Global Autonomous Driving Policies & Regulations and Automotive Market Access Research Report, 2025-2026
Description
Research on Intelligent Driving Regulations and Market Access: New Energy Vehicle Exports Double, and Region-Specific Policies Adapt to Regulatory Requirements of Various Countries in A Refined Manner.
Currently, with the slowdown in domestic market growth, automobile exports have become a hot trend. According to data from the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM), from January to November 2025, China's total automobile exports reached 6.343 million units, a year-on-year increase of 18.7%, and is expected to hit a historic high of 7 million units for the full year, of which new energy vehicle (NEV) exports totaled 2.315 million units, a year-on-year surge of 102.9%, with NEV exports alone reaching approximately 300,000 units in November, a year-on-year increase of about 2.6 times, demonstrating robust growth momentum.
Meanwhile, Chinese automakers are accelerating overseas factory construction. For example, brands such as Geely, Changan, BYD, Xpeng, Chery, and Great Wall are deploying local production projects by way of joint venture establishment and technological cooperation with local brands. The planned production capacity of their overseas factories put into operation in 2025 alone exceeds 1.2 million units.
Therefore, analyzing global autonomous driving policies & regulations and automotive market access policies of various countries has become a key focus for major automakers and suppliers. According to policies formulated by international standardization organizations, global autonomous driving regulations mainly include basic, safety, intelligent driving function, test scenario, and other standards. In addition, there are technical standards developed by market-oriented institutions, which, although not legally binding, provide a key technical framework for communication, network, and safety required by autonomous vehicles.
Safety Standards Based on UN WP.29/ISO/SAE Standards
Global autonomous driving safety standards are divided into four categories:
The global vehicle functional safety standard system revolves around the international standard ISO 26262, and on this basis, forms a multi-level standard and regulatory framework combined with regulations of various countries. Currently, three main models are adopted globally to promote the application of regulations: ISO 26262 regulations (e.g., EU); national standards based on ISO 26262 (e.g., China); and ISO 26262 as a recommended standard (e.g., US).
The safety of the intended functionality (SOTIF) of road vehicles aims to address safety risks caused by insufficient intended functions of vehicles or limitations in implementation methods. It is mainly applicable to advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) that rely on complex sensors and algorithms for situational awareness and have significant safety impacts, such as automatic emergency braking, lane keeping assist, and adaptive cruise control, as well as L1-L5 autonomous driving functions. International standards include ISO/PAS 21448:2022 Road Vehicles - Safety of the Intended Functionality and UN R157. According to the plan of ISO/TC22/SC32/WG8 (the working group responsible for the SOTIF standard), in the future ISO 21448 will evolve around four major directions: universality, AI adaptation, technological integration, and scenario improvement.
The international regulatory system for automotive cybersecurity has formed a framework centered on UN WP.29 regulations and supported by standards such as ISO/SAE 21434. UN R155 (Cybersecurity Management System) and UN R156 (Software Update Management System) are key regulations, implemented in 54 contracting parties. China aligns with them through the GB 44495 standard but with stricter requirements. GB 44495-2024 Technical Requirements for Vehicle Cybersecurity is China's first mandatory national standard for vehicle cybersecurity, to be implemented in 2026. It requires automakers to establish a full-lifecycle cybersecurity management system and strengthen data localization and encryption requirements.
Similar to vehicle cybersecurity, the international regulatory system for automotive data security is based on key regulations formulated by UN WP.29, with countries/regions supplementing and improving according to their own regulatory needs, forming a pattern of international framework + regional adaptation. UN R155 and UN R156 are international key standards for global vehicle cybersecurity, serving as the access threshold for intelligent connected vehicles to enter the EU market. For example, Chinese automakers such as BYD and Xpeng must obtain UN R155/R156 certification to enter the EU market.
Standards and Regulations for L3/L4 Autonomous Driving Keep Improving
As a key watershed for the transfer of driving rights from humans to systems, the planning for on-road use of L3 autonomous driving (conditional driving automation) has become a core issue for the global automotive industry and regulatory authorities. Since 2025, major economies such as China, the EU, the US, and Japan have accelerated the improvement of regulations, technological implementation, and commercial pilots for L3 autonomous driving.
Globally, all countries currently promoting on-road use of autonomous vehicles focus on L3 autonomous driving, with no involvement of L4 autonomous driving systems yet; Japan and Germany are in leading positions in on-road use regulations for L3 autonomous driving and promotion; among automakers, Mercedes-Benz is the most radical in launching L3 autonomous vehicles; China's L3 autonomous driving regulations are relatively lagging, hindering on-road use of L3 autonomous vehicles.
In addition, there is no fully unified international law for L3 autonomous driving globally. However, relevant regulations formulated under the leadership of the UN World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (UN/WP.29) have become the basic framework adopted and coordinated by major global automotive markets, such as the Framework on Automated/Autonomous and Connected Vehicles, UN Regulation No. 157 (UN R157) - Automated Lane Keeping Systems (ALKS), and UN Regulation No. 155 (UN R155) - Cyber Security and Cyber Security Management System.
In China, the implementation of L3 autonomous driving achieved a milestone breakthrough at the end of 2025, with two L3 production models approved for on-road use. BAIC Arcfox αS (L3 version) and Changan Deepal SL03 will pilot on-road use on designated highways and expressways in Beijing and Chongqing respectively, marking the entry of L3 autonomous driving into the stage of regulatory implementation → pilot promotion → commercial exploration.
In 2026, it is planned to realize large-scale commercialization of L3 autonomous driving, focusing on promoting vehicle-road-cloud integration (roadside units + vehicle perception + cloud computing), reducing the system's reliance on single-vehicle intelligence, and improving adaptability to complex scenarios. Currently, there is no dedicated national law on autonomous driving, but ministerial regulations, local legislation, and access pilots have provided legal space for limited commercial exploration of L3 autonomous driving, with restrictions mainly reflected in strict scenario constraints and liability definition.
