The Global Industrial Decarbonization Market 2026-2036

Publisher Future Markets, Inc.

Published Oct 01, 2025

Length 2232 Pages

SKU # FTMK20476972

Description

The industrial sector accounts for approximately 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions, making industrial decarbonization one of the most critical challenges in achieving net-zero targets. This comprehensive 2,200+ page market intelligence report provides an exhaustive analysis of technologies, markets, and strategic opportunities driving the transformation of heavy industry toward carbon neutrality. The Global Industrial Decarbonization Market 2026-2036 examines eight interconnected pillars of industrial decarbonization, delivering actionable insights across green steel production, hydrogen economy infrastructure, carbon capture and storage systems, industrial heat electrification, process electrification technologies, circular economy solutions, environmental remediation technologies, and green building materials. Each sector analysis includes detailed technology assessments, market forecasts through 2036, competitive landscape mapping, and profiles of 1,300+ leading companies pioneering low-carbon industrial solutions.

Green steel manufacturing represents a pivotal transformation, with this report analyzing hydrogen-based direct reduction, electrolysis-based production, carbon capture integration, and renewable energy-powered processes. Detailed cost analyses, production capacity forecasts, and end-use market assessments across automotive, construction, and manufacturing sectors provide investors and industry stakeholders with critical decision-making intelligence.

The hydrogen economy section delivers comprehensive coverage of production technologies including alkaline, PEM, solid oxide, and anion exchange membrane electrolyzers, with granular cost projections and efficiency comparisons. Market forecasts extend across ammonia production, steel manufacturing, sustainable aviation fuels, maritime applications, and power generation, supported by analysis of 145 hydrogen technology companies and over 50 major production projects globally.

Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) receives exhaustive treatment with 500+ pages analyzing point-source capture, direct air capture, and carbon dioxide removal technologies. The report examines 250+ operational and planned CCUS facilities, evaluating capture technologies from chemical absorption and membrane separation to emerging solutions like metal-organic frameworks and electrochemical systems. Detailed cost projections through 2046 and carbon credit market analysis provide essential context for CCUS investment decisions.

Industrial heat decarbonization technologies are analyzed across electric heating systems (resistance, induction, microwave, and plasma), high-temperature heat pumps, biomass solutions, and emerging technologies including concentrated solar thermal and geothermal systems. Temperature-based market segmentation and application-specific analyses across chemical, metal processing, and materials manufacturing sectors enable targeted technology deployment strategies.

The circular economy section provides comprehensive coverage of advanced recycling technologies including pyrolysis, gasification, dissolution, and depolymerization, alongside critical materials recovery from electronic waste, batteries, and industrial byproducts. Market forecasts for 18 critical materials through 2040, combined with extraction and recovery technology assessments, address supply chain resilience for the energy transition.

Environmental technologies covering water treatment, air quality management, and soil remediation are analyzed alongside digital environmental solutions leveraging IoT, AI, and machine learning for optimization and monitoring. Green building technologies complete the analysis with detailed market forecasts for sustainable construction materials, advanced insulation systems, smart windows, modular construction, and 3D printing applications.

Each technology chapter includes SWOT analyses, technology readiness level assessments, competitive landscape mapping, and detailed company profiles with technology descriptions, production capacities, and strategic partnerships. Market forecasts are segmented by technology type, application sector, and geographic region, with particular attention to policy drivers, carbon pricing mechanisms, and regulatory frameworks shaping market development.

This report serves as an essential resource for industrial corporations developing decarbonization roadmaps, technology developers seeking market opportunities, investors evaluating clean technology portfolios, policymakers designing industrial transition strategies, and financial institutions assessing climate risk and opportunity in industrial sectors. The comprehensive analysis of technology costs, performance metrics, and deployment timelines enables evidence-based strategic planning for the industrial transformation required to meet global climate commitments.

Report Contents include:
Green Steel Production Technologies
Current steelmaking processes and decarbonization pathways
Hydrogen-based direct reduced iron (H-DRI) production systems
Electrolysis and molten oxide technologies
Carbon capture integration for blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace routes
Renewable energy integration and grid requirements
Biochar, hydrogen blast furnaces, and flash ironmaking
Advanced materials including composite electrodes and hydrogen storage metals
Production capacity forecasts 2020-2036 by technology and region
End-use market analysis: automotive, construction, machinery, rail, packaging, electronics
Competitive landscape with 46 company profiles
Cost analysis and economic competitiveness projections

Green Hydrogen Production and Utilization
Hydrogen classification systems and color coding
Electrolyzer technologies: alkaline, PEM, solid oxide, anion exchange membrane
Cost structures and levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) analysis
Balance of plant requirements and system integration
Production volume and market revenue projections 2024-2036
Hydrogen storage and transportation infrastructure
Application markets: fuel cells, sustainable aviation fuel, ammonia, methanol, steel, power generation, maritime
eFuels and power-to-X technologies
Green ammonia and methanol production pathways
145 company profiles across production, storage, and utilization
Regional market analysis and policy frameworks

Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage
Point-source capture from power, cement, steel, and chemical industries
Post-combustion, pre-combustion, and oxy-fuel combustion technologies
Solvent-based systems: amines, physical solvents, and emerging alternatives
Solid sorbent technologies including MOFs and zeolites
Membrane separation systems
Direct air capture: solid and liquid sorbent technologies
CO- utilization in fuels, chemicals, construction materials, and enhanced oil recovery
Carbon dioxide removal: BECCS, mineralization, enhanced weathering, biochar
Ocean-based CDR methods
Carbon credit markets and pricing mechanisms
Capture capacity forecasts to 2046 by technology, source, and region
370+ company profiles
Cost projections and economic analysis

Industrial Heat Decarbonization
Electric heating: resistance, induction, microwave, and plasma systems
High-temperature industrial heat pumps
Biomass combustion and gasification technologies
Solar thermal and geothermal solutions
Thermal energy storage systems
Application analysis: chemical, food processing, paper, glass, ceramics, metals, cement
Temperature-based market segmentation
Cost competitiveness and carbon abatement analysis
Grid integration requirements
39 company profiles
Market forecasts and technology deployment roadmaps

Electrification of Industrial Processes
Grid integration and smart grid technologies
Energy storage: battery, thermal, and hybrid systems
Renewable energy integration strategies
Electric process heating technologies
Electrochemical processes and advanced electrolysis
Electric motors and variable frequency drives
Digital twin and AI/ML optimization
Applications across chemical, metal, food, and mining sectors
126 company profiles
Technology maturity and market readiness assessment

Circular Economy and Advanced Recycling
AI-powered sorting and detection technologies
Advanced recycling: pyrolysis, gasification, dissolution, depolymerization
Chemical recycling of plastics and thermosets
Carbon fiber recycling technologies
Critical materials recovery from batteries, electronics, and industrial waste
Extraction technologies: hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical, biometallurgy
Recovery methods: solvent extraction, ion exchange, electrowinning
Market forecasts 2025-2040 by material type and recovery source
18 critical materials analysis: lithium, cobalt, nickel, rare earths, copper, graphite
277 company profiles
Regional market breakdown and supply chain analysis
Environmental Technologies
Advanced membrane systems for water treatment
Advanced oxidation processes
Biological treatment and bioremediation
Air quality management and emission control
Soil and groundwater remediation
Environmental IoT and sensor networks
AI-driven monitoring and optimization
Novel materials: nanomaterials, bio-based solutions, smart materials
93 company profiles
Market forecasts 2026-2036 by technology segment

Green Building Technologies
Sustainable construction materials: low-carbon concrete, bio-based materials, recycled content
Advanced insulation: aerogels, vacuum insulation, bio-based systemsSmart windows and electrochromic glazing
Modular construction and prefabrication
3D printing and additive manufacturing
Building energy systems and heat pumps
CCUS integration in cement production
Alternative fuels for cement kilns
Kiln electrification technologies
Market forecasts 2020-2036 by material type, technology, and region
172 company profiles
Residential, commercial, and infrastructure market analysis

