
Global Automotive Audio Bus Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2025
Description
Research Summary
An Automotive Audio Bus (A2B) is a high-bandwidth, low-latency, digital audio bus technology developed by Analog Devices. It is specifically designed for automotive applications to distribute audio and control data over a single, lightweight, and low-cost unshielded twisted pair cable. A2B allows for the transmission of multiple audio channels, including high-fidelity and multi-channel audio, as well as control signals, between various components in a vehicle's audio system, such as head units, amplifiers, and microphones. This technology simplifies the vehicle's wiring harness, reduces weight, and enhances overall audio performance by minimizing noise and signal degradation. Additionally, A2B supports the daisy-chaining of devices, enabling flexible and scalable audio system designs that are easier to implement and maintain.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Automotive Audio Bus market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.
The major global manufacturers of Automotive Audio Bus include Analog Devices, Inc., C&M Electronic Engineering Services, RayMing PCB & Assembly, DesignTech NYC, MediaTek Singapore Pte. Ltd., Micron, ST Engineering, Siltronic AG, Aztech, GlobalFoundries, Infineon etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Automotive Audio Bus. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Automotive Audio Bus market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Automotive Audio Bus market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Automotive Audio Bus industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Automotive Audio Bus Include:
Analog Devices, Inc.
C&M Electronic Engineering Services
RayMing PCB & Assembly
DesignTech NYC
MediaTek Singapore Pte. Ltd.
Micron
ST Engineering
Siltronic AG
Aztech
GlobalFoundries
Infineon
Automotive Audio Bus Product Segment Include:
Driver
Receiver
Automotive Audio Bus Product Application Include:
Automobile
WLAN
Others
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global Automotive Audio Bus Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Automotive Audio Bus Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Automotive Audio Bus Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Automotive Audio Bus Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 6: North America Automotive Audio Bus Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 7: Europe Automotive Audio Bus Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: China Automotive Audio Bus Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: APAC (Excl. China) Automotive Audio Bus Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: Latin America Automotive Audio Bus Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Middle East and Africa Automotive Audio Bus Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Global Automotive Audio Bus Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 13: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 14: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 15: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 16: Methodology and Data Sources
An Automotive Audio Bus (A2B) is a high-bandwidth, low-latency, digital audio bus technology developed by Analog Devices. It is specifically designed for automotive applications to distribute audio and control data over a single, lightweight, and low-cost unshielded twisted pair cable. A2B allows for the transmission of multiple audio channels, including high-fidelity and multi-channel audio, as well as control signals, between various components in a vehicle's audio system, such as head units, amplifiers, and microphones. This technology simplifies the vehicle's wiring harness, reduces weight, and enhances overall audio performance by minimizing noise and signal degradation. Additionally, A2B supports the daisy-chaining of devices, enabling flexible and scalable audio system designs that are easier to implement and maintain.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Automotive Audio Bus market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.
The major global manufacturers of Automotive Audio Bus include Analog Devices, Inc., C&M Electronic Engineering Services, RayMing PCB & Assembly, DesignTech NYC, MediaTek Singapore Pte. Ltd., Micron, ST Engineering, Siltronic AG, Aztech, GlobalFoundries, Infineon etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Automotive Audio Bus. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Automotive Audio Bus market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Automotive Audio Bus market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Automotive Audio Bus industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Automotive Audio Bus Include:
Analog Devices, Inc.
C&M Electronic Engineering Services
RayMing PCB & Assembly
DesignTech NYC
MediaTek Singapore Pte. Ltd.