In addition, global L4 autonomous driving is still in the stage of fixed-road testing and operation. There are global regulations defining L4 autonomous driving, and regional countries have issued their own guiding regulations, but the implementation rules and standards have not yet formed a system, and are formulated with typical functions as test priorities.
US L4 autonomous driving regulations present a two-tier system of federal framework leadership + state-level differentiated implementation. At the federal level, policy guidelines clarify basic principles, while at the state level, specific rules are formulated according to local needs.
China's L4 autonomous driving regulatory system has formed a two-tier structure of national top-level design + local pilot exploration, covering core links such as access management, on-road use, safety assurance, and liability determination. It aims to balance technological innovation and safety regulations, promote the transition of L4 autonomous driving from testing to large-scale application. It is in a leading position globally.
With Region-Specific Policies for Refined Adaptation, Global Automotive Market Access Regulations Focus on Environmental Protection and Safety
The main automotive market access management models globally are divided into the self-certification represented by the US and the type approval system represented by the EU, Japan, etc.
The US adopts a combination of self-certification and strict post-supervision, with parallel management of automotive product access divided into two parts: safety and environmental protection:
In terms of safety, it is managed by the US Department of Transportation’s National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (DOT/NHTSA), implementing DOT certification, which is a complete enterprise self-certification model. The government does not conduct pre-approval but implements strict post-supervision and random inspections.
In terms of environmental protection, it is managed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) with EPA certification, which is in the form of government approval but incorporates a large number of self-certification elements.
In addition, California has independent CARB certification with stricter emission standards than federal regulations. The core feature of this model is that enterprises are fully responsible for their own products, and the government conducts tough post-supervision through a strict product recall system.
During Trump's two terms, US automotive industry regulations and policies have gradually strengthened the US local production friendly system. Meanwhile, NEV incentives have been terminated early, California's ban on fuel-powered vehicles has been revoked, and NEVs have been excluded from the CAFE fuel consumption evaluation system, with industrial policies shifting rapidly towards pragmatism and stability.
The EU, Japan, South Korea, and most ASEAN countries generally adopt a mandatory type approval system, where vehicles must be tested by government-designated or authorized technical service institutions and approved by government authorities before sale.
•EU: The core is the Whole Vehicle Type Approval (WVTA), requiring vehicles to meet approximately 60 EU directives or regulations covering safety, environmental protection, energy efficiency, etc. After passing, they can circulate in all EU member states. Its management system also includes component E-mark certification, strict REACH regulations (chemical management), new battery regulations (requiring carbon footprint statements, battery passports, etc.), and End-of-Life Vehicle (ELV) directives.
Japan: After October 2022, Japan officially passed an act to achieve mutual recognition of some items with EU certification. This means that the Japan's previous mandatory requirement for safety, emission, fuel consumption, and noise tests in Japan's whole vehicle type testing to be conducted by institutions designated by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) is no longer mandatory, and instead can be replaced by EU-certified E-mark certification.
South Korea: It basically adopts the US model and experience, managing the safety and environmental protection of automotive products separately. Different government departments formulate and implement corresponding technical regulatory systems in accordance with legal authorizations, and conduct product certification and approval for automotive products according to technical regulations. In terms of safety, automotive products must comply with the Korean Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (KMVSS), and some components also need to pass mandatory KC certification.
ASEAN countries: There are significant differences in systems among countries. Thailand implements a dual-track system where UN ECE standards and Thai Industrial Standards Institute (TISI) run in parallel; Malaysia, Indonesia and Vietnam among others mainly adopt the Whole Vehicle Type Approval (VTA) system based on ECE regulations or national standards.
Please Note: PDF E-mail from Publisher purchase option allows up to 10 users and does not allow printing or editing. This functionality will require a Global Site License.
Currently, with the slowdown in domestic market growth, automobile exports have become a hot trend. According to data from the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM), from January to November 2025, China's total automobile exports reached 6.343 million units, a year-on-year increase of 18.7%, and is expected to hit a historic high of 7 million units for the full year, of which new energy vehicle (NEV) exports totaled 2.315 million units, a year-on-year surge of 102.9%, with NEV exports alone reaching approximately 300,000 units in November, a year-on-year increase of about 2.6 times, demonstrating robust growth momentum.
Meanwhile, Chinese automakers are accelerating overseas factory construction. For example, brands such as Geely, Changan, BYD, Xpeng, Chery, and Great Wall are deploying local production projects by way of joint venture establishment and technological cooperation with local brands. The planned production capacity of their overseas factories put into operation in 2025 alone exceeds 1.2 million units.
Therefore, analyzing global autonomous driving policies & regulations and automotive market access policies of various countries has become a key focus for major automakers and suppliers. According to policies formulated by international standardization organizations, global autonomous driving regulations mainly include basic, safety, intelligent driving function, test scenario, and other standards. In addition, there are technical standards developed by market-oriented institutions, which, although not legally binding, provide a key technical framework for communication, network, and safety required by autonomous vehicles.
Safety Standards Based on UN WP.29/ISO/SAE Standards
Global autonomous driving safety standards are divided into four categories:
The global vehicle functional safety standard system revolves around the international standard ISO 26262, and on this basis, forms a multi-level standard and regulatory framework combined with regulations of various countries. Currently, three main models are adopted globally to promote the application of regulations: ISO 26262 regulations (e.g., EU); national standards based on ISO 26262 (e.g., China); and ISO 26262 as a recommended standard (e.g., US).
The safety of the intended functionality (SOTIF) of road vehicles aims to address safety risks caused by insufficient intended functions of vehicles or limitations in implementation methods. It is mainly applicable to advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) that rely on complex sensors and algorithms for situational awareness and have significant safety impacts, such as automatic emergency braking, lane keeping assist, and adaptive cruise control, as well as L1-L5 autonomous driving functions. International standards include ISO/PAS 21448:2022 Road Vehicles - Safety of the Intended Functionality and UN R157. According to the plan of ISO/TC22/SC32/WG8 (the working group responsible for the SOTIF standard), in the future ISO 21448 will evolve around four major directions: universality, AI adaptation, technological integration, and scenario improvement.
