
Global Automotive Water Valves Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2025
Description
Research Summary
Automotive water valves are devices used in the engine cooling system of a vehicle to regulate the flow of coolant or antifreeze through the engine, heater core, and radiator. They can be controlled manually or automatically, and their primary purpose is to maintain the engine's operating temperature within a safe range to prevent overheating or freezing. These valves play a crucial role in ensuring the proper functioning of the engine cooling system and preventing damage to the engine components due to excessive heat or cold.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Automotive Water Valves market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.
The major global manufacturers of Automotive Water Valves include Mahle, Borgwarner, Qufu TEMB, Hanon Systems, Nippon Thermostat, Stant, Kirpart, Vernet, Woco Group, Fuji Seiko, Inzi, Ningbo Xingci Thermal, TAMA, Gates etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Automotive Water Valves. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Automotive Water Valves market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Automotive Water Valves market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Automotive Water Valves industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Automotive Water Valves Include:
Mahle
Borgwarner
Qufu TEMB
Hanon Systems
Nippon Thermostat
Stant
Kirpart
Vernet
Woco Group
Fuji Seiko
Inzi
Ningbo Xingci Thermal
TAMA
Gates
Automotive Water Valves Product Segment Include:
Traditional Type
Integrated Type
Electric Type
Automotive Water Valves Product Application Include:
Passenger Car
Commercial Vehicle
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global Automotive Water Valves Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Automotive Water Valves Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Automotive Water Valves Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Automotive Water Valves Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 6: North America Automotive Water Valves Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 7: Europe Automotive Water Valves Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: China Automotive Water Valves Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: APAC (Excl. China) Automotive Water Valves Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: Latin America Automotive Water Valves Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Middle East and Africa Automotive Water Valves Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Global Automotive Water Valves Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 13: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 14: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 15: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 16: Methodology and Data Sources
Automotive water valves are devices used in the engine cooling system of a vehicle to regulate the flow of coolant or antifreeze through the engine, heater core, and radiator. They can be controlled manually or automatically, and their primary purpose is to maintain the engine's operating temperature within a safe range to prevent overheating or freezing. These valves play a crucial role in ensuring the proper functioning of the engine cooling system and preventing damage to the engine components due to excessive heat or cold.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Automotive Water Valves market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.
The major global manufacturers of Automotive Water Valves include Mahle, Borgwarner, Qufu TEMB, Hanon Systems, Nippon Thermostat, Stant, Kirpart, Vernet, Woco Group, Fuji Seiko, Inzi, Ningbo Xingci Thermal, TAMA, Gates etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Automotive Water Valves. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Automotive Water Valves market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Automotive Water Valves market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Automotive Water Valves industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Automotive Water Valves Include:
Mahle
Borgwarner
Qufu TEMB
Hanon Systems
Nippon Thermostat
Stant
Kirpart
Vernet
Woco Group
Fuji Seiko
Inzi
Ningbo Xingci Thermal
TAMA
Gates
Automotive Water Valves Product Segment Include:
Traditional Type
Integrated Type
Electric Type
Automotive Water Valves Product Application Include:
Passenger Car
Commercial Vehicle
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global Automotive Water Valves Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Automotive Water Valves Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Automotive Water Valves Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Automotive Water Valves Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 6: North America Automotive Water Valves Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 7: Europe Automotive Water Valves Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: China Automotive Water Valves Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: APAC (Excl. China) Automotive Water Valves Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: Latin America Automotive Water Valves Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Middle East and Africa Automotive Water Valves Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Global Automotive Water Valves Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 13: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 14: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 15: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 16: Methodology and Data Sources
Table of Contents
170 Pages
- 1 Automotive Water Valves Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
- 1.2 Automotive Water Valves Product by Type
- 1.2.1 Traditional Type
- 1.2.2 Integrated Type
- 1.2.3 Electric Type
- 1.3 Automotive Water Valves Product by Application