The report features comprehensive profiles of 150 leading companies driving industrial decarbonization across all technology sectors, including: 1414 Degrees, 374Water, 8 Rivers, ABB, ABIS Aerogel Co., AccuRec Recycling GmbH, ACE Green Recycling, Aclarity, Active Aerogels, Adaptavate, Adani Green Energy, Advanced Ionics, Aduro Clean Technologies, Aemetis, Aerogel Technologies LLC, AeroShield Materials Inc., Agilyx, Air Company, Air Liquide S.A., Air Products, Aker Horizons ASA, Alchemr, Algoma Steel, Allonnia, Alterra Energy, Altilium, Ambercycle, American Battery Technology Company (ABTC), Andritz, Anellotech, Antora Energy, Aperam BioEnergia, APK AG, Applied Carbon, Aquacycl, Aquafil S.p.A., Aquatech International, AquaBattery, Arborea, ArcelorMittal SA, Arkema, Armacell International S.A., Arvia Technology, Asahi Kasei, Ascend Elements, Aspen Aerogels, AspiraDAC Pty Ltd., Atmonia, Avantium, Axens SA, Baker Hughes, BASF, Battolyser Systems, Betolar, BHP, Biomason, Blastr Green Steel, Bloom Energy, Blue Planet Systems Corporation, Boomitra, Borealis AG, Boston Metal, Botree Cycling, Braven Environmental, Brenmiller Energy, Brightmark, Brimstone, C-Capture, Cambridge Carbon Capture Ltd., Cambridge Electric Cement, Caplyzer, Captura Corporation, CarbiCrete, Carbios, Carboliq GmbH, Carbon8 Systems, CarbonBuilt, CarbonCure Technologies Inc., Carbon Engineering Ltd., Carbon Recycling International, Carbon Upcycling Technologies, Carbyon BV, Cassandra Oil AB, CATL, Ceibo, Ceres Power Holdings plc, CGDG, Charm Industrial, Chart Industries, Cheetah Resources, Chevron Corporation, Chevron Phillips Chemical, China Baowu Steel Group, Chiyoda Corporation, Cipher Neutron, CIRC, Cirba Solutions, Circunomics, Clariter, Clean Planet Energy, Climeworks, CMBlu Energy, C-Motive Technologies, Cognite, Coolbrook, Coval Energy B.V., Covestro AG, CreaCycle GmbH, Cummins, CuRe Technology BV, Cyclic Materials, Cylib, C-Zero, Daikin, Dalian Rongke Power, Danfoss, Deep Branch Biotechnology, DeepTech Recycling, DePoly SA, Dimensional Energy, Dioxide Materials, Dioxycle, Domsjö Fabriker AB, Dow Chemicals, Dowa Eco-System Co., Drax, DuPont, Dynelectro ApS, Eastman Chemical Company, Ebb Carbon, Econic Technologies Ltd, Ecopek S.A., EcoPro, Eion Carbon, Elcogen AS, Electra, Electra Battery Materials Corporation, Electric Hydrogen, Electrified Thermal Solutions, Electron Energy Corporation, Elogen H2, Emirates Steel Arken, Enapter and many more......