Micron
ST Engineering
Siltronic AG
Aztech
GlobalFoundries
Infineon
Automotive Audio Bus Product Segment Include:
Driver
Receiver
Automotive Audio Bus Product Application Include:
Automobile
WLAN
Others
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global Automotive Audio Bus Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Automotive Audio Bus Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Automotive Audio Bus Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Automotive Audio Bus Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 6: North America Automotive Audio Bus Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 7: Europe Automotive Audio Bus Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: China Automotive Audio Bus Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: APAC (Excl. China) Automotive Audio Bus Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: Latin America Automotive Audio Bus Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Middle East and Africa Automotive Audio Bus Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Global Automotive Audio Bus Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 13: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 14: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 15: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 16: Methodology and Data Sources
Table of Contents
170 Pages
- 1 Automotive Audio Bus Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
- 1.2 Automotive Audio Bus Product by Type
- 1.2.1 Driver
- 1.2.2 Receiver
- 1.3 Automotive Audio Bus Product by Application
- 1.3.1 Automobile
- 1.3.2 WLAN
- 1.3.3 Others
- 1.4 Global Automotive Audio Bus Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
- 1.4.1 Global Automotive Audio Bus Revenue Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.2 Global Automotive Audio Bus Sales Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.3 Global Automotive Audio Bus Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.5 Automotive Audio Bus Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.1 Automotive Audio Bus Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.2 Automotive Audio Bus Market Drivers and Challenges
- 2 Automotive Audio Bus Market PESTEL Analysis
- 2.1 Political Factors Analysis
- 2.2 Economic Factors Analysis
- 2.3 Social Factors Analysis
- 2.4 Technological Factors Analysis
- 2.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
- 2.6 Legal Factors Analysis
- 3 Automotive Audio Bus Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 3.1 Competitive Rivalry
- 3.2 Threat of New Entrants
- 3.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 3.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 3.5 Threat of Substitutes
- 4 Global Automotive Audio Bus Market Analysis by Regions
- 4.1 Global Automotive Audio Bus Overall Market: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 4.2 Global Automotive Audio Bus Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 4.2.1 Global Automotive Audio Bus Revenue and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 4.2.2 Global Automotive Audio Bus Revenue and Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 4.3 Global Automotive Audio Bus Sales and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 4.3.1 Global Automotive Audio Bus Sales and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 4.3.2 Global Automotive Audio Bus Sales and Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 4.4 Global Automotive Audio Bus Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 5 Global Automotive Audio Bus Market Size by Type and Application
- 5.1 Global Automotive Audio Bus Market Size by Type
- 5.1.1 Global Automotive Audio Bus Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 5.1.2 Global Automotive Audio Bus Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 5.2 Global Automotive Audio Bus Market Size by Application
- 5.2.1 Global Automotive Audio Bus Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 5.2.2 Global Automotive Audio Bus Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 6 North America
- 6.1 North America Automotive Audio Bus Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 6.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 6.3 North America Automotive Audio Bus Market Size by Type
- 6.3.1 North America Automotive Audio Bus Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.3.2 North America Automotive Audio Bus Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.4 North America Automotive Audio Bus Market Size by Application
- 6.4.1 North America Automotive Audio Bus Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 6.4.2 North America Automotive Audio Bus Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 6.5 North America Automotive Audio Bus Market Size by Country
- 6.5.1 US
- 6.5.2 Canada
- 7 Europe
- 7.1 Europe Automotive Audio Bus Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 7.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 7.3 Europe Automotive Audio Bus Market Size by Type
- 7.3.1 Europe Automotive Audio Bus Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.3.2 Europe Automotive Audio Bus Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.4 Europe Automotive Audio Bus Market Size by Application
- 7.4.1 Europe Automotive Audio Bus Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.4.2 Europe Automotive Audio Bus Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.5 Europe Automotive Audio Bus Market Size by Country
- 7.5.1 Germany
- 7.5.2 France
- 7.5.3 United Kingdom
- 7.5.4 Italy
- 7.5.5 Spain
- 7.5.6 Benelux
- 8 China
- 8.1 China Automotive Audio Bus Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 8.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 8.3 China Automotive Audio Bus Market Size by Type
- 8.3.1 China Automotive Audio Bus Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.3.2 China Automotive Audio Bus Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.4 China Automotive Audio Bus Market Size by Application
- 8.4.1 China Automotive Audio Bus Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 8.4.2 China Automotive Audio Bus Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 9 APAC (excl. China)
- 9.1 APAC (excl. China) Automotive Audio Bus Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 9.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 9.3 APAC (excl. China) Automotive Audio Bus Market Size by Type
- 9.3.1 APAC (excl. China) Automotive Audio Bus Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.3.2 APAC (excl. China) Automotive Audio Bus Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.4 APAC (excl. China) Automotive Audio Bus Market Size by Application
- 9.4.1 APAC (excl. China) Automotive Audio Bus Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.4.2 APAC (excl. China) Automotive Audio Bus Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.5 APAC (excl. China) Automotive Audio Bus Market Size by Country
- 9.5.1 Japan
- 9.5.2 South Korea
- 9.5.3 India
- 9.5.4 Australia
- 9.5.5 Southeast Asia
- 10 Latin America
- 10.1 Latin America Automotive Audio Bus Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 10.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 10.3 Latin America Automotive Audio Bus Market Size by Type
- 10.3.1 Latin America Automotive Audio Bus Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.3.2 Latin America Automotive Audio Bus Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.4 Latin America Automotive Audio Bus Market Size by Application
- 10.4.1 Latin America Automotive Audio Bus Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.4.2 Latin America Automotive Audio Bus Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.5 Latin America Automotive Audio Bus Market Size by Country
- 10.6 Latin America Automotive Audio Bus Market Size by Country
- 10.6.1 Mexico
- 10.6.2 Brazil
- 11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Automotive Audio Bus Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Automotive Audio Bus Market Size by Type
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Automotive Audio Bus Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Automotive Audio Bus Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.4 Middle East & Africa Automotive Audio Bus Market Size by Application
- 11.4.1 Middle East & Africa Automotive Audio Bus Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.4.2 Middle East & Africa Automotive Audio Bus Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.5 Middle East Automotive Audio Bus Market Size by Country
- 11.5.1 Saudi Arabia
- 11.5.2 South Africa
- 12 Competition by Manufacturers
- 12.1 Global Automotive Audio Bus Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.1 Global Automotive Audio Bus Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.2 Global Automotive Audio Bus Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.3 Global Automotive Audio Bus Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.2 Automotive Audio Bus Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
- 12.2.1 Automotive Audio Bus Competitive Landscape Analysis
- 12.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
- 12.2.3 Market Dynamic
- 13 Key Companies Analysis
- 13.1 Analog Devices, Inc.