The international regulatory system for automotive cybersecurity has formed a framework centered on UN WP.29 regulations and supported by standards such as ISO/SAE 21434. UN R155 (Cybersecurity Management System) and UN R156 (Software Update Management System) are key regulations, implemented in 54 contracting parties. China aligns with them through the GB 44495 standard but with stricter requirements. GB 44495-2024 Technical Requirements for Vehicle Cybersecurity is China's first mandatory national standard for vehicle cybersecurity, to be implemented in 2026. It requires automakers to establish a full-lifecycle cybersecurity management system and strengthen data localization and encryption requirements.
Similar to vehicle cybersecurity, the international regulatory system for automotive data security is based on key regulations formulated by UN WP.29, with countries/regions supplementing and improving according to their own regulatory needs, forming a pattern of international framework + regional adaptation. UN R155 and UN R156 are international key standards for global vehicle cybersecurity, serving as the access threshold for intelligent connected vehicles to enter the EU market. For example, Chinese automakers such as BYD and Xpeng must obtain UN R155/R156 certification to enter the EU market.
Standards and Regulations for L3/L4 Autonomous Driving Keep Improving
As a key watershed for the transfer of driving rights from humans to systems, the planning for on-road use of L3 autonomous driving (conditional driving automation) has become a core issue for the global automotive industry and regulatory authorities. Since 2025, major economies such as China, the EU, the US, and Japan have accelerated the improvement of regulations, technological implementation, and commercial pilots for L3 autonomous driving.
Globally, all countries currently promoting on-road use of autonomous vehicles focus on L3 autonomous driving, with no involvement of L4 autonomous driving systems yet; Japan and Germany are in leading positions in on-road use regulations for L3 autonomous driving and promotion; among automakers, Mercedes-Benz is the most radical in launching L3 autonomous vehicles; China's L3 autonomous driving regulations are relatively lagging, hindering on-road use of L3 autonomous vehicles.
In addition, there is no fully unified international law for L3 autonomous driving globally. However, relevant regulations formulated under the leadership of the UN World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (UN/WP.29) have become the basic framework adopted and coordinated by major global automotive markets, such as the Framework on Automated/Autonomous and Connected Vehicles, UN Regulation No. 157 (UN R157) - Automated Lane Keeping Systems (ALKS), and UN Regulation No. 155 (UN R155) - Cyber Security and Cyber Security Management System.
In China, the implementation of L3 autonomous driving achieved a milestone breakthrough at the end of 2025, with two L3 production models approved for on-road use. BAIC Arcfox αS (L3 version) and Changan Deepal SL03 will pilot on-road use on designated highways and expressways in Beijing and Chongqing respectively, marking the entry of L3 autonomous driving into the stage of regulatory implementation → pilot promotion → commercial exploration.
In 2026, it is planned to realize large-scale commercialization of L3 autonomous driving, focusing on promoting vehicle-road-cloud integration (roadside units + vehicle perception + cloud computing), reducing the system's reliance on single-vehicle intelligence, and improving adaptability to complex scenarios. Currently, there is no dedicated national law on autonomous driving, but ministerial regulations, local legislation, and access pilots have provided legal space for limited commercial exploration of L3 autonomous driving, with restrictions mainly reflected in strict scenario constraints and liability definition.
In addition, global L4 autonomous driving is still in the stage of fixed-road testing and operation. There are global regulations defining L4 autonomous driving, and regional countries have issued their own guiding regulations, but the implementation rules and standards have not yet formed a system, and are formulated with typical functions as test priorities.
US L4 autonomous driving regulations present a two-tier system of federal framework leadership + state-level differentiated implementation. At the federal level, policy guidelines clarify basic principles, while at the state level, specific rules are formulated according to local needs.
China's L4 autonomous driving regulatory system has formed a two-tier structure of national top-level design + local pilot exploration, covering core links such as access management, on-road use, safety assurance, and liability determination. It aims to balance technological innovation and safety regulations, promote the transition of L4 autonomous driving from testing to large-scale application. It is in a leading position globally.
With Region-Specific Policies for Refined Adaptation, Global Automotive Market Access Regulations Focus on Environmental Protection and Safety
The main automotive market access management models globally are divided into the self-certification represented by the US and the type approval system represented by the EU, Japan, etc.
The US adopts a combination of self-certification and strict post-supervision, with parallel management of automotive product access divided into two parts: safety and environmental protection:
In terms of safety, it is managed by the US Department of Transportation’s National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (DOT/NHTSA), implementing DOT certification, which is a complete enterprise self-certification model. The government does not conduct pre-approval but implements strict post-supervision and random inspections.
In terms of environmental protection, it is managed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) with EPA certification, which is in the form of government approval but incorporates a large number of self-certification elements.
In addition, California has independent CARB certification with stricter emission standards than federal regulations. The core feature of this model is that enterprises are fully responsible for their own products, and the government conducts tough post-supervision through a strict product recall system.
During Trump's two terms, US automotive industry regulations and policies have gradually strengthened the US local production friendly system. Meanwhile, NEV incentives have been terminated early, California's ban on fuel-powered vehicles has been revoked, and NEVs have been excluded from the CAFE fuel consumption evaluation system, with industrial policies shifting rapidly towards pragmatism and stability.
The EU, Japan, South Korea, and most ASEAN countries generally adopt a mandatory type approval system, where vehicles must be tested by government-designated or authorized technical service institutions and approved by government authorities before sale.