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: 1.1 Market Overview and Scope; 1.2 Green Steel; 1.3 Green Hydrogen; 1.4 Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage; 1.5 Industrial Heat Decarbonization; 1.6 Electrification of Industrial Processes; 1.7 Circular Economy Solutions: Closing Material Loops Through Advanced Recycling; 1.8 Environmental Technologies: Enabling Clean Industrial Operations; 1.9 Green Building Technologies: Decarbonizing Construction Materials and Processes; 1.10 Market Drivers and Future Outlook
2 GREEN STEEL: 2.1 Current Steelmaking processes; 2.2 "Double carbon" (carbon peak and carbon neutrality) goals and ultra-low emissions requirements; 2.3 What is green steel?; 2.3.1 Properties; 2.3.2 Advances in clean production technologies; 2.4 Decarbonization of steel; 2.4.1 CO₂ Reduction Technologies; 2.4.2 Decarbonization target and policies; 2.4.2.1 EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM); 2.5 Production technologies; 2.5.1 The role of hydrogen; 2.5.2 Comparative analysis; 2.5.3 Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI); 2.5.4 Electrolysis; 2.5.5 Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS); 2.5.5.1 Overview; 2.5.5.2 BF-BOF (Blast Furnace-Basic Oxygen Furnace); 2.5.5.3 Selection of carbon capture technology; 2.5.5.4 Pre-Combustion Carbon Capture for Ironmaking; 2.5.5.5 Gas Recycling and Oxyfuel Combustion; 2.5.5.6 Sorption Enhanced Water Gas Shift (SEWGS); 2.5.5.7 Amine-Based Post-Combustion CO₂ Absorption; 2.5.5.8 Carbon Capture for Natural Gas-Based DRI; 2.5.5.9 CO₂ Storage; 2.5.5.10 CO₂ Transportation; 2.5.5.11 CO₂ Utilization for Steel; 2.5.5.12 Carbon Capture Costs; 2.5.5.13 Carbon Credit and Carbon Offsetting; 2.5.6 Biochar replacing coke; 2.5.7 Hydrogen Blast Furnace; 2.5.8 Renewable energy powered processes; 2.5.9 Flash ironmaking; 2.5.10 Hydrogen Plasma Iron Ore Reduction; 2.5.11 Ferrous Bioprocessing; 2.5.12 Microwave Processing; 2.5.13 Additive Manufacturing; 2.5.14 Technology readiness level (TRL); 2.6 Advanced materials in green steel; 2.6.1 Composite electrodes; 2.6.2 Solid oxide materials; 2.6.3 Hydrogen storage metals; 2.6.4 Carbon composite steels; 2.6.5 Coatings and membranes; 2.6.6 Sustainable binders; 2.6.7 Iron ore catalysts; 2.6.8 Carbon capture materials; 2.6.9 Waste gas utilization; 2.7 Advantages and disadvantages of green steel; 2.8 Markets and applications; 2.9 Energy Savings and Cost Reduction in Steel Production; 2.10 Digitalization; 2.11 Biomass Steel Production and Sustainable Green Steel Production Chain; 2.12 The Global Market for Green Steel; 2.12.1 Global steel production; 2.12.1.1 Steel prices; 2.12.1.2 Green steel prices; 2.12.2 Green steel plants and production, current and planned; 2.12.3 Market map; 2.12.4 SWOT analysis; 2.12.5 Market trends and opportunities; 2.12.6 Market growth drivers; 2.12.7 Market challenges; 2.12.8 End-use industries; 2.12.8.1 Automotive; 2.12.8.1.1 Market overview; 2.12.8.1.2 Applications; 2.12.8.2 Construction; 2.12.8.2.1 Market overview; 2.12.8.2.2 Applications; 2.12.8.3 Consumer appliances; 2.12.8.3.1 Market overview; 2.12.8.3.2 Applications; 2.12.8.4 Machinery; 2.12.8.4.1 Market overview; 2.12.8.4.2 Applications; 2.12.8.5 Rail; 2.12.8.5.1 Market overview; 2.12.8.5.2 Applications; 2.12.8.6 Packaging; 2.12.8.6.1 Market overview; 2.12.8.6.2 Applications; 2.12.8.7 Electronics; 2.12.8.7.1 Market overview; 2.12.8.7.2 Applications; 2.13 Global Production and Demand; 2.13.1 Production Capacity 2020-2035; 2.13.2 Production vs. Demand 2020-2036; 2.13.3 Revenues 2020-2036; 2.13.3.1 By end-use industry; 2.13.3.2 By region; 2.13.3.2.1 North America; 2.13.3.2.2 Europe; 2.13.3.2.3 China; 2.13.3.2.4 Asia-Pacific (excl. China); 2.13.3.2.5 Middle East & Africa; 2.13.3.2.6 South America; 2.13.4 Competitive landscape; 2.13.5 Future market outlook; 2.13.5.1 Technology Evolution; 2.13.5.2 Economic Competitiveness; 2.13.5.3 Market Structure; 2.13.5.4 Supply Chain Transformation; 2.13.5.5 Policy and Regulation; 2.13.5.6 Investment Requirements and Returns; 2.13.5.7 Customer Adoption; 2.13.5.8 Risks and Uncertainties; 2.13.5.9 Social and Environmental Implications; 2.14 Company profiles 209 (46 company profiles)
3 GREEN HYDROGEN: 3.1 Hydrogen classification; 3.1.1 Hydrogen colour shades; 3.2 Global energy demand and consumption; 3.3 The hydrogen economy and production; 3.4 Removing CO₂ emissions from hydrogen production; 3.5 The Economics of Green Hydrogen; 3.5.1 Cost Gaps and Market Imperatives; 3.5.2 Hard-to-Abate Sectors; 3.5.3 Steel Production; 3.5.4 Ammonia Production; 3.5.5 Chemical Industry and Refining; 3.5.6 Current Electrolyzer Technologies; 3.5.6.1 Alkaline Water Electrolyzers: Mature but Constrained; 3.5.6.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers: Higher Performance, Higher Cost; 3.5.6.3 Solid Oxide Electrolyzers: High Efficiency, High Risk; 3.5.6.4 Next-Generation Technologies; 3.5.6.4.1 Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers: Bridging the Gap; 3.5.6.4.2 Novel Approaches: Beyond Conventional Electrolysis; 3.5.7 The Path Forward: Economics and Implementation; 3.6 Hydrogen value chain; 3.6.1 Production; 3.6.2 Transport and storage; 3.6.3 Utilization; 3.7 National hydrogen initiatives, policy and regulation; 3.8 Hydrogen certification; 3.9 Carbon pricing; 3.10 Market challenges; 3.11 Market map; 3.12 Global hydrogen production; 3.12.1 Industrial applications; 3.12.2 Hydrogen energy; 3.12.2.1 Stationary use; 3.12.2.2 Hydrogen for mobility; 3.12.3 Current Annual H2 Production; 3.12.4 Hydrogen production processes; 3.12.4.1 Hydrogen as by-product; 3.12.4.2 Reforming; 3.12.4.2.1 SMR wet method; 3.12.4.2.2 Oxidation of petroleum fractions; 3.12.4.2.3 Coal gasification; 3.12.4.3 Reforming or coal gasification with CO2 capture and storage; 3.12.4.4 Steam reforming of biomethane; 3.12.4.5 Water electrolysis; 3.12.4.6 The "Power-to-Gas" concept; 3.12.4.7 Fuel cell stack; 3.12.4.8 Electrolysers; 3.12.4.9 Other; 3.12.4.9.1 Plasma technologies; 3.12.4.9.2 Photosynthesis; 3.12.4.9.3 Bacterial or biological processes; 3.12.4.9.4 Oxidation (biomimicry); 3.12.5 Production costs; 3.13 Global hydrogen demand forecasts; 3.13.1 Market Revenue Projections (2024-2036); 3.13.2 Production Volume Forecast (2024-2036); 3.13.3 Demand by Sector (2024, 2030, 2036).; 3.13.4 Regional Market Breakdown; 3.13.5 Electrolyzer Market; 