Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2025
Description
Research Summary
Bio-based acrylic acid is a chemical compound that serves as a building block for a variety of products, including adhesives, coatings, textiles, and superabsorbent polymers. It is a key raw material in the production of polyacrylic acid and its derivatives. Conventional acrylic acid is typically derived from propylene, which is a petroleum-based feedstock. However, bio-based acrylic acid is produced from renewable resources such as sugars, glycerol, or lignocellulosic biomass. The production process involves the fermentation of these biomass feedstocks by microorganisms, which convert them into bio-based acrylic acid. The use of bio-based acrylic acid offers several environmental benefits compared to its petrochemical counterpart. It reduces reliance on fossil fuels, lowers greenhouse gas emissions, and contributes to the development of a more sustainable chemical industry. Bio-based acrylic acid can have similar performance and properties to conventional acrylic acid, making it a viable alternative in many applications. The availability of bio-based acrylic acid opens up opportunities for the production of more environmentally friendly and sustainable products. It allows for the development of bio-based adhesives with reduced environmental impact, eco-friendly coatings, and textiles with enhanced sustainability. Research and development efforts are ongoing to optimize the production process and scale up the production of bio-based acrylic acid. This is driven by the increasing demand for renewable chemicals and the growing emphasis on sustainability in various industries. The utilization of bio-based acrylic acid supports the transition towards a more circular and bioeconomy, where renewable resources are utilized to replace fossil-based feedstocks and minimize environmental impact.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Bio-based Acrylic Acid market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.
The major global manufacturers of Bio-based Acrylic Acid include BASF, DuPont, Arkema, LG Chem, Hexion etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Bio-based Acrylic Acid. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Bio-based Acrylic Acid market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Bio-based Acrylic Acid market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Bio-based Acrylic Acid industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Bio-based Acrylic Acid Include:
BASF
DuPont
Arkema
LG Chem
Hexion
Bio-based Acrylic Acid Product Segment Include:
Purity (Below 99%)
Purity (Above 99%)
Bio-based Acrylic Acid Product Application Include:
Super Absorbent Polymers
Coating
Polyacrylic Acid Polymers
Other
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Capacity and Production Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Industry Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 6: Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 7: North America Bio-based Acrylic Acid Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: Europe Bio-based Acrylic Acid Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: China Bio-based Acrylic Acid Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: APAC (Excl. China) Bio-based Acrylic Acid Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Latin America Bio-based Acrylic Acid Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Middle East and Africa Bio-based Acrylic Acid Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 13: Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 14: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 15: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 16: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 17: Methodology and Data Sources
Bio-based acrylic acid is a chemical compound that serves as a building block for a variety of products, including adhesives, coatings, textiles, and superabsorbent polymers. It is a key raw material in the production of polyacrylic acid and its derivatives. Conventional acrylic acid is typically derived from propylene, which is a petroleum-based feedstock. However, bio-based acrylic acid is produced from renewable resources such as sugars, glycerol, or lignocellulosic biomass. The production process involves the fermentation of these biomass feedstocks by microorganisms, which convert them into bio-based acrylic acid. The use of bio-based acrylic acid offers several environmental benefits compared to its petrochemical counterpart. It reduces reliance on fossil fuels, lowers greenhouse gas emissions, and contributes to the development of a more sustainable chemical industry. Bio-based acrylic acid can have similar performance and properties to conventional acrylic acid, making it a viable alternative in many applications. The availability of bio-based acrylic acid opens up opportunities for the production of more environmentally friendly and sustainable products. It allows for the development of bio-based adhesives with reduced environmental impact, eco-friendly coatings, and textiles with enhanced sustainability. Research and development efforts are ongoing to optimize the production process and scale up the production of bio-based acrylic acid. This is driven by the increasing demand for renewable chemicals and the growing emphasis on sustainability in various industries. The utilization of bio-based acrylic acid supports the transition towards a more circular and bioeconomy, where renewable resources are utilized to replace fossil-based feedstocks and minimize environmental impact.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Bio-based Acrylic Acid market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.