•EU: The core is the Whole Vehicle Type Approval (WVTA), requiring vehicles to meet approximately 60 EU directives or regulations covering safety, environmental protection, energy efficiency, etc. After passing, they can circulate in all EU member states. Its management system also includes component E-mark certification, strict REACH regulations (chemical management), new battery regulations (requiring carbon footprint statements, battery passports, etc.), and End-of-Life Vehicle (ELV) directives.
Japan: After October 2022, Japan officially passed an act to achieve mutual recognition of some items with EU certification. This means that the Japan's previous mandatory requirement for safety, emission, fuel consumption, and noise tests in Japan's whole vehicle type testing to be conducted by institutions designated by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) is no longer mandatory, and instead can be replaced by EU-certified E-mark certification.
South Korea: It basically adopts the US model and experience, managing the safety and environmental protection of automotive products separately. Different government departments formulate and implement corresponding technical regulatory systems in accordance with legal authorizations, and conduct product certification and approval for automotive products according to technical regulations. In terms of safety, automotive products must comply with the Korean Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (KMVSS), and some components also need to pass mandatory KC certification.
ASEAN countries: There are significant differences in systems among countries. Thailand implements a dual-track system where UN ECE standards and Thai Industrial Standards Institute (TISI) run in parallel; Malaysia, Indonesia and Vietnam among others mainly adopt the Whole Vehicle Type Approval (VTA) system based on ECE regulations or national standards.
Please Note: PDF E-mail from Publisher purchase option allows up to 10 users and does not allow printing or editing. This functionality will require a Global Site License.
Table of Contents
750 Pages
- 1 Global/China Autonomous Driving Organizations/Institutions and Major Regulations
- 1.1 Summary of Global Autonomous Driving Standardization and Market Access Regulations
- Summary of Major Global Autonomous Driving Regulations (1)
- Summary of Major Global Autonomous Driving Regulations (2)
- Summary of Major Global Autonomous Driving Regulations: Basic and Safety Standards (1)
- Summary of Major Global Autonomous Driving Regulations: Basic and Safety Standards (2)
- Summary of Major Global Autonomous Driving Regulations: Specific Autonomous Driving Function Standards
- Summary of Major Global Autonomous Driving Regulations: Autonomous Driving Test Scenarios and Other Standards
- Summary of Technical Standards of Global Autonomous Driving Industry
- Summary of Global/Chinese Autonomous Driving Safety Standards
- Europe - Summary of Automotive Market Access Regulations (1)
- Europe - Summary of Automotive Market Access Regulations (2)
- East Asia/Southeast Asia - Summary of Automotive Market Access Regulations (1)
- East Asia/Southeast Asia - Summary of Automotive Market Access Regulations (2)
- Central Asia/Middle East/South Asia - Summary of Automotive Market Access Regulations (1)
- Central Asia/Middle East/South Asia - Summary of Automotive Market Access Regulations (2)
- North America/South America - Summary of Automotive Market Access Regulations (1)
- North America/South America - Summary of Automotive Market Access Regulations (2)
- Other Regions - Summary of Automotive Market Access Regulations
- 1.2 Global Autonomous Driving Regulatory Bodies and Major Regulations
- List of Global Autonomous Driving Regulatory Bodies and Major Regulations (1)
- List of Global Autonomous Driving Regulatory Bodies and Major Regulations (2)
- List of Global Autonomous Driving Regulatory Bodies and Major Regulations (3)
- List of Global Autonomous Driving Regulatory Bodies and Major Regulations (4)
- ISO - Summary and Trends of Core Autonomous Driving Regulations (1)
- ISO - Summary and Trends of Core Autonomous Driving Regulations (2)
- UNECE WP.29 - Summary and Trends of Core Autonomous Driving Regulations (1)
- UNECE WP.29 - Summary and Trends of Core Autonomous Driving Regulations (2)
- SAE - Summary and Trends of Core Autonomous Driving Regulations
- IEC - Summary and Trends of Core Autonomous Driving Regulations
- ITU - Summary and Trends of Core Autonomous Driving Regulations
- UL - Summary and Trends of Core Autonomous Driving Regulations
- AEC - Summary and Trends of Core Autonomous Driving Regulations
- 1.3 Global Autonomous Driving Certification Bodies and Certification Regulations
- EU (EN) - Summary of Autonomous Driving Certification Regulations
- EU (EN) - Autonomous Driving Certification Regulations
- EU (EN) - Autonomous Driving Certification Regulations: Coverage of Areas
- ETSI - Autonomous Driving Certification Regulations
- ANSI - Autonomous Driving Certification Regulations
- 5GAA - Autonomous Driving Certification Regulations
- 1.4 Automotive Safety Evaluation and Certification System
- Distribution of Major Global NCAPs
- List of Major Global NCAPs (1)
- List of Major Global NCAPs (2)
- List of Major Global NCAPs (3)
- 1.5 Chinese Autonomous Driving Technology Going Global
- Differences in Driving Behavior of Autonomous Driving Users Worldwide
- Global Road Condition Challenges: Taking Differences in European Roads as an Example (1)
- Global Road Condition Challenges: Taking Differences in European Roads as an Example (2)
- Global Road Condition Challenges: Corner Cases in European Lane Micro-Scenarios (1)
- Global Road Condition Challenges: Corner Cases in European Lane Micro-Scenarios (2)
- Supplier Certification/Overseas Layout (1)
- Supplier Certification/Overseas Layout (2)
- Supplier Certification/Overseas Layout (3)
- Supplier Certification/Overseas Layout (4)
- 1.6 International Certification Management
- Global Autonomous Driving Technology Certification Regulations
- Automotive Function Certification Process
- Automotive Function Testing Institutions (1)
- Automotive Function Testing Institutions (2)
- Testing Capabilities of CAERI
- 1.7 Artificial Intelligence Regulations
- Summary of Artificial Intelligence Laws in Major Countries Worldwide (1)
- .........