3.14 Green Hydorgen Production; 3.14.1 Overview; 3.14.2 Green hydrogen projects; 3.14.3 Motivation for use; 3.14.4 Decarbonization; 3.14.5 Comparative analysis; 3.14.6 Role in energy transition; 3.14.7 Renewable energy sources; 3.14.7.1 Wind power; 3.14.7.2 Solar Power; 3.14.7.3 Nuclear; 3.14.7.4 Capacities; 3.14.7.5 Costs; 3.14.8 SWOT analysis; 3.15 Electrolyzer Technologies; 3.15.1 Introduction; 3.15.2 Main types; 3.15.3 Balance of Plant; 3.15.4 Characteristics; 3.15.5 Advantages and disadvantages; 3.15.6 Electrolyzer market; 3.15.6.1 Market trends; 3.15.6.2 Market landscape; 3.15.6.3 Innovations; 3.15.6.4 Cost challenges; 3.15.6.5 Scale-up; 3.15.6.6 Manufacturing challenges; 3.15.6.7 Market opportunity and outlook; 3.15.7 Alkaline water electrolyzers (AWE); 3.15.7.1 Technology description; 3.15.7.2 AWE plant; 3.15.7.3 Components and materials; 3.15.7.4 Costs; 3.15.7.4.1 Current Cost Structure (2024-2025); 3.15.7.4.2 Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) from AWE; 3.15.7.5 Companies; 3.15.8 Anion exchange membrane electrolyzers (AEMEL); 3.15.8.1 Technology description; 3.15.8.2 AEMEL plant; 3.15.8.3 Components and materials; 3.15.8.3.1 Catalysts; 3.15.8.3.2 Anion exchange membranes (AEMs); 3.15.8.3.3 Materials; 3.15.8.4 Costs; 3.15.8.4.1 Current Cost Structure (2024-2025); 3.15.8.4.2 Performance and Cost Positioning; 3.15.8.4.3 Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) from AMEL; 3.15.8.4.4 Cost Reduction Pathways; 3.15.8.5 Companies; 3.15.9 Proton exchange membrane electrolyzers (PEMEL); 3.15.9.1 Technology description; 3.15.9.2 PEMEL plant; 3.15.9.3 Components and materials; 3.15.9.3.1 Membranes; 3.15.9.3.2 Advanced PEMEL stack designs; 3.15.9.3.3 Plug-and-Play & Customizable PEMEL Systems; 3.15.9.3.4 PEMELs and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs); 3.15.9.4 Costs; 3.15.9.4.1 Current Cost Structure (2024-2025); 3.15.9.4.2 Cost Reduction Pathways (2024-2050); 3.15.9.5 Companies; 3.15.10 Solid oxide water electrolyzers (SOEC); 3.15.10.1 Technology description; 3.15.10.2 SOEC plant; 3.15.10.3 Components and materials; 3.15.10.3.1 External process heat; 3.15.10.3.2 Clean Syngas Production; 3.15.10.3.3 Nuclear power; 3.15.10.3.4 SOEC and SOFC cells; 3.15.10.3.4.1 Tubular cells; 3.15.10.3.4.2 Planar cells; 3.15.10.3.5 SOEC Electrolyte; 3.15.10.4 Costs; 3.15.10.4.1 Current Cost Structure (2024-2025); 3.15.10.4.2 Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) from SOEC; 3.15.10.5 Companies; 3.15.11 Other types; 3.15.11.1 Overview; 3.15.11.2 CO₂ electrolysis; 3.15.11.2.1 Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction; 3.15.11.2.2 Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction Catalysts; 3.15.11.2.3 Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction Technologies; 3.15.11.2.4 Low-Temperature Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction; 3.15.11.2.5 High-Temperature Solid Oxide Electrolyzers; 3.15.11.2.6 Cost; 3.15.11.2.7 Challenges; 3.15.11.2.8 Coupling H₂ and Electrochemical CO₂; 3.15.11.2.9 Products; 3.15.11.3 Seawater electrolysis; 3.15.11.3.1 Direct Seawater vs Brine (Chlor-Alkali) Electrolysis; 3.15.11.3.2 Key Challenges & Limitations; 3.15.11.4 Protonic Ceramic Electrolyzers (PCE); 3.15.11.5 Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MEC); 3.15.11.6 Photoelectrochemical Cells (PEC); 3.15.11.7 Companies; 3.15.12 Costs; 3.15.13 Water and land use for green hydrogen production; 3.16 Hydrogen Storage and Transportation; 3.16.1 Market overview; 3.16.2 Hydrogen transport methods; 3.16.2.1 Pipeline transportation; 3.16.2.2 Road or rail transport; 3.16.2.3 Maritime transportation; 3.16.2.4 On-board-vehicle transport; 3.16.3 Hydrogen compression, liquefaction, storage; 3.16.3.1 Solid storage; 3.16.3.2 Liquid storage on support; 3.16.3.3 Underground storage; 3.16.3.4 Subsea Hydrogen Storage; 3.16.4 Market players; 3.17 Hydrogen Utilization; 3.17.1 Hydrogen Fuel Cells; 3.17.1.1 PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs); 3.17.1.2 Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs); 3.17.1.3 Alternative fuel cells; 3.17.2 Alternative fuel production; 3.17.2.1 Solid Biofuels; 3.17.2.2 Liquid Biofuels; 3.17.2.3 Gaseous Biofuels; 3.17.2.4 Conventional Biofuels; 3.17.2.5 Advanced Biofuels; 3.17.2.6 Feedstocks; 3.17.2.7 Production of biodiesel and other biofuels; 3.17.2.8 Renewable diesel; 3.17.2.9 Biojet and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF); 3.17.2.10 Electrofuels (E-fuels, power-to-gas/liquids/fuels); 3.17.2.10.1 Hydrogen electrolysis; 3.17.2.10.2 eFuel production facilities, current and planned; 3.17.3 Hydrogen Vehicles; 3.17.3.1 Market overview; 3.17.4 Aviation; 3.17.4.1 Market overview; 3.17.5 Ammonia production; 3.17.5.1 Market overview; 3.17.5.2 Decarbonisation of ammonia production; 3.17.5.3 Green ammonia synthesis methods; 3.17.5.3.1 Haber-Bosch process; 3.17.5.3.2 Biological nitrogen fixation; 3.17.5.3.3 Electrochemical production; 3.17.5.3.4 Chemical looping processes; 3.17.5.4 Green Ammonia Production Costs; 3.17.5.5 Blue ammonia; 3.17.5.5.1 Blue ammonia projects; 3.17.5.6 Chemical energy storage; 3.17.5.6.1 Ammonia fuel cells; 3.17.5.6.2 Marine fuel; 3.17.6 Methanol production; 3.17.6.1 Market overview; 3.17.6.2 Methanol-to gasoline technology; 3.17.6.2.1 Production processes; 3.17.6.2.1.1 Anaerobic digestion; 3.17.6.2.1.2 Biomass gasification; 3.17.6.2.1.3 Power to Methane; 3.17.7 Steelmaking; 3.17.7.1 Market overview; 3.17.7.2 Comparative analysis; 3.17.7.3 Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI); 3.17.8 Power & heat generation; 3.17.8.1 Market overview; 3.17.8.1.1 Power generation; 3.17.8.1.2 Heat Generation; 3.17.9 Maritime; 3.17.9.1 Market overview; 3.17.10 Fuel cell trains; 3.17.10.1 Market overview; 3.18 Company Profiles 416 (145 company profiles)