The major global manufacturers of Bio-based Acrylic Acid include BASF, DuPont, Arkema, LG Chem, Hexion etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Bio-based Acrylic Acid. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Bio-based Acrylic Acid market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Bio-based Acrylic Acid market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Bio-based Acrylic Acid industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Bio-based Acrylic Acid Include:
BASF
DuPont
Arkema
LG Chem
Hexion
Bio-based Acrylic Acid Product Segment Include:
Purity (Below 99%)
Purity (Above 99%)
Bio-based Acrylic Acid Product Application Include:
Super Absorbent Polymers
Coating
Polyacrylic Acid Polymers
Other
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Capacity and Production Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Industry Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 6: Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 7: North America Bio-based Acrylic Acid Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: Europe Bio-based Acrylic Acid Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: China Bio-based Acrylic Acid Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: APAC (Excl. China) Bio-based Acrylic Acid Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Latin America Bio-based Acrylic Acid Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Middle East and Africa Bio-based Acrylic Acid Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 13: Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 14: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 15: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 16: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 17: Methodology and Data Sources
Table of Contents
170 Pages
- 1 Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
- 1.2 Bio-based Acrylic Acid Product by Type
- 1.2.1 Purity (Below 99%)
- 1.2.2 Purity (Above 99%)
- 1.3 Bio-based Acrylic Acid Product by Application
- 1.3.1 Super Absorbent Polymers
- 1.3.2 Coating
- 1.3.3 Polyacrylic Acid Polymers
- 1.3.4 Other
- 1.4 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
- 1.4.1 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Revenue Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.2 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Sales Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.3 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.5 Bio-based Acrylic Acid Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.1 Bio-based Acrylic Acid Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.2 Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Drivers and Challenges
- 2 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Capacity and Production Analysis
- 2.1 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Capacity, Production and Utilization (2020-2032)
- 2.2 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Production Growth Trend by Region: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2030
- 2.3 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Production by Region
- 2.3.1 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Production by Region (2020-2025)
- 2.3.2 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Production Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 2.3.3 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Production Market Share by Region (2020-2032)
- 3 Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market PESTEL Analysis
- 3.1 Political Factors Analysis
- 3.2 Economic Factors Analysis
- 3.3 Social Factors Analysis
- 3.4 Technological Factors Analysis
- 3.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
- 3.6 Legal Factors Analysis
- 4 Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 4.1 Competitive Rivalry
- 4.2 Threat of New Entrants
- 4.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 4.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 4.5 Threat of Substitutes
- 5 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Analysis by Regions
- 5.1 Bio-based Acrylic Acid Overall Market: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 5.2 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 5.2.1 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Revenue and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 5.2.2 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Revenue and Market Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 5.3 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Sales and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 5.3.1 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Sales and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 5.3.2 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Sales and Market Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 5.4 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 6 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size by Type and Application
- 6.1 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size by Type
- 6.1.1 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.1.2 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.2 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size by Application
- 6.2.1 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 6.2.2 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 7 North America
- 7.1 North America Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 7.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 7.3 North America Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size by Type
- 7.3.1 North America Bio-based Acrylic Acid Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.3.2 North America Bio-based Acrylic Acid Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.4 North America Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size by Application
- 7.4.1 North America Bio-based Acrylic Acid Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.4.2 North America Bio-based Acrylic Acid Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.5 North America Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size by Country
- 7.5.1 US
- 7.5.2 Canada
- 8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 8.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 8.3 Europe Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size by Type