- 1.3.1 Passenger Car
- 1.3.2 Commercial Vehicle
- 1.4 Global Automotive Water Valves Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
- 1.4.1 Global Automotive Water Valves Revenue Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.2 Global Automotive Water Valves Sales Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.3 Global Automotive Water Valves Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.5 Automotive Water Valves Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.1 Automotive Water Valves Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.2 Automotive Water Valves Market Drivers and Challenges
- 2 Automotive Water Valves Market PESTEL Analysis
- 2.1 Political Factors Analysis
- 2.2 Economic Factors Analysis
- 2.3 Social Factors Analysis
- 2.4 Technological Factors Analysis
- 2.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
- 2.6 Legal Factors Analysis
- 3 Automotive Water Valves Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 3.1 Competitive Rivalry
- 3.2 Threat of New Entrants
- 3.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 3.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 3.5 Threat of Substitutes
- 4 Global Automotive Water Valves Market Analysis by Regions
- 4.1 Global Automotive Water Valves Overall Market: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 4.2 Global Automotive Water Valves Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 4.2.1 Global Automotive Water Valves Revenue and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 4.2.2 Global Automotive Water Valves Revenue and Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 4.3 Global Automotive Water Valves Sales and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 4.3.1 Global Automotive Water Valves Sales and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 4.3.2 Global Automotive Water Valves Sales and Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 4.4 Global Automotive Water Valves Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 5 Global Automotive Water Valves Market Size by Type and Application
- 5.1 Global Automotive Water Valves Market Size by Type
- 5.1.1 Global Automotive Water Valves Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 5.1.2 Global Automotive Water Valves Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 5.2 Global Automotive Water Valves Market Size by Application
- 5.2.1 Global Automotive Water Valves Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 5.2.2 Global Automotive Water Valves Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 6 North America
- 6.1 North America Automotive Water Valves Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 6.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 6.3 North America Automotive Water Valves Market Size by Type
- 6.3.1 North America Automotive Water Valves Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.3.2 North America Automotive Water Valves Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.4 North America Automotive Water Valves Market Size by Application
- 6.4.1 North America Automotive Water Valves Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 6.4.2 North America Automotive Water Valves Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 6.5 North America Automotive Water Valves Market Size by Country
- 6.5.1 US
- 6.5.2 Canada
- 7 Europe
- 7.1 Europe Automotive Water Valves Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 7.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 7.3 Europe Automotive Water Valves Market Size by Type
- 7.3.1 Europe Automotive Water Valves Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.3.2 Europe Automotive Water Valves Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.4 Europe Automotive Water Valves Market Size by Application
- 7.4.1 Europe Automotive Water Valves Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.4.2 Europe Automotive Water Valves Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.5 Europe Automotive Water Valves Market Size by Country
- 7.5.1 Germany
- 7.5.2 France
- 7.5.3 United Kingdom
- 7.5.4 Italy
- 7.5.5 Spain
- 7.5.6 Benelux
- 8 China
- 8.1 China Automotive Water Valves Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 8.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 8.3 China Automotive Water Valves Market Size by Type
- 8.3.1 China Automotive Water Valves Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.3.2 China Automotive Water Valves Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.4 China Automotive Water Valves Market Size by Application
- 8.4.1 China Automotive Water Valves Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 8.4.2 China Automotive Water Valves Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 9 APAC (excl. China)
- 9.1 APAC (excl. China) Automotive Water Valves Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 9.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 9.3 APAC (excl. China) Automotive Water Valves Market Size by Type
- 9.3.1 APAC (excl. China) Automotive Water Valves Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.3.2 APAC (excl. China) Automotive Water Valves Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.4 APAC (excl. China) Automotive Water Valves Market Size by Application
- 9.4.1 APAC (excl. China) Automotive Water Valves Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.4.2 APAC (excl. China) Automotive Water Valves Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.5 APAC (excl. China) Automotive Water Valves Market Size by Country
- 9.5.1 Japan
- 9.5.2 South Korea
- 9.5.3 India
- 9.5.4 Australia
- 9.5.5 Southeast Asia
- 10 Latin America
- 10.1 Latin America Automotive Water Valves Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 10.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 10.3 Latin America Automotive Water Valves Market Size by Type