4 CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE: 4.1 Main sources of carbon dioxide emissions; 4.2 CO2 as a commodity; 4.3 Meeting climate targets; 4.4 Market drivers and trends; 4.5 The current market and future outlook; 4.6 CCUS investments; 4.6.1 Venture Capital Funding; 4.6.1.1 2010-2024; 4.6.1.2 CCUS VC deals 2022-2025; 4.7 Government CCUS initiatives and policy environment; 4.7.1 North America; 4.7.2 Europe; 4.7.3 Asia; 4.7.3.1 Japan; 4.7.3.2 Singapore; 4.7.3.3 China; 4.8 Market map; 4.9 Commercial CCUS facilities and projects; 4.9.1 Facilities; 4.9.1.1 Operational; 4.9.1.2 Under development/construction; 4.10 Economics of CCUS projects; 4.10.1 CAPEX Reduction Strategies; 4.10.2 OPEX Reduction Approaches; 4.10.3 Emerging Technology Solutions; 4.11 CCUS Value Chain; 4.12 Key market barriers for CCUS; 4.13 CCUS and the energy trilemma; 4.14 Growth markets for CUS; 4.15 Carbon pricing; 4.15.1 Compliance Carbon Pricing Mechanisms; 4.15.2 Alternative to Carbon Pricing: 45Q Tax Credits; 4.15.3 Business models; 4.15.3.1 Full chain; 4.15.3.2 Networks and hub model; 4.15.3.3 Partial-chain; 4.15.3.4 Carbon dioxide utilization business model; 4.15.4 The European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS); 4.15.5 Carbon Pricing in the US; 4.15.6 Carbon Pricing in China; 4.15.7 Voluntary Carbon Markets; 4.15.8 Challenges with Carbon Pricing; 4.16 Global market forecasts; 4.16.1 CCUS capture capacity forecast by end point; 4.16.2 Capture capacity by region to 2046, Mtpa; 4.16.3 Revenues; 4.16.4 CCUS capacity forecast by capture type; 4.16.5 Cost projections 2025-2046; 4.16.6 Carbon Capture; 4.16.6.1 Source Characterization; 4.16.6.2 Purification; 4.16.6.3 CO2 capture technologies; 4.16.7 Carbon Utilization; 4.16.7.1 CO2 utilization pathways; 4.16.8 Carbon storage; 4.16.8.1 Passive storage; 4.16.8.2 Enhanced oil recovery; 4.17 Transporting CO2; 4.17.1 Methods of CO2 transport; 4.17.1.1 Pipeline; 4.17.1.2 Ship; 4.17.1.3 Road; 4.17.1.4 Rail; 4.17.2 Safety; 4.18 Costs; 4.18.1 Cost of CO2 transport; 4.19 Carbon credits; 4.20 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of CCUS Technologies; 4.21 Environmental Impact Assessment; 4.22 Social acceptance and public perception; 4.23 Fate of CO2; 4.24 Carbon Dioxide Capture; 4.24.1 Historical CO2 capture; 4.24.2 CO₂ capture technologies; 4.24.3 Maturity of technologies; 4.24.4 Technology selection; 4.24.5 Capture Percentages; 4.24.5.1 >90% capture rate; 4.24.5.2 99% capture rate; 4.24.6 CO2 capture agent performance; 4.24.7 Energy Consumption; 4.24.8 TRL; 4.24.9 Global Pipeline of Carbon Capture Facilities-Current and PLanned; 4.24.10 CO2 capture from point sources; 4.24.10.1 Energy Availability and Costs; 4.24.10.2 Power plants with CCUS; 4.24.10.3 Transportation; 4.24.10.4 Global point source CO2 capture capacities; 4.24.10.5 By source; 4.24.10.6 Blue hydrogen; 4.24.10.6.1 Steam-methane reforming (SMR); 4.24.10.6.2 Autothermal reforming (ATR); 4.24.10.6.3 Partial oxidation (POX); 4.24.10.6.4 Sorption Enhanced Steam Methane Reforming (SE-SMR); 4.24.10.6.5 Pre-Combustion vs. Post-Combustion carbon capture; 4.24.10.6.6 Blue hydrogen projects; 4.24.10.6.7 Costs; 4.24.10.6.8 Market players; 4.24.10.7 Carbon capture in cement; 4.24.10.7.1 CCUS Projects; 4.24.10.7.2 Carbon capture technologies; 4.24.10.7.3 Costs; 4.24.10.7.4 Challenges; 4.24.10.8 Maritime carbon capture; 4.24.11 Main carbon capture processes; 4.24.11.1 Materials; 4.24.11.2 Natural Gas Sweetening; 4.24.11.3 Post-combustion; 4.24.11.3.1 Chemicals/Solvents; 4.24.11.3.2 Amine-based post-combustion CO₂ absorption; 4.24.11.3.3 Physical absorption solvents; 4.24.11.3.4 Emerging Solvents for Carbon Capture; 4.24.11.3.5 Chilled Ammonia Process (CAP); 4.24.11.3.6 Molten Borates; 4.24.11.3.7 Costs; 4.24.11.3.8 Alternatives to Solvent-Based Carbon Capture; 4.24.11.4 Oxy-fuel combustion; 4.24.11.4.1 Oxyfuel CCUS cement projects; 4.24.11.4.2 Chemical Looping-Based Capture; 4.24.11.5 Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle; 4.24.11.6 Pre-combustion; 4.24.12 Carbon separation technologies; 4.24.12.1 Absorption capture; 4.24.12.2 Adsorption capture; 4.24.12.2.1 Solid sorbent-based CO₂ separation; 4.24.12.2.2 Metal organic framework (MOF) adsorbents; 4.24.12.2.3 Zeolite-based adsorbents; 4.24.12.2.4 Solid amine-based adsorbents; 4.24.12.2.5 Carbon-based adsorbents; 4.24.12.2.6 Polymer-based adsorbents; 4.24.12.2.7 Solid sorbents in pre-combustion; 4.24.12.2.8 Sorption Enhanced Water Gas Shift (SEWGS); 4.24.12.2.9 Solid sorbents in post-combustion; 4.24.12.3 Membranes; 4.24.12.3.1 Membrane-based CO₂ separation; 4.24.12.3.2 Gas Separation Membranes; 4.24.12.3.3 Post-combustion CO₂ capture; 4.24.12.3.4 Facilitated transport membranes; 4.24.12.3.5 Pre-combustion capture; 4.24.12.3.6 Advanced membrane materials; 4.24.12.3.6.1 Graphene-based membranes; 4.24.12.3.6.2 Metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes; 4.24.12.3.7 Membranes for Direct Air Capture; 4.24.12.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2 (Cryogenic) capture; 4.24.12.5 Calcium Looping; 4.24.12.5.1 Calix Advanced Calciner; 4.24.12.6 Other technologies; 4.24.12.6.1 LEILAC process; 4.24.12.6.2 CO₂ capture with Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs); 4.24.12.6.3 CO₂ capture with Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs); 4.24.12.6.4 Microalgae Carbon Capture; 4.24.12.7 Comparison of key separation technologies; 4.24.12.8 Technology readiness level (TRL) of gas separation technologies; 4.24.13 Opportunities and barriers; 4.24.14 Costs of CO2 capture; 4.24.15 CO2 capture capacity; 4.24.16 Direct air capture (DAC); 4.24.16.1 Technology description; 4.24.16.1.1 Sorbent-based CO2 Capture; 4.24.16.1.2 Solvent-based CO2 Capture; 4.24.16.1.3 DAC Solid Sorbent Swing Adsorption Processes; 4.24.16.1.4 Electro-Swing Adsorption (ESA) of CO2 for DAC; 4.24.16.1.5 Solid and liquid DAC; 4.24.16.2 Advantages of DAC; 4.24.16.3 Deployment; 4.24.16.4 Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture; 4.24.16.5 Technologies; 4.24.16.5.1 Solid sorbents; 4.24.16.5.2 Liquid sorbents; 4.24.16.5.3 Liquid solvents; 4.24.16.5.4 Airflow equipment integration; 4.24.16.5.5 Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC); 4.24.16.5.6 Direct conversion; 4.24.16.5.7 Co-product generation; 4.24.16.5.8 Low Temperature DAC; 4.24.16.5.9 Regeneration methods; 4.24.16.6 Electricity and Heat Sources; 4.24.16.7 Commercialization and plants; 4.24.16.8 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC; 4.24.16.9 DAC plants and projects-current and planned; 4.24.16.10 Capacity forecasts; 4.24.16.11 Costs; 4.24.16.12 Market challenges for DAC; 4.24.16.13 Market prospects for direct air capture; 4.24.16.14 Players and production; 4.24.16.15 Co2 utilization pathways; 4.24.16.16 Markets for Direct Air Capture and Storage (DACCS); 4.24.16.16.1 Fuels; 4.24.16.16.1.1 Overview; 4.24.16.16.1.2 Production routes; 