
Automotive Displacement Sensor Global Market Insights 2024, Analysis and Forecast to 2029, by Manufacturers, Regions, Technology, Application, Product Type
Description
Automotive Displacement Sensor Global Market Insights 2024, Analysis and Forecast to 2029, by Manufacturers, Regions, Technology, Application, Product Type
This report describes the global market size of Automotive Displacement Sensor from 2019 to 2023 and its CAGR from 2019 to 2023, and also forecasts its market size to the end of 2029 and its CAGR from 2024 to 2029.
For geography segment, regional supply, demand, major players, price is presented from 2019 to 2029. This report cover following regions:
North America
South America
Asia & Pacific
Europe
MEA
The key countries for each regions are also included such as United States, China, Japan, India, Korea, ASEAN, Germany, France, UK, Italy, Spain, CIS, and Brazil etc.
For competitor segment, the report include global key players of Automotive Displacement Sensor as well as some small players. The information for each competitor include:
Company Profile
Main Business Information
SWOT Analysis
Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin
Market Share
Applications Segment:
Commercial Vehicles
Passenger Cars
Types Segment:
Powertrain
Engine system
Braking system
Companies Covered:
Bosch
FTE automotive
OMRON
KEYENCE
MTI Instruments
ZF Friedrichshafen
MICRO-EPSILON
Capacitec
Lion Precision
etc.
Please ask for sample pages for full companies list
Base Year: 2024
Historical Data: from 2019 to 2023
Forecast Data: from 2024 to 2029
Table of Contents
94 Pages
- Chapter 1 Executive Summary
- Chapter 2 Abbreviation and Acronyms
- Chapter 3 Preface
- 3.1 Research Scope
- 3.2 Research Sources
- 3.2.1 Data Sources
- 3.2.2 Assumptions
- 3.3 Research Method
- Chapter 4 Market Landscape
- 4.1 Market Overview
- 4.2 Classification/Types
- 4.3 Application/End Users
- Chapter 5 Market Trend Analysis
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Drivers
- 5.3 Restraints
- 5.4 Opportunities
- 5.5 Threats
- 5.6 Covid-19 Impact
- Chapter 6 Industry Chain Analysis
- 6.1 Upstream/Suppliers Analysis
- 6.2 Automotive Displacement Sensor Analysis
- 6.2.1 Technology Analysis
- 6.2.2 Cost Analysis
- 6.2.3 Market Channel Analysis
- 6.3 Downstream Buyers/End Users
- Chapter 7 Latest Market Dynamics
- 7.1 Latest News
- 7.2 Merger and Acquisition
- 7.3 Planned/Future Project
- 7.4 Policy Dynamics
- Chapter 8 Trading Analysis
- 8.1 Export of Automotive Displacement Sensor by Region
- 8.2 Import of Automotive Displacement Sensor by Region
- 8.3 Balance of Trade
- Chapter 9 Historical and Forecast Automotive Displacement Sensor Market in North America (2019-2029)
- 9.1 Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size
- 9.2 Automotive Displacement Sensor Demand by End Use
- 9.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
- 9.4 Type Segmentation and Price
- 9.5 Key Countries Analysis
- 9.5.1 United States
- 9.5.2 Canada
- 9.5.3 Mexico
- Chapter 10 Historical and Forecast Automotive Displacement Sensor Market in South America (2019-2029)
- 10.1 Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size
- 10.2 Automotive Displacement Sensor Demand by End Use
- 10.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
- 10.4 Type Segmentation and Price
- 10.5 Key Countries Analysis
- 10.5.1 Brazil
- 10.5.2 Argentina
- 10.5.3 Chile
- 10.5.4 Peru
- Chapter 11 Historical and Forecast Automotive Displacement Sensor Market in Asia & Pacific (2019-2029)
- 11.1 Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size
- 11.2 Automotive Displacement Sensor Demand by End Use
- 11.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
- 11.4 Type Segmentation and Price
- 11.5 Key Countries Analysis
- 11.5.1 China
- 11.5.2 India
- 11.5.3 Japan
- 11.5.4 South Korea
- 11.5.5 Southest Asia
- 11.5.6 Australia
- Chapter 12 Historical and Forecast Automotive Displacement Sensor Market in Europe (2019-2029)
- 12.1 Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size
- 12.2 Automotive Displacement Sensor Demand by End Use
- 12.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
- 12.4 Type Segmentation and Price
- 12.5 Key Countries Analysis
- 12.5.1 Germany
- 12.5.2 France
- 12.5.3 United Kingdom
- 12.5.4 Italy
- 12.5.5 Spain
- 12.5.6 Belgium
- 12.5.7 Netherlands
- 12.5.8 Austria
- 12.5.9 Poland
- 12.5.10 Russia
- Chapter 13 Historical and Forecast Automotive Displacement Sensor Market in MEA (2019-2029)
- 13.1 Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size
- 13.2 Automotive Displacement Sensor Demand by End Use