- Summary of Artificial Intelligence Laws in Major Countries Worldwide (5)
- US - Ensuring a National Policy Framework for Artificial Intelligence
- EU - Cloud and AI Development Act (1)
- EU - Cloud and AI Development Act (2)
- China's Artificial Intelligence Regulatory System - Top-Level Design (1)
- China's Artificial Intelligence Regulatory System - Top-Level Design (2)
- China's Artificial Intelligence Regulatory System - Artificial Intelligence+ Action Opinions
- China's Artificial Intelligence Regulatory System - Artificial Intelligence + Transportation
- China's Artificial Intelligence Regulatory System - Artificial Intelligence + Transportation: Market Progress
- China's Artificial Intelligence Regulatory System - National Standards (1)
- China's Artificial Intelligence Regulatory System - National Standards (2)
- China's Artificial Intelligence Regulatory System - National Standards: Core Standards of Foundation Model Security
- 1.8 Automotive Carbon Emissions/Carbon Footprint
- Summary of Global Regulations (1)
- Summary of Global Regulations (2)
- Summary of Global Regulations (3)
- Summary of Global Regulations (4)
- EU Battery Regulation (1)
- EU Battery Regulation (2)
- EU Battery Regulation (3)
- China's Automotive Carbon Footprint Regulatory System
- Distribution of Carbon Trading Platforms in China
- Chinese Carbon Trading Platforms - Carbon Exchanges/Trading Products/Trading Rules
- 1.9 Regulations on the Export of Used Cars from China
- Regulations
- Guidelines on Matters Related to the Application for Export Licenses for Used Cars and Modified Vehicles (Enterprise Version) (1)
- Guidelines on Matters Related to the Application for Export Licenses for Used Cars and Modified Vehicles (Enterprise Version) (2)
- Announcement on Matters Related to the Export of Used Cars
- Application Process for Used Car Export in China
- 1.10 Data on the Export of New Energy Vehicles from China
- Export Volume of New Energy Vehicles from China
- Export Volume of New Energy Passenger Cars from China Far Exceeds That of Other Models
- Strong Export Growth of PHEVs from China, 2023-2025
- Distribution of China's New Energy Vehicle Export Destinations
- Characteristics of China's Vehicle Exports
- Distribution of China's New Energy Vehicle Export Destinations and Export Value
- 2 Global/China L2-L4 Autonomous Driving Development Planning and Major Regulations
- 2.1 Global L3/L4 Autonomous Driving Planning
- Legal On-Road Use Planning
- Major International Regulations
- Guidance Documents by Country
- L3+ International Regulations (Current)
- L3+ Regulations Planned
- 2.2 L2 Autonomous Driving
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (1)
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (2)
- Development Trends of Global DCAS Regulations
- Changes in Core Technical Requirements of Global DCAS
- Global Certification Logic and Market Access
- 02 Series of Amendments to UN Regulation No. 171
- DCAS Was Officially Necessary for Access to EU
- Global DCAS Certification Requirements
- Materials Required for Global DCAS Type Approval
- Testing and Verification of Global DCAS Type Approval
- Global UN R171 DCAS Certification
- Global VS. China
- China's Mandatory National Standards and Regulations (1)
- China's Mandatory National Standards and Regulations (2)
- China's Mandatory National Standards and Regulations (3)
- Summary of Chinese Standards (1)
- Summary of Chinese Standards (2)
- 2.3 L3 Autonomous driving
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (1)
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (5)
- Global - On-Road Use Planning Timetable
- Global - Accident Liability Determination (1)
- Global - Accident Liability Determination (2)
- Global - Framework Document for Automated/Autonomous Vehicles Establishes Core Safety Requirements and Key Principles for L3 and Higher Automated/Autonomous Vehicles
- Global - Framework Document for Automated/Autonomous Vehicles: Working Principles
- UN Regulation No. 157 - Automated Lane Keeping Systems (ALKS)
- UN Regulation No. 157: Main Test Items
- UN Regulation No. 157: System Security and Fail-Safe Response Technical Requirements
- UN Regulation No. 157: Requirements for Human-Machine Interface and Operator Information Technology
- UN Regulation No. 157: Technical Requirements for Data Storage, Cybersecurity and OTA
- 01 Series of Amendments to UN Regulation No. 157 - Automated Lane Keeping Systems (ALKS) (1)
- 01 Series of Amendments to UN Regulation No. 157 - Automated Lane Keeping Systems (ALKS) (2)
- Road Test Application and Operation Regulatory Framework in China
- List of China's Autonomous Driving Regulations
- Production Vehicle Models in China
- Autonomous Driving Planning of Chinese OEMs
- China’s Guidelines for Safe Transportation Services of Autonomous Vehicles (Trial)
- China’s Notice on Piloting Market Access and On-Road Use of Intelligent Connected Vehicles (1)
- China’s Notice on Piloting Market Access and On-Road Use of Intelligent Connected Vehicles (2)
- 2.4 L4 Autonomous Driving
- Summary of Global Regulations (1)
- Summary of Global Regulations (2)
- Summary of Global Regulations (6)
- Core of US L4 Autonomous Driving Regulations
- China's L4 Autonomous Driving Industry Competition in 2026
- China's L4 Autonomous Driving Development History and Future Trends
- China's L4 Autonomous Driving Regulatory System
- China’s Administrative Measures for Road Testing and Demonstration Application of Autonomous Vehicles (Revised in 2025)
- 2.5 Summary of China's Autonomous Driving Technical Standards
- Summary of China's Automotive Information Perception and Fusion Standards
- Summary of L2 Autonomous Driving System Standards (1)
- Summary of L2 Autonomous Driving System Standards (2)
- Summary of L3/L4 Autonomous Driving System Standards
- Summary of Automotive Connectivity Functions and Software Standards
- 2.6 Forecast for Autonomous Driving Penetration Rate in Chinese Passenger Cars
- Forecast for China's Passenger Car Sales Volume and Autonomous Driving Penetration Rate
- Forecast for Autonomous Driving Penetration Rate in Chinese Passenger Cars (Detailed)
- 3 Global/Chinese Major Autonomous Driving Products and Technical Regulation Layout
- 3.1 Autonomous Driving Classification and Definition
- Global VS. China