4.24.16.16.1.3 Methanol; 4.24.16.16.1.4 Algae based biofuels; 4.24.16.16.1.5 CO₂-fuels from solar; 4.24.16.16.1.6 Companies; 4.24.16.16.1.7 Challenges; 4.24.16.16.2 Chemicals, plastics and polymers; 4.24.16.16.2.1 Overview; 4.24.16.16.2.2 Scalability; 4.24.16.16.2.3 Plastics and polymers; 4.24.16.16.2.3.1 CO2 utilization products; 4.24.16.16.2.4 Urea production; 4.24.16.16.2.5 Inert gas in semiconductor manufacturing; 4.24.16.16.2.6 Carbon nanotubes; 4.24.16.16.2.7 Companies; 4.24.16.16.3 Construction materials; 4.24.16.16.3.1 Overview; 4.24.16.16.3.2 CCUS technologies; 4.24.16.16.3.3 Carbonated aggregates; 4.24.16.16.3.4 Additives during mixing; 4.24.16.16.3.5 Concrete curing; 4.24.16.16.3.6 Costs; 4.24.16.16.3.7 Companies; 4.24.16.16.3.8 Challenges; 4.24.16.16.4 CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting; 4.24.16.16.4.1 Overview; 4.24.16.16.4.2 Applications; 4.24.16.16.4.2.1 Greenhouses; 4.24.16.16.4.2.2 Algae cultivation; 4.24.16.16.4.2.3 Microbial conversion; 4.24.16.16.4.3 Companies; 4.24.16.16.5 Food and feed production; 4.24.16.16.6 CO₂ Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery; 4.24.16.16.6.1 Overview; 4.24.16.16.6.1.1 Process; 4.24.16.16.6.1.2 CO₂ sources; 4.24.16.16.6.2 CO₂-EOR facilities and projects; 4.24.17 Hybrid Capture Systems; 4.24.18 Artificial Intelligence in Carbon Capture; 4.24.19 Integration with Renewable Energy Systems; 4.24.20 Mobile Carbon Capture Solutions; 4.24.21 Carbon Capture Retrofitting; 4.24.22 Carbon Capture in Industry; 4.24.22.1 Cement; 4.24.22.2 Iron and Steel; 4.24.22.2.1 Post-combustion capture for BF-BOF processes; 4.24.22.2.2 Pre-Combustion Carbon Capture for Ironmaking; 4.24.22.2.3 Gas Recycling and Oxyfuel Combustion for Ironmaking; 4.24.22.2.4 Direct reduced iron (DRI) production; 4.24.22.3 Power Generation; 4.24.22.3.1 Power plants with carbon capture systems; 4.24.22.3.2 Coal Power Generation; 4.24.22.3.3 Gas Power Generation; 4.24.22.3.3.1 Gas Power CCS for Data Centers; 4.24.22.3.4 Power sector CCUS cost; 4.25 Carbon Dioxide Removal; 4.25.1 Conventional CDR on land; 4.25.1.1 Wetland and peatland restoration; 4.25.1.2 Cropland, grassland, and agroforestry; 4.25.2 Technological CDR Solutions; 4.25.3 Main CDR methods; 4.25.4 Novel CDR methods; 4.25.5 Value chain; 4.25.6 Deployment of carbon dioxide removal technologies; 4.25.7 Technology Readiness Level (TRL): Carbon Dioxide Removal Methods; 4.25.8 Carbon Credits; 4.25.8.1 Description; 4.25.8.2 Carbon pricing; 4.25.8.3 Carbon Removal vs Carbon Avoidance Offsetting; 4.25.8.4 Carbon credit certification; 4.25.8.5 Carbon registries; 4.25.8.6 Carbon credit quality; 4.25.8.7 Voluntary Carbon Credits; 4.25.8.7.1 Definition; 4.25.8.7.2 Purchasing; 4.25.8.7.3 Key Market Players and Projects; 4.25.8.7.4 Pricing; 4.25.8.8 Compliance Carbon Credits; 4.25.8.8.1 Definition; 4.25.8.8.2 Market players; 4.25.8.8.3 Pricing; 4.25.8.9 Durable carbon dioxide removal (CDR) credits; 4.25.8.10 Corporate commitments; 4.25.8.11 Increasing government support and regulations; 4.25.8.12 Advancements in carbon offset project verification and monitoring; 4.25.8.13 Potential for blockchain technology in carbon credit trading; 4.25.8.14 Buying and Selling Carbon Credits; 4.25.8.14.1 Carbon credit exchanges and trading platforms; 4.25.8.14.2 Over-the-counter (OTC) transactions; 4.25.8.14.3 Pricing mechanisms and factors affecting carbon credit prices; 4.25.8.15 Certification; 4.25.8.16 Challenges and risks; 4.25.9 Monitoring, reporting, and verification; 4.25.10 Government policies; 4.25.11 Bioenergy with Carbon Removal and Storage (BiCRS); 4.25.11.1 Feedstocks; 4.25.11.2 BiCRS Conversion Pathways; 4.25.12 BECCS; 4.25.12.1 Technology overview; 4.25.12.1.1 Point Source Capture Technologies for BECCS; 4.25.12.1.2 Energy efficiency; 4.25.12.1.3 Heat generation; 4.25.12.1.4 Waste-to-Energy; 4.25.12.1.5 Blue Hydrogen Production; 4.25.12.2 Biomass conversion; 4.25.12.3 CO₂ capture technologies; 4.25.12.4 BECCS facilities; 4.25.12.5 Cost analysis; 4.25.12.6 BECCS carbon credits; 4.25.12.7 Sustainability; 4.25.12.8 Challenges; 4.25.13 Mineralization-based CDR; 4.25.13.1 Overview; 4.25.13.2 Storage in CO₂-Derived Concrete; 4.25.13.3 Oxide Looping; 4.25.13.4 Enhanced Weathering; 4.25.13.4.1 Overview; 4.25.13.4.2 Benefits; 4.25.13.4.3 Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV); 4.25.13.4.4 Applications; 4.25.13.4.5 Commercial activity and companies; 4.25.13.4.6 Challenges and Risks; 4.25.13.5 Cost analysis; 4.25.13.6 SWOT analysis; 4.25.14 Afforestation/Reforestation; 4.25.14.1 Overview; 4.25.14.2 Carbon dioxide removal methods; 4.25.14.2.1 Nature-based CDR; 4.25.14.2.2 Land-based CDR; 4.25.14.3 Technologies; 4.25.14.3.1 Remote Sensing; 4.25.14.3.2 Drone technology and robotics; 4.25.14.3.3 Automated forest fire detection systems; 4.25.14.3.4 AI/ML; 4.25.14.3.5 Genetics; 4.25.14.4 Trends and Opportunities; 4.25.14.5 Challenges and Risks; 4.25.14.5.1 SWOT analysis; 4.25.14.5.2 Soil carbon sequestration (SCS); 4.25.14.5.2.1 Overview; 4.25.14.5.2.2 Practices; 4.25.14.5.2.3 Measuring and Verifying; 4.25.14.5.2.4 Trends and Opportunities; 4.25.14.5.2.5 Carbon credits; 4.25.14.5.2.6 Challenges and Risks; 4.25.14.5.2.7 SWOT analysis; 4.25.14.5.3 Biochar; 4.25.14.5.3.1 What is biochar?; 4.25.14.5.3.2 Carbon sequestration; 4.25.14.5.3.3 Properties of biochar; 4.25.14.5.3.4 Feedstocks; 4.25.14.5.3.5 Production processes; 4.25.14.5.3.5.1 Sustainable production; 4.25.14.5.3.5.2 Pyrolysis; 4.25.14.5.3.5.3 Gasification; 4.25.14.5.3.5.4 Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC); 4.25.14.5.3.5.5 Torrefaction; 4.25.14.5.3.5.6 Equipment manufacturers; 4.25.14.5.3.6 Biochar pricing; 4.25.14.5.3.7 Biochar carbon credits; 4.25.14.5.3.7.1 Overview; 4.25.14.5.3.7.2 Removal and reduction credits; 4.25.14.5.3.7.3 The advantage of biochar; 4.25.14.5.3.7.4 Prices; 4.25.14.5.3.7.5 Buyers of biochar credits; 4.25.14.5.3.7.6 Competitive materials and technologies; 4.25.14.5.3.8 Bio-oil based CDR; 4.25.14.5.3.9 Biomass burial for CO₂ removal; 4.25.14.5.3.10 Bio-based construction materials for CDR; 4.25.14.5.3.11 SWOT analysis; 4.25.15 Ocean-based CDR; 4.25.15.1 Overview; 4.25.15.2 CO₂ capture from seawater; 4.25.15.3 Ocean fertilisation; 4.25.15.3.1 Biotic Methods; 4.25.15.3.2 Coastal blue carbon ecosystems; 4.25.15.3.3 Algal Cultivation; 4.25.15.3.4 Artificial Upwelling; 4.25.15.4 Ocean alkalinisation; 4.25.15.4.1 Electrochemical ocean alkalinity enhancement; 4.25.15.4.2 Direct Ocean Capture; 4.25.15.4.3 Artificial Downwelling; 4.25.15.5 Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV); 4.25.15.6 Ocean-based CDR Carbon Credits; 4.25.15.7 Trends and Opportunities; 4.25.15.8 Ocean-based carbon credits; 4.25.15.9 Cost analysis; 4.25.15.10 Challenges and Risks; 4.25.15.11 SWOT analysis; 4.25.15.12 Companies; 4.26 Company Profiles 865 (374 company profiles)