- 8.3.1 Europe Bio-based Acrylic Acid Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.3.2 Europe Bio-based Acrylic Acid Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.4 Europe Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size by Application
- 8.4.1 Europe Bio-based Acrylic Acid Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 8.4.2 Europe Bio-based Acrylic Acid Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 8.5 Europe Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size by Country
- 8.5.1 Germany
- 8.5.2 France
- 8.5.3 United Kingdom
- 8.5.4 Italy
- 8.5.5 Spain
- 8.5.6 Benelux
- 9 China
- 9.1 China Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 9.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 9.3 China Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size by Type
- 9.3.1 China Bio-based Acrylic Acid Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.3.2 China Bio-based Acrylic Acid Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.4 China Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size by Application
- 9.4.1 China Bio-based Acrylic Acid Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.4.2 China Bio-based Acrylic Acid Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 10 APAC (excl. China)
- 10.1 APAC (excl. China) Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 10.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 10.3 APAC (excl. China) Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size by Type
- 10.3.1 APAC (excl. China) Bio-based Acrylic Acid Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.3.2 APAC (excl. China) Bio-based Acrylic Acid Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.4 APAC (excl. China) Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size by Application
- 10.4.1 APAC (excl. China) Bio-based Acrylic Acid Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.4.2 APAC (excl. China) Bio-based Acrylic Acid Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.5 APAC (excl. China) Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size by Country
- 10.5.1 Japan
- 10.5.2 South Korea
- 10.5.3 India
- 10.5.4 Australia
- 10.5.5 Southeast Asia
- 11 Latin America
- 11.1 Latin America Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 11.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 1`.3 Latin America Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size by Type
- 11.3.1 Latin America Bio-based Acrylic Acid Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.3.2 Latin America Bio-based Acrylic Acid Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.4 Latin America Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size by Application
- 11.4.1 Latin America Bio-based Acrylic Acid Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.4.2 Latin America Bio-based Acrylic Acid Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.5 Latin America Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size by Country
- 11.6 Latin America Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size by Country
- 11.6.1 Mexico
- 11.6.2 Brazil
- 12 Middle East & Africa
- 12.1 Middle East & Africa Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 12.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 12.3 Middle East & Africa Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size by Type
- 12.3.1 Middle East & Africa Bio-based Acrylic Acid Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 12.3.2 Middle East & Africa Bio-based Acrylic Acid Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 12.4 Middle East & Africa Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size by Application
- 12.4.1 Middle East & Africa Bio-based Acrylic Acid Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 12.4.2 Middle East & Africa Bio-based Acrylic Acid Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 12.5 Middle East Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Size by Country
- 12.5.1 Saudi Arabia
- 12.5.2 South Africa
- 13 Competition by Manufacturers
- 13.1 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 13.1.1 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 13.1.2 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 13.1.3 Global Bio-based Acrylic Acid Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 13.2 Bio-based Acrylic Acid Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
- 13.2.1 Bio-based Acrylic Acid Competitive Landscape Analysis
- 13.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
- 13.2.3 Market Dynamic
- 14 Key Companies Analysis
- 14.1 BASF
- 14.1.1 BASF Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.1.2 BASF Bio-based Acrylic Acid Product Portfolio
- 14.1.3 BASF Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.2 DuPont
- 14.2.1 DuPont Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.2.2 DuPont Bio-based Acrylic Acid Product Portfolio
- 14.2.3 DuPont Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.3 Arkema
- 14.3.1 Arkema Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.3.2 Arkema Bio-based Acrylic Acid Product Portfolio
- 14.3.3 Arkema Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.4 LG Chem
- 14.4.1 LG Chem Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.4.2 LG Chem Bio-based Acrylic Acid Product Portfolio
- 14.4.3 LG Chem Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.5 Hexion
- 14.5.1 Hexion Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.5.2 Hexion Bio-based Acrylic Acid Product Portfolio
- 14.5.3 Hexion Bio-based Acrylic Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 15 Industry Chain Analysis
- 15.1 Bio-based Acrylic Acid Industry Chain Analysis
- 15.2 Bio-based Acrylic Acid Industry Raw Material and Suppliers Analysis
- 15.2.1 Bio-based Acrylic Acid Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
- 15.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
- 15.3 Bio-based Acrylic Acid Typical Downstream Customers
- 15.4 Bio-based Acrylic Acid Sales Channel Analysis
- 16 Research Findings and Conclusion
- 17 Methodology and Data Source
- 17.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 17.2 Research Scope
- 17.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
- 17.4 Date Source
- 17.4.1 Primary Sources
- 17.4.2 Secondary Sources
- 17.5 Data Cross Validation
- 17.6 Disclaimer
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