- 13.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
- 13.4 Type Segmentation and Price
- 13.5 Key Countries Analysis
- 13.5.1 Egypt
- 13.5.2 Israel
- 13.5.3 South Africa
- 13.5.4 Gulf Cooperation Council Countries
- 13.5.5 Turkey
- Chapter 14 Summary For Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Market (2019-2024)
- 14.1 Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size
- 14.2 Automotive Displacement Sensor Demand by End Use
- 14.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
- 14.4 Type Segmentation and Price
- Chapter 15 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Forecast (2024-2029)
- 15.1 Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size Forecast
- 15.2 Automotive Displacement Sensor Demand Forecast
- 15.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
- 15.4 Type Segmentation and Price Forecast
- Chapter 16 Analysis of Global Key Vendors
- 16.1 Bosch
- 16.1.1 Company Profile
- 16.1.2 Main Business and Automotive Displacement Sensor Information
- 16.1.3 SWOT Analysis of Bosch
- 16.1.4 Bosch Automotive Displacement Sensor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
- 16.2 FTE automotive
- 16.2.1 Company Profile
- 16.2.2 Main Business and Automotive Displacement Sensor Information
- 16.2.3 SWOT Analysis of FTE automotive
- 16.2.4 FTE automotive Automotive Displacement Sensor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
- 16.3 OMRON
- 16.3.1 Company Profile
- 16.3.2 Main Business and Automotive Displacement Sensor Information
- 16.3.3 SWOT Analysis of OMRON
- 16.3.4 OMRON Automotive Displacement Sensor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
- 16.4 KEYENCE
- 16.4.1 Company Profile
- 16.4.2 Main Business and Automotive Displacement Sensor Information
- 16.4.3 SWOT Analysis of KEYENCE
- 16.4.4 KEYENCE Automotive Displacement Sensor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
- 16.5 MTI Instruments
- 16.5.1 Company Profile
- 16.5.2 Main Business and Automotive Displacement Sensor Information
- 16.5.3 SWOT Analysis of MTI Instruments
- 16.5.4 MTI Instruments Automotive Displacement Sensor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
- 16.6 ZF Friedrichshafen
- 16.6.1 Company Profile
- 16.6.2 Main Business and Automotive Displacement Sensor Information
- 16.6.3 SWOT Analysis of ZF Friedrichshafen
- 16.6.4 ZF Friedrichshafen Automotive Displacement Sensor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
- 16.7 MICRO-EPSILON
- 16.7.1 Company Profile
- 16.7.2 Main Business and Automotive Displacement Sensor Information
- 16.7.3 SWOT Analysis of MICRO-EPSILON
- 16.7.4 MICRO-EPSILON Automotive Displacement Sensor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
- 16.8 Capacitec
- 16.8.1 Company Profile
- 16.8.2 Main Business and Automotive Displacement Sensor Information
- 16.8.3 SWOT Analysis of Capacitec
- 16.8.4 Capacitec Automotive Displacement Sensor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
- 16.9 Lion Precision
- 16.9.1 Company Profile
- 16.9.2 Main Business and Automotive Displacement Sensor Information
- 16.9.3 SWOT Analysis of Lion Precision
- 16.9.4 Lion Precision Automotive Displacement Sensor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
- Please ask for sample pages for full companies list
- Tables and Figures
- Table Abbreviation and Acronyms List
- Table Research Scope of Automotive Displacement Sensor Report
- Table Data Sources of Automotive Displacement Sensor Report
- Table Major Assumptions of Automotive Displacement Sensor Report
- Figure Market Size Estimated Method
- Figure Major Forecasting Factors
- Figure Automotive Displacement Sensor Picture
- Table Automotive Displacement Sensor Classification
- Table Automotive Displacement Sensor Applications List
- Table Drivers of Automotive Displacement Sensor Market
- Table Restraints of Automotive Displacement Sensor Market
- Table Opportunities of Automotive Displacement Sensor Market
- Table Threats of Automotive Displacement Sensor Market
- Table Covid-19 Impact For Automotive Displacement Sensor Market
- Table Raw Materials Suppliers List
- Table Different Production Methods of Automotive Displacement Sensor
- Table Cost Structure Analysis of Automotive Displacement Sensor
- Table Key End Users List
- Table Latest News of Automotive Displacement Sensor Market
- Table Merger and Acquisition List
- Table Planned/Future Project of Automotive Displacement Sensor Market
- Table Policy of Automotive Displacement Sensor Market
- Table 2019-2029 Regional Export of Automotive Displacement Sensor
- Table 2019-2029 Regional Import of Automotive Displacement Sensor