- Autonomous Driving Classification and Popularization Timetable
- Summary of Definition, Classification, and Coding Regulations Worldwide
- SAE’s Autonomous Driving Classification Regulations
- ISO’s Autonomous Driving Terminology/Definition
- Summary of Definition, Classification, and Coding Regulations in China
- China’s National Standard for Autonomous Driving Classification
- China’s National Standard for Autonomous Driving Terminology and Definition
- China’s National Standard for Autonomous Driving System Design and Operation Conditions
- China’s National Standard for Intelligent Connected Vehicle Marks
- 3.2 Road Vehicle Functional Safety
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations
- Automotive Functional Safety + Artificial Intelligence
- Global Development Trends
- Changes in Global Core Technical Requirements
- Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL)
- ASIL for Different Automotive Functional Hardware Worldwide
- Safety Lifecycle
- List of Chinese Standards
- China's Multi-Standard Correlation
- Chinese Standards VS. Global Standards
- Chinese Chip Functional Safety Regulations (1)
- Chinese Chip Functional Safety Regulations (2)
- Chinese Chip Functional Safety Regulations (3)
- China’s Review and Assessment Methods
- China’s ASIL Determination Methods
- 3.3 SOTIF of Road Vehicles
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations
- Global Development Trends
- Changes in Global Core Technical Requirements
- International SOTIF Standards (1)
- International SOTIF Standards (2)
- International SOTIF Standards (5)
- List of Chinese Standards
- Chinese SOTIF Standards
- 3.4 Automotive Cybersecurity
- Global Regulations/Standard Systems
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (1)
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (2)
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (3)
- ISO/SAE 21434:2021 Road Vehicles - Cybersecurity Engineering
- UN R155 VS. ISO 21434
- UN/WP.29 R155
- UN/WP.29 R155: Compliance
- UN/WP.29 R155: Cyber Security Management System (CSMS)
- UN/WP.29 R155: Vehicle Type Approval (VTA) (1)
- UN/WP.29 R155: Vehicle Type Approval (VTA) (2)
- UN/WP.29 R155: Review
- UN/WP.29 R155: Latest Development and Regional Expansion in 2026
- UN/WP.29 R156
- UN/WP.29 R156: Certification Process Diagram
- UN/WP.29 R156: Vehicle Software Upgrade
- UN/WP.29 R156: SUMS (1)
- UN/WP.29 R156: SUMS (2)
- UN/WP.29 R156: Draft Amendments to the EU Vehicle Framework Regulations
- UN/WP.29 R156: Review
- Summary of Global/Chinese Standards (1)
- Summary of Global/Chinese Standards (2)
- ISO/SAE 21434:2021 - Road Vehicles - Cybersecurity Engineering
- ISO/SAE 21434:2021: Cybersecurity Framework
- ISO/SAE 21434:2021: Cybersecurity Threats
- ISO/SAE 21434:2021: Cybersecurity Process Management (1)
- ISO/SAE 21434:2021: Cybersecurity Process Management (2)
- ISO/TR 4804:2020
- ISO/TR 4804:2020: 12 Top-Level Security Principles
- ISO/TR 4804:2020: Autonomous Driving Capabilities
- ISO/TR 4804:2020: Minimal Risk Condition (MRC) and Minimal Risk Manoeuvre (MRM)
- ISO/TR 4804:2020: General Logical Architecture
- List of Chinese Standards
- Chinese Vehicle Information Security Service Organizations
- China's GB 444 Series Mandatory National Standards for Automotive Data Security
- China's GB 44495-2024 Technical Requirements for Vehicle Information Security: Overall Structure and Coverage
- China's GB 44495-2024 Technical Requirements for Vehicle Information Security: Information Security System Requirements
- China's GB 44495-2024 Technical Requirements for Vehicle Information Security: Basic/Technical Requirements
- China's GB 44496-2024 General Technical Requirements for Automotive Software Upgrades: Scope of Application
- China's GB 44496-2024 General Technical Requirements for Automotive Software Upgrades: Standard Framework
- China's GB 44496-2024 General Technical Requirements for Automotive Software Upgrades: Testing Procedure
- China's GB/T 46194-2025 Road Vehicle Information Security Engineering
- China's GB/T 44774-2024 Automotive Information Security Emergency Response Management Specification
- China's GB/T 40861-2021 General Technical Requirements for Automotive Information Security
- China's GB/T GB/T 40856-2021 Information Security Technical Requirements and Test Methods for Automotive Information Interaction Systems
- China's GB/T 40855-2021 Information Security Technical Requirements and Test Methods for Electric Vehicle Remote Service and Management Systems
- China's GB/T 40857-2021 Information Security Technical Requirements and Test Methods for Automotive Gateways
- China's GB/T 41578-2022 Information Security Technical Requirements and Test Methods for Electric Vehicle Charging Systems
- China's GB/T 44778-2024 Technical Requirements and Test Methods for Information Security of Automotive Diagnostic Interfaces
- Chinese Cybersecurity + Artificial Intelligence
- 3.5 Automotive Data Security
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (1)
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (2)
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (3)
- EU VS. US
- Core Points of Global Data Anonymization
- Core Points of Global Cross-Border Data Transmission (1)
- Core Points of Global Cross-Border Data Transmission (2)
- Global Mid-to-High-Level Autonomous Driving Data Export Compliance and Closed Loop
- Main Types of Data in China's Automotive Industry
- China's Data Security Regulatory Framework
- Summary of China's Data Security Regulations
- Definition and Classification of Automotive Data in China
- Upgrades to China's Provisions on Automotive Data Security Management (Revised) in 2025
- China's Provisions on Automotive Data Security Management (Trial) (1)
- China's Provisions on Automotive Data Security Management (Trial) (2)
- List of Chinese Standards
- China's Basic Requirements for Spatiotemporal Data Security Processing of Intelligent Connected Vehicles
- China's GB/T 44464-2024 General Requirements for Automotive Data
- China's GB/T 44497-2024 Autonomous Driving Data Recording Systems of Intelligent Connected Vehicles (1)
- China's GB/T 44497-2024 Autonomous Driving Data Recording Systems of Intelligent Connected Vehicles (2)
- China's Notification on the Testing Results of Five Safety Requirements for Vehicle Data Processing
- China's Key Requirements for Information Storage (1)
