Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2025
Description
Research Summary
A neuromuscular transmission monitor, also known as a train-of-four monitor (TOF monitor), is a medical device used to assess and evaluate the neuromuscular junction (the connection between nerves and muscles) during anesthesia. It measures the response of muscles to nerve stimulation to determine the level of neuromuscular blockade or relaxation in a patient. The monitor typically applies a series of electrical stimuli to the nerves, causing muscle contractions that can be observed and quantified. By analyzing the muscle response, the neuromuscular transmission monitor provides information on the degree of neuromuscular blockade, allowing healthcare providers to assess the effects of neuromuscular blocking agents and adjust their administration as needed. This helps prevent complications related to inadequate muscle relaxation or prolonged paralysis and ensures patient safety during surgery. The neuromuscular transmission monitor is an essential tool in monitoring and managing neuromuscular blockade to optimize patient care and minimize potential risks associated with anesthesia.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.
The major global manufacturers of Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor include GE, Drägerwerk, CAREstream Medical, RGB Medical Devices, Organon Laboratories, IDMED etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Include:
GE
Drägerwerk
CAREstream Medical
RGB Medical Devices
Organon Laboratories
IDMED
Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Product Segment Include:
Single Twitch Stimulation Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor
Double Burst Stimulation Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor
Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Product Application Include:
Hospital
Trauma Centers
Ambulatory Surgical Centers
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 6: North America Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 7: Europe Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: China Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: APAC (Excl. China) Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: Latin America Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Middle East and Africa Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 13: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 14: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 15: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 16: Methodology and Data Sources
A neuromuscular transmission monitor, also known as a train-of-four monitor (TOF monitor), is a medical device used to assess and evaluate the neuromuscular junction (the connection between nerves and muscles) during anesthesia. It measures the response of muscles to nerve stimulation to determine the level of neuromuscular blockade or relaxation in a patient. The monitor typically applies a series of electrical stimuli to the nerves, causing muscle contractions that can be observed and quantified. By analyzing the muscle response, the neuromuscular transmission monitor provides information on the degree of neuromuscular blockade, allowing healthcare providers to assess the effects of neuromuscular blocking agents and adjust their administration as needed. This helps prevent complications related to inadequate muscle relaxation or prolonged paralysis and ensures patient safety during surgery. The neuromuscular transmission monitor is an essential tool in monitoring and managing neuromuscular blockade to optimize patient care and minimize potential risks associated with anesthesia.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.
The major global manufacturers of Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor include GE, Drägerwerk, CAREstream Medical, RGB Medical Devices, Organon Laboratories, IDMED etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Include:
GE
Drägerwerk
CAREstream Medical
RGB Medical Devices
Organon Laboratories
IDMED
Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Product Segment Include:
Single Twitch Stimulation Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor
Double Burst Stimulation Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor
Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Product Application Include:
Hospital
Trauma Centers
Ambulatory Surgical Centers
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 6: North America Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 7: Europe Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: China Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: APAC (Excl. China) Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: Latin America Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Middle East and Africa Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 13: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 14: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 15: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 16: Methodology and Data Sources
Table of Contents
170 Pages
- 1 Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
- 1.2 Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Product by Type
- 1.2.1 Single Twitch Stimulation Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor
- 1.2.2 Double Burst Stimulation Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor
- 1.3 Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Product by Application
- 1.3.1 Hospital
- 1.3.2 Trauma Centers
- 1.3.3 Ambulatory Surgical Centers
- 1.4 Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
- 1.4.1 Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Revenue Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.2 Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Sales Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.3 Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.5 Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.1 Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.2 Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Drivers and Challenges
- 2 Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market PESTEL Analysis
- 2.1 Political Factors Analysis
- 2.2 Economic Factors Analysis
- 2.3 Social Factors Analysis
- 2.4 Technological Factors Analysis
- 2.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
- 2.6 Legal Factors Analysis
- 3 Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 3.1 Competitive Rivalry
- 3.2 Threat of New Entrants
- 3.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 3.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 3.5 Threat of Substitutes
- 4 Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Analysis by Regions
- 4.1 Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Overall Market: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 4.2 Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 4.2.1 Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Revenue and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 4.2.2 Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Revenue and Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 4.3 Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Sales and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 4.3.1 Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Sales and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 4.3.2 Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Sales and Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 4.4 Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 5 Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size by Type and Application