- Table 2019-2029 Regional Trade Balance
- Figure 2019-2029 Regional Trade Balance
- Table 2019-2029 North America Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Figure 2019-2029 North America Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and CAGR
- Figure 2019-2029 North America Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Volume and CAGR
- Table 2019-2029 North America Automotive Displacement Sensor Demand List by Application
- Table 2019-2024 North America Automotive Displacement Sensor Key Players Sales List
- Table 2019-2024 North America Automotive Displacement Sensor Key Players Market Share List
- Table 2019-2029 North America Automotive Displacement Sensor Demand List by Type
- Table 2019-2024 North America Automotive Displacement Sensor Price List by Type
- Table 2019-2029 United States Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 United States Automotive Displacement Sensor Import & Export List
- Table 2019-2029 Canada Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 Canada Automotive Displacement Sensor Import & Export List
- Table 2019-2029 Mexico Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 Mexico Automotive Displacement Sensor Import & Export List
- Table 2019-2029 South America Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Figure 2019-2029 South America Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and CAGR
- Figure 2019-2029 South America Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Volume and CAGR
- Table 2019-2029 South America Automotive Displacement Sensor Demand List by Application
- Table 2019-2024 South America Automotive Displacement Sensor Key Players Sales List
- Table 2019-2024 South America Automotive Displacement Sensor Key Players Market Share List
- Table 2019-2029 South America Automotive Displacement Sensor Demand List by Type
- Table 2019-2024 South America Automotive Displacement Sensor Price List by Type
- Table 2019-2029 Brazil Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 Brazil Automotive Displacement Sensor Import & Export List
- Table 2019-2029 Argentina Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 Argentina Automotive Displacement Sensor Import & Export List
- Table 2019-2029 Chile Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 Chile Automotive Displacement Sensor Import & Export List
- Table 2019-2029 Peru Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 Peru Automotive Displacement Sensor Import & Export List
- Table 2019-2029 Asia & Pacific Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Figure 2019-2029 Asia & Pacific Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and CAGR
- Figure 2019-2029 Asia & Pacific Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Volume and CAGR
- Table 2019-2029 Asia & Pacific Automotive Displacement Sensor Demand List by Application
- Table 2019-2024 Asia & Pacific Automotive Displacement Sensor Key Players Sales List
- Table 2019-2024 Asia & Pacific Automotive Displacement Sensor Key Players Market Share List
- Table 2019-2029 Asia & Pacific Automotive Displacement Sensor Demand List by Type
- Table 2019-2024 Asia & Pacific Automotive Displacement Sensor Price List by Type
- Table 2019-2029 China Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 China Automotive Displacement Sensor Import & Export List
- Table 2019-2029 India Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 India Automotive Displacement Sensor Import & Export List
- Table 2019-2029 Japan Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 Japan Automotive Displacement Sensor Import & Export List
- Table 2019-2029 South Korea Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 South Korea Automotive Displacement Sensor Import & Export List
- Table 2019-2029 Southeast Asia Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size List
- Table 2019-2029 Southeast Asia Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 Southeast Asia Automotive Displacement Sensor Import List
- Table 2019-2029 Southeast Asia Automotive Displacement Sensor Export List
- Table 2019-2029 Australia Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 Australia Automotive Displacement Sensor Import & Export List
- Table 2019-2029 Europe Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Figure 2019-2029 Europe Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and CAGR
- Figure 2019-2029 Europe Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Volume and CAGR
- Table 2019-2029 Europe Automotive Displacement Sensor Demand List by Application