- China's Key Requirements for Information Storage (2)
- 3.6 Regulations on Automotive Data Export
- Transborder Data Flows - International Background
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (1)
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (2)
- EU Data Export Regulations
- US Data Export Regulations
- China Data Export Regulations
- 3.7 Automotive HMI/Perception Assessment
- Chinese Regulations
- GB/T 45314-2025 Performance Requirements and Test Methods for Hands-free Calling and Voice Interaction of Road Vehicles
- Test Equipment for Perception Function Assessment of Intelligent Connected Vehicles
- 3.8 Automotive Navigation Maps
- Development Features
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (1)
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (2)
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (3)
- China's Regulations on Surveying/Mapping and Basemaps for Autonomous Vehicles (1)
- China's Regulations on Surveying/Mapping and Basemaps for Autonomous Vehicles (2)
- China's National Standards for Maps and Positioning
- China's Security Requirements for Surveying and Mapping
- China's National Geographic Information Standards System
- China's Development Plan for Autonomous Vehicle Basemaps 2030
- China's Autonomous Vehicle Basemap System
- China's Autonomous Vehicle Basemap Standard System (Updated) (1)
- China's Autonomous Vehicle Basemap Standard System (Updated) (2)
- China's Autonomous Vehicle Basemap Standard System (Updated) (3)
- China's Autonomous Vehicle Basemap Surveying/Mapping Qualification Application and Approval
- China's Autonomous Vehicle Basemap Cooperation with Qualified Units
- China's Autonomous Vehicle Basemap Qualification Approval Cases
- 3.9 Chinese HD Maps
- Summary of Regulations (1)
- Summary of Regulations (2)
- National Regulations: Advanced Autonomous Driving Maps
- National Regulations: Incremental Updates of Autonomous Driving Maps (1)
- National Regulations: Incremental Updates of Autonomous Driving Maps (2)
- National Guiding Documents + Local Management Measures (1)
- National Guiding Documents + Local Management Measures (2)
- Shifting Focus to L4 and Above Autonomous Driving
- Advanced Autonomous Driving Map Qualification Permit
- 3.10 AEB System (AEBS)
- Global Regulatory Layout
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (1)
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (5)
- 3.11 Lane Keeping Assist (LKA)
- System Composition
- Global Regulatory Layout
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (1)
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (2)
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (6)
- 3.12 Automotive Steering System
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations
- UN Regulation No. 79
- Overall Development Trends of Chinese Regulations
- Changes in the Trends of Basic Regulations in China
- China's Compulsory National Standard GB17675-2025 (1)
- China's Compulsory National Standard GB17675-2025 (2)
- China's GB/T 45829-2025 (1): Safety Requirements
- China's GB/T 45829-2025 (2): Test Methods
- 3.13 Rear Collision Warning (RCW)
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (1)
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (2)
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (3)
- GB 20072-2024 Rear Collision Safety Requirements for Passenger Cars
- 3.14 Side Collision
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (1)
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (2)
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (3)
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (4)
- GB 20071-2025 Occupant Protection in Side Collision of Vehicles
- GB 20071-2025 VS. UN R95 VS. C-NCAP 2021 (1)
- GB 20071-2025 VS. UN R95 VS. C-NCAP 2021 (2)
- GB 20071-2025 VS. UN R95 VS. C-NCAP 2021 (3)
- 3.15 Driver Attention Monitoring System (DAMS)
- Summary of Global Regulations
- Chinese Regulations
- EU Regulations
- 3.16 Advanced Driver Distraction Warning (ADDW)
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (1)
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (2)
- Mandatory Regulations/Standards (1)
- Mandatory Regulations/Standards (2)
- 3.17 Door Opening Warning (DOW)
- China Promotes Global Regulations
- 3.18 Blind Spot Detection (BSD)
- Architecture composition
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (1)
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (2)
- Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (3)
- 3.19 Vehicle-Road-Cloud Integration
- Evolution of Global Communication Standards: Global Shift to C-V2X Is a Foregone Conclusion
- Summary of China's Programmatic Policies
- China's Five Ministries and Commissions Promote the Pilot Application of Vehicle-road-cloud Integration” of Intelligent Connected Vehicles
- Summary of Chinese Local Policies (1)
- Summary of Chinese Local Policies (2)
- Summary of Chinese Local Policies (3)
- Summary of Chinese Local Policies (4)
- Zhejiang Province’s Intelligent Connected Vehicle Industry Development Action Plan (2025-2027)
- Jinan's Pilot Construction Plan for Vehicle-Road-Cloud Integration in the Starting Area of New and Old Kinetic Energy Conversion
- Beijing Releases First Batch of Local Standards for Vehicle-Road-Cloud Integration
- 4 European Autonomous Driving Regulations and Automotive Market Access
- 4.1 Europe - Automobiles/New Energy Vehicles/Vehicle-to-Charging-Pile Ratio
- Total Automobile Sales Volume
- New Car Registrations by Country
- EU Automobile Import
- Vehicle-to-Charging-Pile Ratio
- EU Charging Infrastructure
- Charging Infrastructure (AC/DC)
- Share of Battery-Electric Vehicles and Availability of Charging Piles
- 4.2 Automobile Production Bases
- Automobile Production in Countries
- Automobile Production Base Layout
- Layout of Chinese Enterprises
- Production Bases of Chinese Enterprises (Vehicle Manufacturing)
- Production Bases of Chinese Enterprises (Batteries) (1)
- Production Bases of Chinese Enterprises (Batteries) (2)
- 4.3 Major Automotive Regulations
- Summary of Major Automotive Regulations (1)
- Summary of Major Automotive Regulations (2)
- Summary of Major Automotive Regulations (3)
- Evolution of Emission Regulations
- Euro 7 Emission Regulations
- EU Vehicle Type Approval Regulations
- Revisions to EU Vehicle Type Approval Regulations