- 5.1 Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size by Type
- 5.1.1 Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 5.1.2 Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 5.2 Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size by Application
- 5.2.1 Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 5.2.2 Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 6 North America
- 6.1 North America Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 6.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 6.3 North America Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size by Type
- 6.3.1 North America Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.3.2 North America Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.4 North America Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size by Application
- 6.4.1 North America Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 6.4.2 North America Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 6.5 North America Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size by Country
- 6.5.1 US
- 6.5.2 Canada
- 7 Europe
- 7.1 Europe Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 7.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 7.3 Europe Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size by Type
- 7.3.1 Europe Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.3.2 Europe Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.4 Europe Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size by Application
- 7.4.1 Europe Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.4.2 Europe Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.5 Europe Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size by Country
- 7.5.1 Germany
- 7.5.2 France
- 7.5.3 United Kingdom
- 7.5.4 Italy
- 7.5.5 Spain
- 7.5.6 Benelux
- 8 China
- 8.1 China Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 8.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 8.3 China Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size by Type
- 8.3.1 China Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.3.2 China Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.4 China Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size by Application
- 8.4.1 China Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 8.4.2 China Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 9 APAC (excl. China)
- 9.1 APAC (excl. China) Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 9.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 9.3 APAC (excl. China) Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size by Type
- 9.3.1 APAC (excl. China) Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.3.2 APAC (excl. China) Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.4 APAC (excl. China) Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size by Application
- 9.4.1 APAC (excl. China) Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.4.2 APAC (excl. China) Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.5 APAC (excl. China) Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size by Country
- 9.5.1 Japan
- 9.5.2 South Korea
- 9.5.3 India
- 9.5.4 Australia
- 9.5.5 Southeast Asia
- 10 Latin America
- 10.1 Latin America Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 10.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 10.3 Latin America Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size by Type
- 10.3.1 Latin America Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.3.2 Latin America Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.4 Latin America Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size by Application
- 10.4.1 Latin America Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.4.2 Latin America Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.5 Latin America Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size by Country
- 10.6 Latin America Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size by Country
- 10.6.1 Mexico
- 10.6.2 Brazil
- 11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size by Type
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.4 Middle East & Africa Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size by Application
- 11.4.1 Middle East & Africa Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.4.2 Middle East & Africa Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.5 Middle East Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Size by Country
- 11.5.1 Saudi Arabia
- 11.5.2 South Africa
- 12 Competition by Manufacturers
- 12.1 Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.1 Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.2 Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.3 Global Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.2 Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
- 12.2.1 Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Competitive Landscape Analysis
- 12.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
- 12.2.3 Market Dynamic
- 13 Key Companies Analysis
- 13.1 GE
- 13.1.1 GE Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.1.2 GE Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Product Portfolio
- 13.1.3 GE Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.2 Drägerwerk
- 13.2.1 Drägerwerk Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.2.2 Drägerwerk Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Product Portfolio
- 13.2.3 Drägerwerk Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.3 CAREstream Medical
- 13.3.1 CAREstream Medical Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.3.2 CAREstream Medical Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Product Portfolio
- 13.3.3 CAREstream Medical Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.4 RGB Medical Devices
- 13.4.1 RGB Medical Devices Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.4.2 RGB Medical Devices Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Product Portfolio
- 13.4.3 RGB Medical Devices Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.5 Organon Laboratories
- 13.5.1 Organon Laboratories Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.5.2 Organon Laboratories Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Product Portfolio
- 13.5.3 Organon Laboratories Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.6 IDMED
- 13.6.1 IDMED Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.6.2 IDMED Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Product Portfolio
- 13.6.3 IDMED Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14 Industry Chain Analysis
- 14.1 Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Industry Chain Analysis
- 14.2 Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Industry Raw Material and Suppliers Analysis
- 14.2.1 Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
- 14.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
- 14.3 Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Typical Downstream Customers
- 14.4 Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor Sales Channel Analysis
- 15 Research Findings and Conclusion
- 16 Methodology and Data Source
- 16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 16.2 Research Scope
- 16.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
- 16.4 Date Source
- 16.4.1 Primary Sources
- 16.4.2 Secondary Sources
- 16.5 Data Cross Validation
- 16.6 Disclaimer
Pricing
Currency Rates
Questions or Comments?
Our team has the ability to search within reports to verify it suits your needs. We can also help maximize your budget by finding sections of reports you can purchase.