- Table 2019-2024 Europe Automotive Displacement Sensor Key Players Sales List
- Table 2019-2024 Europe Automotive Displacement Sensor Key Players Market Share List
- Table 2019-2029 Europe Automotive Displacement Sensor Demand List by Type
- Table 2019-2024 Europe Automotive Displacement Sensor Price List by Type
- Table 2019-2029 Germany Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 Germany Automotive Displacement Sensor Import & Export List
- Table 2019-2029 France Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 France Automotive Displacement Sensor Import & Export List
- Table 2019-2029 United Kingdom Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 United Kingdom Automotive Displacement Sensor Import & Export List
- Table 2019-2029 Italy Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 Italy Automotive Displacement Sensor Import & Export List
- Table 2019-2029 Spain Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 Spain Automotive Displacement Sensor Import & Export List
- Table 2019-2029 Belgium Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 Belgium Automotive Displacement Sensor Import & Export List
- Table 2019-2029 Netherlands Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 Netherlands Automotive Displacement Sensor Import & Export List
- Table 2019-2029 Austria Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 Austria Automotive Displacement Sensor Import & Export List
- Table 2019-2029 Poland Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 Poland Automotive Displacement Sensor Import & Export List
- Table 2019-2029 Russia Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 Russia Automotive Displacement Sensor Import & Export List
- Table 2019-2029 MEA Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Figure 2019-2029 MEA Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and CAGR
- Figure 2019-2029 MEA Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Volume and CAGR
- Table 2019-2029 MEA Automotive Displacement Sensor Demand List by Application
- Table 2019-2024 MEA Automotive Displacement Sensor Key Players Sales List
- Table 2019-2024 MEA Automotive Displacement Sensor Key Players Market Share List
- Table 2019-2029 MEA Automotive Displacement Sensor Demand List by Type
- Table 2019-2024 MEA Automotive Displacement Sensor Price List by Type
- Table 2019-2029 Egypt Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 Egypt Automotive Displacement Sensor Import & Export List
- Table 2019-2029 Israel Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 Israel Automotive Displacement Sensor Import & Export List
- Table 2019-2029 South Africa Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 South Africa Automotive Displacement Sensor Import & Export List
- Table 2019-2029 Gulf Cooperation Council Countries Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 Gulf Cooperation Council Countries Automotive Displacement Sensor Import & Export List
- Table 2019-2029 Turkey Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Market Volume List
- Table 2019-2029 Turkey Automotive Displacement Sensor Import & Export List
- Table 2019-2024 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size List by Region
- Table 2019-2024 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size Share List by Region
- Table 2019-2024 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Volume List by Region
- Table 2019-2024 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Volume Share List by Region
- Table 2019-2024 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Demand List by Application
- Table 2019-2024 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Demand Market Share List by Application
- Table 2019-2024 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Key Vendors Sales List
- Table 2019-2024 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Key Vendors Sales Share List
- Figure 2019-2024 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Volume and Growth Rate
- Table 2019-2024 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Key Vendors Revenue List
- Figure 2019-2024 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Growth Rate
- Table 2019-2024 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Key Vendors Revenue Share List
- Table 2019-2024 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Demand List by Type
- Table 2019-2024 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Demand Market Share List by Type
- Table 2019-2024 Regional Automotive Displacement Sensor Price List
- Table 2024-2029 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size List by Region