- 10.3.1 Latin America Automotive Water Valves Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.3.2 Latin America Automotive Water Valves Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.4 Latin America Automotive Water Valves Market Size by Application
- 10.4.1 Latin America Automotive Water Valves Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.4.2 Latin America Automotive Water Valves Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.5 Latin America Automotive Water Valves Market Size by Country
- 10.6 Latin America Automotive Water Valves Market Size by Country
- 10.6.1 Mexico
- 10.6.2 Brazil
- 11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Automotive Water Valves Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Automotive Water Valves Market Size by Type
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Automotive Water Valves Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Automotive Water Valves Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.4 Middle East & Africa Automotive Water Valves Market Size by Application
- 11.4.1 Middle East & Africa Automotive Water Valves Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.4.2 Middle East & Africa Automotive Water Valves Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.5 Middle East Automotive Water Valves Market Size by Country
- 11.5.1 Saudi Arabia
- 11.5.2 South Africa
- 12 Competition by Manufacturers
- 12.1 Global Automotive Water Valves Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.1 Global Automotive Water Valves Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.2 Global Automotive Water Valves Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.3 Global Automotive Water Valves Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.2 Automotive Water Valves Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
- 12.2.1 Automotive Water Valves Competitive Landscape Analysis
- 12.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
- 12.2.3 Market Dynamic
- 13 Key Companies Analysis
- 13.1 Mahle
- 13.1.1 Mahle Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.1.2 Mahle Automotive Water Valves Product Portfolio
- 13.1.3 Mahle Automotive Water Valves Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.2 Borgwarner
- 13.2.1 Borgwarner Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.2.2 Borgwarner Automotive Water Valves Product Portfolio
- 13.2.3 Borgwarner Automotive Water Valves Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.3 Qufu TEMB
- 13.3.1 Qufu TEMB Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.3.2 Qufu TEMB Automotive Water Valves Product Portfolio
- 13.3.3 Qufu TEMB Automotive Water Valves Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.4 Hanon Systems
- 13.4.1 Hanon Systems Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.4.2 Hanon Systems Automotive Water Valves Product Portfolio
- 13.4.3 Hanon Systems Automotive Water Valves Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.5 Nippon Thermostat
- 13.5.1 Nippon Thermostat Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.5.2 Nippon Thermostat Automotive Water Valves Product Portfolio
- 13.5.3 Nippon Thermostat Automotive Water Valves Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.6 Stant
- 13.6.1 Stant Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.6.2 Stant Automotive Water Valves Product Portfolio
- 13.6.3 Stant Automotive Water Valves Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.7 Kirpart
- 13.7.1 Kirpart Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.7.2 Kirpart Automotive Water Valves Product Portfolio
- 13.7.3 Kirpart Automotive Water Valves Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.8 Vernet
- 13.8.1 Vernet Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.8.2 Vernet Automotive Water Valves Product Portfolio
- 13.8.3 Vernet Automotive Water Valves Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.9 Woco Group
- 13.9.1 Woco Group Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.9.2 Woco Group Automotive Water Valves Product Portfolio
- 13.9.3 Woco Group Automotive Water Valves Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.10 Fuji Seiko
- 13.10.1 Fuji Seiko Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.10.2 Fuji Seiko Automotive Water Valves Product Portfolio
- 13.10.3 Fuji Seiko Automotive Water Valves Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.11 Inzi
- 13.11.1 Inzi Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.11.2 Inzi Automotive Water Valves Product Portfolio
- 13.11.3 Inzi Automotive Water Valves Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.12 Ningbo Xingci Thermal
- 13.12.1 Ningbo Xingci Thermal Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.12.2 Ningbo Xingci Thermal Automotive Water Valves Product Portfolio
- 13.12.3 Ningbo Xingci Thermal Automotive Water Valves Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.13 TAMA
- 13.13.1 TAMA Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.13.2 TAMA Automotive Water Valves Product Portfolio
- 13.13.3 TAMA Automotive Water Valves Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.14 Gates
- 13.14.1 Gates Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.14.2 Gates Automotive Water Valves Product Portfolio
- 13.14.3 Gates Automotive Water Valves Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14 Industry Chain Analysis
- 14.1 Automotive Water Valves Industry Chain Analysis
- 14.2 Automotive Water Valves Industry Raw Material and Suppliers Analysis
- 14.2.1 Automotive Water Valves Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
- 14.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
- 14.3 Automotive Water Valves Typical Downstream Customers
- 14.4 Automotive Water Valves Sales Channel Analysis
- 15 Research Findings and Conclusion
- 16 Methodology and Data Source
- 16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 16.2 Research Scope
- 16.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
- 16.4 Date Source
- 16.4.1 Primary Sources
- 16.4.2 Secondary Sources
- 16.5 Data Cross Validation
- 16.6 Disclaimer
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