5 INDUSTRIAL HEAT DECARBONIZATION: 5.1 Market overview; 5.1.1 Industrial Heat: Current State and Decarbonization Imperative; 5.1.2 Industrial Decarbonization Incentives; 5.1.3 Technology Maturity Overview; 5.2 The Four Pillars of Industrial Heat Decarbonization Economics; 5.2.1 Electricity Cost Dynamics and Competitive Position; 5.2.2 Carbon Pricing: The Economic Game-Changer; 5.2.3 Business Model Gap: Why Industrial Heat Differs from Power Generation; 5.2.4 Temperature-Based Market Segmentation: A Strategic Framework; 5.3 Cost Competitiveness Analysis; 5.3.1 Carbon Abatement Potential; 5.4 Technologies; 5.4.1 Electric Heating; 5.4.1.1 Resistance Heating; 5.4.1.1.1 Direct Resistance; 5.4.1.1.2 Indirect Resistance; 5.4.1.1.3 Infrared Heating; 5.4.1.2 Induction Heating; 5.4.1.2.1 High-Frequency Systems; 5.4.1.2.2 Medium-Frequency Systems; 5.4.1.2.3 Low-Frequency Systems; 5.4.1.3 Microwave Heating; 5.4.1.3.1 Single-Mode Systems; 5.4.1.3.2 Multi-Mode Systems; 5.4.1.3.3 Advanced Control Systems; 5.4.1.4 Plasma Heating; 5.4.1.4.1 Thermal Plasma; 5.4.1.4.2 Non-Thermal Plasma; 5.4.1.4.3 Hybrid Plasma Systems; 5.4.2 Heat Pumps; 5.4.2.1 High-Temperature Systems; 5.4.2.1.1 Vapor Compression; 5.4.2.1.2 Absorption Systems; 5.4.2.1.3 Hybrid Configurations; 5.4.2.2 Integration Strategies; 5.4.2.2.1 Process Integration; 5.4.2.2.2 Cascade Systems; 5.4.2.2.3 Multi-Source Integration; 5.4.2.3 Emerging Technologies; 5.4.2.3.1 Chemical Heat Pumps; 5.4.2.3.2 Magnetocaloric Systems; 5.4.2.3.3 Thermoacoustic Heat Pumps; 5.4.3 Biomass Solutions; 5.4.3.1 Advanced Feedstock Processing; 5.4.3.1.1 Torrefaction; 5.4.3.1.2 Pelletization; 5.4.3.1.3 Gasification; 5.4.3.2 Combustion Technologies; 5.4.3.2.1 Fluidized Bed Systems; 5.4.3.2.2 Grate Firing Systems; 5.4.3.2.3 Pulverized Biomass; 5.4.3.3 Emerging Biomass Technologies; 5.4.3.3.1 Supercritical Water Gasification; 5.4.3.3.2 Plasma-Assisted Combustion; 5.4.3.3.3 Chemical Looping; 5.4.4 Advanced and Emerging Technologies; 5.4.4.1 Solar Thermal; 5.4.4.1.1 Concentrated Solar Power; 5.4.4.1.2 Solar-Hydrogen Hybrid Systems; 5.4.4.2 Geothermal; 5.4.4.2.1 Deep Geothermal; 5.4.4.2.2 Enhanced Geothermal Systems; 5.4.4.3 Novel Heat Storage; 5.4.4.3.1 Thermochemical Storage; 5.4.4.3.2 Phase Change Materials; 5.4.4.3.3 Molten Salt Systems; 5.4.4.4 Artificial Intelligence and Digital Technologies; 5.4.4.4.1 Predictive Maintenance; 5.4.4.4.2 Process Optimization; 5.4.4.4.3 Digital Twins; 5.5 Markets and Applications; 5.5.1 Process Industries; 5.5.1.1 Chemical Industry; 5.5.1.2 Food Processing; 5.5.1.3 Paper and Pulp; 5.5.1.4 Glass and Ceramics; 5.5.2 Metal Processing; 5.5.2.1 Steel Industry; 5.5.2.2 Aluminium Production; 5.5.2.3 Other Metals; 5.5.3 Building Materials; 5.5.3.1 Cement Production; 5.5.3.2 Brick Manufacturing; 5.5.3.3 Other Materials; 5.6 System Integration; 5.6.1 Heat Recovery Systems; 5.6.1.1 Technology Options; 5.6.1.2 Efficiency Analysis; 5.6.1.3 Implementation Strategies; 5.6.2 Process Optimization; 5.6.2.1 Energy Management; 5.6.2.2 Control Systems; 5.6.2.3 Performance Monitoring; 5.7 Market Analysis; 5.7.1 Cost Analysis; 5.7.2 Future Outlook; 5.8 Company profiles 1164 (39 company profiles)
6 ELECTRIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES: 6.1 Grid Integration and Power Systems; 6.1.1 Grid Requirements; 6.1.1.1 Power Quality; 6.1.1.2 Capacity Planning; 6.1.1.3 Smart Grid Integration; 6.1.2 Energy Storage Systems; 6.1.2.1 Battery Storage; 6.1.2.2 Thermal Storage; 6.1.2.3 Hybrid Systems; 6.1.3 Renewable Energy Integration; 6.1.3.1 Solar PV Integration; 6.1.3.2 Wind Power Integration; 6.1.3.3 Hybrid Power Systems; 6.2 Electric Process Heating; 6.2.1 Resistance Heating Systems; 6.2.1.1 Direct Resistance Heating; 6.2.1.2 Indirect Resistance Heating; 6.2.1.3 Immersion Heating; 6.2.1.4 Advanced Control Systems; 6.2.2 Induction Technology; 6.2.2.1 High-Frequency Systems; 6.2.2.2 Medium-Frequency Systems; 6.2.2.3 Low-Frequency Systems; 6.2.2.4 Advanced Power Supply; 6.2.3 Infrared Heating; 6.2.3.1 Short-wave Systems; 6.2.3.2 Medium-wave Systems; 6.2.3.3 Long-wave Systems; 6.2.3.4 Hybrid Solutions; 6.2.4 Dielectric Heating; 6.2.4.1 Microwave Systems; 6.2.4.2 Radio Frequency Systems; 6.2.4.3 Advanced Control; 6.2.5 Plasma Systems; 6.2.5.1 Thermal Plasma; 6.2.5.2 Non-Thermal Plasma; 6.2.5.3 Hybrid Plasma Systems; 6.3 Electrochemical Processes; 6.3.1 Advanced Electrolysis Systems; 6.3.1.1 Alkaline Electrolysis; 6.3.1.2 PEM Electrolysis; 6.3.1.3 Solid Oxide Electrolysis; 6.3.2 Electrochemical Reactors; 6.3.2.1 Flow Reactors; 6.3.2.2 Batch Reactors; 6.3.2.3 Novel Designs; 6.3.3 Membrane Technologies; 6.3.3.1 Ion Exchange Membranes; 6.3.3.2 Ceramic Membranes; 6.3.3.3 Composite Membranes; 6.4 Electric Motors and Drives; 6.4.1 Advanced Motor Technologies; 6.4.1.1 Permanent Magnet Motors; 6.4.1.2 Synchronous Reluctance Motors; 6.4.1.3 High-Speed Motors; 6.5 Emerging Technologies; 6.5.1 Digital Twin Technologies; 6.5.1.1 Process Modeling; 6.5.1.2 Real-time Optimization; 6.5.2 AI and Machine Learning; 6.5.2.1 Predictive Maintenance; 6.5.2.2 Process Optimization; 6.5.2.3 Energy Management; 6.5.3 Novel Heating Technologies; 6.5.3.1 Ultrasonic Heating; 6.5.3.2 Electron Beam Processing; 6.5.3.3 Laser Processing; 6.6 Applications; 6.6.1 Chemical Industry; 6.6.1.1 Process Electrification; 6.6.1.2 Energy Integration; 6.6.2 Metal Processing; 6.6.2.1 Melting and Casting; 6.6.2.2 Heat Treatment; 6.6.2.3 Surface Processing; 6.6.3 Food and Beverage; 6.6.3.1 Heating Processes; 6.6.3.2 Cooling Systems; 6.6.3.3 Process Integration; 6.6.4 Mining and Minerals; 6.6.4.1 Equipment Electrification; 6.6.4.2 Process Conversion; 6.7 Company profiles 1280 (126 company profiles)