- Table 2024-2029 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size Share List by Region
- Table 2024-2029 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Volume List by Region
- Table 2024-2029 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Volume Share List by Region
- Table 2024-2029 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Demand List by Application
- Table 2024-2029 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Demand Market Share List by Application
- Table 2024-2029 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Key Vendors Sales List
- Table 2024-2029 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Key Vendors Sales Share List
- Figure 2024-2029 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Volume and Growth Rate
- Table 2024-2029 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Key Vendors Revenue List
- Figure 2024-2029 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Size and Growth Rate
- Table 2024-2029 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Key Vendors Revenue Share List
- Table 2024-2029 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Demand List by Type
- Table 2024-2029 Global Automotive Displacement Sensor Demand Market Share List by Type
- Table 2024-2029 Automotive Displacement Sensor Regional Price List
- Table Bosch Information
- Table SWOT Analysis of Bosch
- Table 2019-2024 Bosch Automotive Displacement Sensor Sale Volume Price Cost Revenue
- Figure 2019-2024 Bosch Automotive Displacement Sensor Sale Volume and Growth Rate
- Figure 2019-2024 Bosch Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Share
- Table FTE automotive Information
- Table SWOT Analysis of FTE automotive
- Table 2019-2024 FTE automotive Automotive Displacement Sensor Sale Volume Price Cost Revenue
- Figure 2019-2024 FTE automotive Automotive Displacement Sensor Sale Volume and Growth Rate
- Figure 2019-2024 FTE automotive Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Share
- Table OMRON Information
- Table SWOT Analysis of OMRON
- Table 2019-2024 OMRON Automotive Displacement Sensor Sale Volume Price Cost Revenue
- Figure 2019-2024 OMRON Automotive Displacement Sensor Sale Volume and Growth Rate
- Figure 2019-2024 OMRON Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Share
- Table KEYENCE Information
- Table SWOT Analysis of KEYENCE
- Table 2019-2024 KEYENCE Automotive Displacement Sensor Sale Volume Price Cost Revenue
- Figure 2019-2024 KEYENCE Automotive Displacement Sensor Sale Volume and Growth Rate
- Figure 2019-2024 KEYENCE Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Share
- Table MTI Instruments Information
- Table SWOT Analysis of MTI Instruments
- Table 2019-2024 MTI Instruments Automotive Displacement Sensor Sale Volume Price Cost Revenue
- Figure 2019-2024 MTI Instruments Automotive Displacement Sensor Sale Volume and Growth Rate
- Figure 2019-2024 MTI Instruments Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Share
- Table ZF Friedrichshafen Information
- Table SWOT Analysis of ZF Friedrichshafen
- Table 2019-2024 ZF Friedrichshafen Automotive Displacement Sensor Sale Volume Price Cost Revenue
- Figure 2019-2024 ZF Friedrichshafen Automotive Displacement Sensor Sale Volume and Growth Rate
- Figure 2019-2024 ZF Friedrichshafen Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Share
- Table MICRO-EPSILON Information
- Table SWOT Analysis of MICRO-EPSILON
- Table 2019-2024 MICRO-EPSILON Automotive Displacement Sensor Sale Volume Price Cost Revenue
- Figure 2019-2024 MICRO-EPSILON Automotive Displacement Sensor Sale Volume and Growth Rate
- Figure 2019-2024 MICRO-EPSILON Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Share
- Table Capacitec Information
- Table SWOT Analysis of Capacitec
- Table 2019-2024 Capacitec Automotive Displacement Sensor Sale Volume Price Cost Revenue
- Figure 2019-2024 Capacitec Automotive Displacement Sensor Sale Volume and Growth Rate
- Figure 2019-2024 Capacitec Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Share
- Table Lion Precision Information
- Table SWOT Analysis of Lion Precision
- Table 2019-2024 Lion Precision Automotive Displacement Sensor Sale Volume Price Cost Revenue
- Figure 2019-2024 Lion Precision Automotive Displacement Sensor Sale Volume and Growth Rate
- Figure 2019-2024 Lion Precision Automotive Displacement Sensor Market Share
Pricing
Currency Rates
Questions or Comments?
Our team has the ability to search within reports to verify it suits your needs. We can also help maximize your budget by finding sections of reports you can purchase.