- 13.1.1 Analog Devices, Inc. Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.1.2 Analog Devices, Inc. Automotive Audio Bus Product Portfolio
- 13.1.3 Analog Devices, Inc. Automotive Audio Bus Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.2 C&M Electronic Engineering Services
- 13.2.1 C&M Electronic Engineering Services Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.2.2 C&M Electronic Engineering Services Automotive Audio Bus Product Portfolio
- 13.2.3 C&M Electronic Engineering Services Automotive Audio Bus Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.3 RayMing PCB & Assembly
- 13.3.1 RayMing PCB & Assembly Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.3.2 RayMing PCB & Assembly Automotive Audio Bus Product Portfolio
- 13.3.3 RayMing PCB & Assembly Automotive Audio Bus Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.4 DesignTech NYC
- 13.4.1 DesignTech NYC Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.4.2 DesignTech NYC Automotive Audio Bus Product Portfolio
- 13.4.3 DesignTech NYC Automotive Audio Bus Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.5 MediaTek Singapore Pte. Ltd.
- 13.5.1 MediaTek Singapore Pte. Ltd. Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.5.2 MediaTek Singapore Pte. Ltd. Automotive Audio Bus Product Portfolio
- 13.5.3 MediaTek Singapore Pte. Ltd. Automotive Audio Bus Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.6 Micron
- 13.6.1 Micron Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.6.2 Micron Automotive Audio Bus Product Portfolio
- 13.6.3 Micron Automotive Audio Bus Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.7 ST Engineering
- 13.7.1 ST Engineering Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.7.2 ST Engineering Automotive Audio Bus Product Portfolio
- 13.7.3 ST Engineering Automotive Audio Bus Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.8 Siltronic AG
- 13.8.1 Siltronic AG Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.8.2 Siltronic AG Automotive Audio Bus Product Portfolio
- 13.8.3 Siltronic AG Automotive Audio Bus Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.9 Aztech
- 13.9.1 Aztech Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.9.2 Aztech Automotive Audio Bus Product Portfolio
- 13.9.3 Aztech Automotive Audio Bus Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.10 GlobalFoundries
- 13.10.1 GlobalFoundries Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.10.2 GlobalFoundries Automotive Audio Bus Product Portfolio
- 13.10.3 GlobalFoundries Automotive Audio Bus Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.11 Infineon
- 13.11.1 Infineon Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.11.2 Infineon Automotive Audio Bus Product Portfolio
- 13.11.3 Infineon Automotive Audio Bus Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14 Industry Chain Analysis
- 14.1 Automotive Audio Bus Industry Chain Analysis
- 14.2 Automotive Audio Bus Industry Raw Material and Suppliers Analysis
- 14.2.1 Automotive Audio Bus Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
- 14.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
- 14.3 Automotive Audio Bus Typical Downstream Customers
- 14.4 Automotive Audio Bus Sales Channel Analysis
- 15 Research Findings and Conclusion
- 16 Methodology and Data Source
- 16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 16.2 Research Scope
- 16.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
- 16.4 Date Source
- 16.4.1 Primary Sources
- 16.4.2 Secondary Sources
- 16.5 Data Cross Validation
- 16.6 Disclaimer
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