dry-type transformers by kVA, 2020; Table 152: Top 35 exporters of dry-type transformers by kVA, 2020; Table 153: Top 35 importers of power and distribution oil-filled transformers, 2020; Table 154:Top 35 exporters of power and distribution oil-filled transformers, 2020; Table 155: Top 35 importers of dry-type transformers by voltage, 2020; Table 156: Top 35 exporters of dry-type transformers by voltage, 2020; Table 157: The generating capacity data base for 184 countries; Table 158: Renewables MW capacity to DGSU MVA capacity, 1990 to 2030, 184 countries; Table 159: Renewables MW capacity to CGSU MVA capacity, 1990 to 2030, 184 countries; Table 160: Non-Renewables MW capacity to CGSU MVA and DGSU capacity, 1990 to 2030, 184 countries; Table 161: Consumption by end-user groups in India, GWh; Table 162Average power in MW providing electricity for each user group in India; Table 163: Installed DT (liquid and dry) capacity in MVA in India; Table 164: Installed capacity of utility and industrial power and distribution transformers in India
Volume 2
1. VOLUME 2 - INTRODUCTION
2. TRANSFORMER TYPES - GSU, POWER AND DISTRIBUTION, INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMERS: 2.1. Power transformers; 2.2. Large Power Transformers (LPT); 2.3. Medium Power Transformers (MPT); 2.4. Small Power Transformers (SPT); 2.5. Classification according to application; 2.6. Generator step-up transformers (GSU); 2.7. System intertie (interconnecting) transformers.; 2.8. Special power transformers.; 2.9. Distribution Transformers; 2.10. Single Phase Transformers; 2.11. 3 Phase transformer; 2.12. Dry-type transformers; 2.13. Pad mounted distribution transformers; 2.14. Pole-mounted distribution transformers; 2.15. Industrial transformers
3. LOW VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS BACKGROUND INFORMATION: 3.1. Voltage definitions for this report; 3.2. HV sub-divisions:; 3.3. Low voltage terminology; 3.4. Low voltage differences in Europe and the United States; 3.5. North American system; 3.6. European system; 3.8. European LV for industrial users; 3.9. Substation and industrial and commercial transformer types commonly used in the USA; 3.10. Examples of LV projects in the United States; 3.11. Industry; 3.12. USA industrial motor market; 3.13. Residential buildings; 3.14. Multi-storey buildings and the usage of LV transformers; 3.15. Power distribution in small buildings; 3.16. Power distribution in large residential or commercial buildings; 3.17. Large buildings, the vertical supply system (rising mains).; 3.18. Burj Khalifa Dubai,; 3.19. Conclusion
4. SOLAR PV SOLAR PV AND TRANSFORMERLESS INVERTERS: 4.1. Transformerless inverters; 4.2 High Frequency Inverters (HF); 4.3. Low Frequency Inverters (LF); 4.4. TL in Europe; 4.5. TL in China; 4.6. TL in the USA; 4.7. TL in Australia; 4.8. Impact of TL inverters on the distribution transformer market
5. NETWORK TRANSFORMER LAYOUT: 5.1. The layout stages of a network; 5.2. European grid systems; 5.3. Network configurations for distribution - Radial, Loop and Network systems; 5.4. Industry; 5.5. North America; 5.6. Japan; 5.7. Europe; 5.8. Types of transformer; 5.9. Liquid dielectric transformers; 5.10. Dry-type transformers; 5.11. Gas filled transformers; 5.12. Evolution of power transformers by size and capacity; 5.13. Offshore systems; 5.14. Gas to Wire GTW; 5.15. The development of high voltage transmission; 5.16. Ownership of power and distribution transformers; 5.17. Ownership of GSU transformers
6. HOSTING CAPACITY OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS AND DG PENETRATION: 6.1. Problems which can occur with excess load; 6.2. Costs 54; 6.3. Conclusion
7. SMART TRANSFORMERS: 7.1. Smart transformers and the smart grid; 7.2. Basic characteristics of smart transformers; 7.3. The basic technical requirements of smart transformers; 7.4. Smart transformer in current infrastructure; 7.5. Dissolved gas analysis (DGA)
8. N+1 STANDARD, N+2 AND 2N, REDUNDANCY AND REPLACEMENT: 8.1. Network failure; 8.2. Transformer failure; 8.3. Industrial reliability; 8.4 Redundancy criteria; 8.5. N+1 Redundancy; 8.7. 2N Redundancy; 8.8. 2N+1 Redundancy 61; 8.9. Fault tolerance; 8.10. Network reliability; 8.11. N+1 and the networks; 8.12. Reliability standards SAIFI and SAIDI; 8.13. Electricity transmission; 8.14. Large power transformers (LPTs); 8.15. Transformer/generator ratios and redundancy
9. MEPS - MINIMUM ENERGY PERFORMANCE STANDARDS: 9.1. MEPS (Minimum Energy Performance Standards); 9.2. United States; 9.3. Efficiency regulations; 9.4. Canada; 9.5. Brazil; 9.6. Mexico; 9.7. European Union; 9.8. Israel; 9.9. Australia and New Zealand; 9.10. Japan; 9.11. China; 9.12. Korea; 9.13. India; 9.14. Vietnam; 9.15. Summary of efficiency standards
10. HIGH EFFICIENCY TRANSFORMERS: 10.1. Development of a new technology - amorphous core transformers; 10.2. The market for AMTs; 10.3. AMT manufacturers; 10.4. Amorphous metal ribbon manufacturers; 10.5. Amorphous metal transformers - AMTs; 10.6. United States; 10.7. Japan; 10.8. China; 10.9. India; 10.10. Taiwan; 10.11. Other; 10.12. HTS –high temperature superconductor transformers