- Main Revisions to New EU Vehicle Type Approval Regulations
- 4.4 Autonomous Driving Regulations
- List of Regulations in Major Countries
- Autonomous Driving Framework Regulations
- Autonomous Driving Management Models
- Autonomous Driving Policy Institutes
- Unified CCAM Platform for Autonomous Driving
- Evaluation Dimensions of Euro NCAP
- Star Rating Standards of Euro NCAP
- New Requirements of “Euro NCAP 2026”
- Intelligent Connected Vehicle Roadmap (1)
- Intelligent Connected Vehicle Roadmap (2)
- Autonomous Driving Data Security Regulations
- EU Autonomous Driving Technical Certification Regulations
- List of Mandatory Regulations for Autonomous Driving Technology (1)
- List of Mandatory Regulations for Autonomous Driving Technology (2)
- List of Mandatory Regulations for Autonomous Driving Technology (3)
- List of Mandatory Regulations for Autonomous Driving Technology (5)
- ELKS, LDWS
- European Union (EU) Regulation 2024/2689
- General Safety Regulation (GSR)
- General Safety Regulation (GSR): ADAS
- General Safety Regulation (GSR): List
- General Safety Regulation (GSR): Revised Draft
- 4.5 Germany
- Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
- Autonomous Driving Regulations (1)
- Autonomous Driving Regulations (2)
- Autonomous Driving Access Certification Regulations
- Autonomous Driving Legislative System
- Autonomous Driving Legislation
- Ethical Guidelines for Autonomous Driving
- L4 Autonomous Driving Regulations
- Special Regulations on Autonomous Driving Licensing And Operation Supervision
- 4.6 France
- Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
- Autonomous Driving Access Certification Regulations
- AVEthics
- New Energy Vehicle/Charging Station Planning
- 4.7 Hungary
- Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
- Autonomous Driving Access Certification Regulations
- Company Registration Process
- Autonomous Driving Framework Regulations
- Autonomous Driving Data Security
- Autonomous Driving Data Collection, Processing and Storage
- 5G and Communication for Autonomous Driving
- ZalaZONE
- 4.8 Spain
- Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
- ES-AV Program
- Autonomous Driving
- Automotive Development
- 4.9 United Kingdom
- Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
- Automotive Market Analysis
- DRIVE35
- GB Type Approval
- Autonomous Driving Regulatory Framework
- Automated Vehicles Act 2024
- Automated Vehicles and Sanctions Systems
- Autonomous Driving Roadmap 2025-2030
- Legal Framework for Autonomous Vehicles
- Wayve
- Autonomous Vehicle Testing Projects (1)
- Autonomous Vehicle Testing Projects (2)
- Autonomous Vehicle Testing Projects (3)
- Italy - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
- Netherlands - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
- Belgium - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
- Luxembourg - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
- Denmark - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
- Ireland - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
- Greece - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
- Portugal - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
- Austria - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
- Finland - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
- Sweden - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
- Poland - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
- Czech Republic - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
- Slovakia - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
- Estonia - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
- Latvia - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
- Lithuania - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
- Slovenia - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
- Cyprus - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving Summary of information related to driving
- Malta - Summary of information related to new energy vehicles and autonomous driving
- Romania - Summary of information related to new energy vehicles and autonomous driving
- Bulgaria - Summary of information related to new energy vehicles and autonomous driving
- Croatia - Summary of information related to new energy vehicles and autonomous driving
- 5 Automotive Market in and Access to East Asia/Southeast Asia
- 5.1 Japan
- Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
- Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
- New Energy Vehicle Subsidy/Access Regulations
- Detailed Rules for Vehicle Access Regulations (1)
- Detailed Rules for Vehicle Access Regulations (4)
- Autonomous Driving Regulatory Framework
- Main Autonomous Driving Regulations and Organizations
- Main Autonomous Driving Institutions and Organizations
- Status Quo of Autonomous Driving Testing
- Autonomous Driving Demonstration Test Projects
- Development and Direction of Autonomous Driving Application Fields
- Technical Progress of Autonomous Driving
- Provisions of the Road Traffic Act on Autonomous Driving
- Action Report and Policy on Realizing Autonomous Driving (Version 4.0)
- Action Plan for Realizing and Popularizing Autonomous Driving (Version 5.0)
- Driving Environment Classification for Autonomous Vehicles
- Autonomous Vehicle Service Classification
- Vehicle Import Routes
- 5.2 South Korea
- Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
- L3/L4 Autonomous Driving Promotion Regulations
- Latest Requirements for Automotive Cybersecurity and Software Upgrades
- South Korea VS Global Automotive Cybersecurity/Software Update Regulations
- L3 Autonomous Driving Standards
- New Energy Vehicle Subsidy Policy in 2025 (1)
- New Energy Vehicle Subsidy Policy in 2025 (2)
- New Energy Vehicle Subsidy Policy in 2025 (3)
- New Energy Vehicle Subsidy Policy in 2025
- L3/L4 Autonomous Driving Planning
- Automotive Certification System
- Automotive Certification: Safety Projects
- Automotive Certification: Environmental Protection Projects
- Autonomous Driving Regulatory Agencies
- Automotive Development and Regulations in Southeast Asia
Pricing
Currency Rates
Questions or Comments?
Our team has the ability to search within reports to verify it suits your needs. We can also help maximize your budget by finding sections of reports you can purchase.