11. THE SUPPLY CHAIN: 11.1. The political dimension of the global supply chains; 11.2. US Federal Executive Order - Telecoms; 11.3. Supply of transformers; 11.4. Electrical system equipment; 11.5. US LPT Seizure; 11.6. Japanese programme to diversify Chinese supplies; 11.7. Australia; 11.8. Market impacts; 11.9. Global supply chains; 11.10. Supply chains for transformer components; 11.11. Key global supply chains for transformers; 11.12. Tap Changers - OLTC suppliers; 11.13. EHV bushings; 11.13.1.China
12. LOGISTICS: 12.1. An LPT logistical operation from China to the USA; 12.2. Guidance for the safe transport of transformers; 12.3. Faults or damages to transformers; 12.4. Voyage Assessment; 12.5. Transport execution; 12.6. Carriers’ responsibilities; 12.7. Handling; 12.8. Securing; 12.9. Impact Recorders; 12.10. Rail transport; 12.11. Road transport; 12.12. Clearance; 12.13. Alternative solutions
13. ELECTRIFICATION: 13.1. There are three key observations to make on the global picture:; 13.2. Sub-Saharan Africa; 13.3. Asia; 13.4. MENA; 13.5. Latin America; 13.6. Europe; 13.7. CIS; 13.8. North America; 13.9. The impact of electrification on the electrical supply industry
Figures: Figure 1: LPT, 265 MVA, 525 kV; Figure 2: MPT 60 MVA, 275 kV.; Figure 3: SPT with 12.5 MVA with OLTC ( On-Load Tap Changer); Figure 4: An 800 kV UHVDC converter transformer by ABB; Figure 5: 1 phase; Figure 6: 3 phase oil-filled distribution transformer,; Figure 7: Dry-type distribution transformer; Figure 8: Pad-mounted distribution transformer; Figure 9: Single pole mounted transformer; Figure 10: A bank of 3 single phase pole top distribution transformers for 3 phase supply; Figure 11: The German Electricity Grid; Figure 12: American distribution system; Figure 13: European distribution system; Figure 14: Electrical distribution system for a small building; Figure 15: Single rising main; Figure 16: Grouped supply; Figure 17: Individual floor supply; Figure 18: A large building using distributed transformers - splitting the system into two supply sections with 2 transformer modules with 3 × 630 kVA each.; Figure 19: Top 20 markets for solar PV additions, 2018 to 2022.; Figure 20: An example of an electricity network with Central and Distributed Generation; Figure 21: Basic scheme of an electric power system; Figure 22: The UK electrical power transmission and distribution system; Figure 23: The traditional centralised electricity system compared with distributed power; Figure 24: North American versus European distribution layouts.; Figure 25: GTW development Options; Figure 26: The overall concept of GTW; Figure 27: Evolution of transformers in voltage kV and capacity MVA; Figure 28: Proportion of capacity (MVA) generator, utility and private industry ownership of power and distribution transformers by region, 2018; Figure 29: International DSOs’ experience and rules of thumb for DG integration; Figure 30: HC enhancement techniques; Figure 31: Conventional grid with unidirectional power flow; Figure 32: Active distribution grid with intelligent transformer substations; Figure 33: The vast majority of countries have yet to take such action.; Figure 34: The world’s largest HVDC transformer at Xiangjiaba, China; Figure 35: Schnabel car with load; Figure 36: The largest load ever transported by road in the United Kingdom; Figure 37: Goldhofer heavy duty load; Figure 38: Goldhofer rear wheel drive vehicle; Figure 39: The trailer approaches a narrow turning; Figure 40: The trailer’s rear wheels begin the turn; Figure 41: The trailer has turned the corner; Figure 42: Overhead obstructions; Figure 43: Transformer off the road; Figure 44: Share of people without electricity access for developing countries, 2016; Figure 45: World electrification - % of households with electricity, 1900 - 2050; Figure 46: World electrification – number and % of households with electricity, 1900 - 2050; Figure 47: Selected major countries - % of households with electricity, 1900 - 2050; Figure 48: Selected major countries – Number of households with electricity, 1900 - 2050; Figure 49: Regional totals of electrified households 2010 to 2050; Figure 50: Additions of electrified households in each decade by region, 2010 to 2050
Tables: Table 1: Typical applications for distribution transformer technologies; Table 2: Substation and industrial and commercial transformer types used behind the meter; Table 3: Installed base of LV dry type transformers in commercial buildings in the USA; Table 4: Installed base of LV dry type transformers in commercial buildings in USA by kVA capacity; Table 5: Population of electric motors in US industry, 2021; Table 6: Population and residential housing stock in the United States and Europe; Table 7: Highest voltage levels of distribution in Europe; Table 8: Average consumers per LV distribution transformer in selected countries, 2018; Table 9: Network losses by region; Table 10: A summary of liquid filled distribution transformer efficiency programmes; Table 11:Summary of dry-type distribution transformer efficiency programmes; Table 12: Manufacturers of energy efficient transformers in China, 2013; Table 13: Population and electrical parameters of South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa

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