7 CIRCULAR ECONOMY SOLUTIONS: 7.1 Advanced Sorting and Detection Technologies; 7.1.1 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning; 7.1.2 Computer Vision Systems; 7.1.3 Deep Learning Algorithms; 7.1.4 Real-time Sorting; 7.2 Spectroscopic Technologies; 7.2.1 NIR Spectroscopy; 7.2.2 Raman Spectroscopy; 7.2.3 X-ray Technologies; 7.2.4 Robotic Sorting Systems; 7.2.5 Automated Processing Lines; 7.2.6 Quality Control Systems; 7.3 Recycling Technologies; 7.3.1 Pyrolysis; 7.3.1.1 Non-catalytic; 7.3.1.2 Catalytic; 7.3.1.2.1 Polystyrene pyrolysis; 7.3.1.2.2 Pyrolysis for production of bio fuel; 7.3.1.2.3 Used tires pyrolysis; 7.3.1.2.3.1 Conversion to biofuel; 7.3.1.2.4 Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes; 7.3.1.3 Companies and capacities; 7.3.2 Gasification; 7.3.2.1 Technology overview; 7.3.2.1.1 Syngas conversion to methanol; 7.3.2.1.2 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation; 7.3.2.1.3 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion; 7.3.2.2 Companies and capacities (current and planned); 7.3.3 Dissolution; 7.3.3.1 Technology overview; 7.3.3.2 Companies and capacities (current and planned); 7.3.4 Depolymerisation; 7.3.4.1 Hydrolysis; 7.3.4.1.1 Technology overview; 7.3.4.1.2 SWOT analysis; 7.3.4.2 Enzymolysis; 7.3.4.2.1 Technology overview; 7.3.4.2.2 SWOT analysis; 7.3.4.3 Methanolysis; 7.3.4.3.1 Technology overview; 7.3.4.3.2 SWOT analysis; 7.3.4.4 Glycolysis; 7.3.4.4.1 Technology overview; 7.3.4.4.2 SWOT analysis; 7.3.4.5 Aminolysis; 7.3.4.5.1 Technology overview; 7.3.4.5.2 SWOT analysis; 7.3.4.6 Companies and capacities (current and planned); 7.3.5 Other advanced chemical recycling technologies; 7.3.5.1 Hydrothermal cracking; 7.3.5.2 Pyrolysis with in-line reforming; 7.3.5.3 Microwave-assisted pyrolysis; 7.3.5.4 Plasma pyrolysis; 7.3.5.5 Plasma gasification; 7.3.5.6 Supercritical fluids; 7.3.5.7 Carbon fiber recycling; 7.3.5.7.1 Processes; 7.3.5.7.2 Companies; 7.3.6 Advanced recycling of thermoset materials; 7.3.6.1 Thermal recycling; 7.3.6.1.1 Energy Recovery Combustion; 7.3.6.1.2 Anaerobic Digestion; 7.3.6.1.3 Pyrolysis Processing; 7.3.6.1.4 Microwave Pyrolysis; 7.3.6.2 Solvolysis; 7.3.6.3 Catalyzed Glycolysis; 7.3.6.4 Alcoholysis and Hydrolysis; 7.3.6.5 Ionic liquids; 7.3.6.6 Supercritical fluids; 7.3.6.7 Plasma; 7.3.6.8 Companies; 7.4 Materials Recovery; 7.4.1 Critical Raw Materials; 7.4.2 Metals and minerals processed and extracted; 7.4.2.1 Copper; 7.4.2.1.1 Global copper demand and trends; 7.4.2.1.2 Markets and applications; 7.4.2.1.3 Copper extraction and recovery; 7.4.2.2 Nickel; 7.4.2.2.1 Global nickel demand and trends; 7.4.2.2.2 Markets and applications; 7.4.2.2.3 Nickel extraction and recovery; 7.4.2.3 Cobalt; 7.4.2.3.1 Global cobalt demand and trends; 7.4.2.3.2 Markets and applications; 7.4.2.3.3 Cobalt extraction and recovery; 7.4.2.4 Rare Earth Elements (REE); 7.4.2.4.1 Global Rare Earth Elements demand and trends; 7.4.2.4.2 Markets and applications; 7.4.2.4.3 Rare Earth Elements extraction and recovery; 7.4.2.4.4 Recovery of REEs from secondary resources; 7.4.2.5 Lithium; 7.4.2.5.1 Global lithium demand and trends; 7.4.2.5.2 Markets and applications; 7.4.2.5.3 Lithium extraction and recovery; 7.4.2.6 Gold; 7.4.2.6.1 Global gold demand and trends; 7.4.2.6.2 Markets and applications; 7.4.2.6.3 Gold extraction and recovery; 7.4.2.7 Uranium; 7.4.2.7.1 Global uranium demand and trends; 7.4.2.7.2 Markets and applications; 7.4.2.7.3 Uranium extraction and recovery; 7.4.2.8 Zinc; 7.4.2.8.1 Global Zinc demand and trends; 7.4.2.8.2 Markets and applications; 7.4.2.8.3 Zinc extraction and recovery; 7.4.2.9 Manganese; 7.4.2.9.1 Global manganese demand and trends; 7.4.2.9.2 Markets and applications; 7.4.2.9.3 Manganese extraction and recovery; 7.4.2.10 Tantalum; 7.4.2.10.1 Global tantalum demand and trends; 7.4.2.10.2 Markets and applications; 7.4.2.10.3 Tantalum extraction and recovery; 7.4.2.11 Niobium; 7.4.2.11.1 Global niobium demand and trends; 7.4.2.11.2 Markets and applications; 7.4.2.11.3 Niobium extraction and recovery; 7.4.2.12 Indium; 7.4.2.12.1 Global indium demand and trends; 7.4.2.12.2 Markets and applications; 7.4.2.12.3 Indium extraction and recovery; 7.4.2.13 Gallium; 7.4.2.13.1 Global gallium demand and trends; 7.4.2.13.2 Markets and applications; 7.4.2.13.3 Gallium extraction and recovery; 7.4.2.14 Germanium; 7.4.2.14.1 Global germanium demand and trends; 7.4.2.14.2 Markets and applications; 7.4.2.14.3 Germanium extraction and recovery; 7.4.2.15 Antimony; 7.4.2.15.1 Global antimony demand and trends; 7.4.2.15.2 Markets and applications; 7.4.2.15.3 Antimony extraction and recovery; 7.4.2.16 Scandium; 7.4.2.16.1 Global scandium demand and trends; 7.4.2.16.2 Markets and applications; 7.4.2.16.3 Scandium extraction and recovery; 7.4.2.17 Graphite; 7.4.2.17.1 Global graphite demand and trends; 7.4.2.17.2 Markets and applications; 7.4.2.17.3 Graphite extraction and recovery; 7.4.3 Recovery sources; 7.4.3.1 Primary sources; 7.4.3.2 Secondary sources; 7.4.3.2.1 Extraction; 7.4.3.2.1.1 Hydrometallurgical extraction; 7.4.3.2.1.1.1 Overview; 7.4.3.2.1.1.2 Lixiviants; 7.4.3.2.1.1.3 SWOT analysis; 7.4.3.2.1.2 Pyrometallurgical extraction; 7.4.3.2.1.2.1 Overview; 7.4.3.2.1.2.2 SWOT analysis; 7.4.3.2.1.3 Biometallurgy; 7.4.3.2.1.3.1 Overview; 7.4.3.2.1.3.2 SWOT analysis; 7.4.3.2.1.4 Ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents; 7.4.3.2.1.4.1 Overview; 7.4.3.2.1.4.2 SWOT analysis; 7.4.3.2.1.5 Electroleaching extraction; 7.4.3.2.1.5.1 Overview; 7.4.3.2.1.5.2 SWOT analysis; 7.4.3.2.1.6 Supercritical fluid extraction; 7.4.3.2.1.6.1 Overview; 7.4.3.2.1.6.2 SWOT analysis; 7.4.3.2.2 Recovery; 7.4.3.2.2.1 Solvent extraction; 7.4.3.2.2.1.1 Overview; 7.4.3.2.2.1.2 Rare-Earth Element Recovery; 7.4.3.2.2.1.3 SWOT analysis; 7.4.3.2.2.2 Ion exchange recovery; 7.4.3.2.2.2.1 Overview; 7.4.3.2.2.2.2 SWOT analysis; 7.4.3.2.2.3 Ionic liquid (IL) and deep eutectic solvent (DES) recovery; 7.4.3.2.2.3.1 Overview; 7.4.3.2.2.3.2 SWOT analysis; 7.4.3.2.2.4 Precipitation; 7.4.3.2.2.4.1 Overview; 7.4.3.2.2.4.2 Coagulation and flocculation; 7.4.3.2.2.4.3 SWOT analysis; 7.4.3.2.2.5 Biosorption; 7.4.3.2.2.5.1 Overview; 7.4.3.2.2.5.2 SWOT analysis; 7.4.3.2.2.6 Electrowinning; 7.4.3.2.2.6.1 Overview; 7.4.3.2.2.6.2 SWOT analysis; 7.4.3.2.2.7 Direct materials recovery; 7.4.3.2.2.7.1 Overview; 7.4.3.2.2.7.2 Rare-earth Oxide (REO) Processing Using Molten Salt Electrolysis; 7.4.3.2.2.7.3 Rare-earth Magnet Recycling by Hydrogen Decrepitation; 7.4.3.2.2.7.4 Direct Recycling of Li-ion Battery Cathodes by Sintering; 7.4.3.2.2.7.5 SWOT analysis; 7.4.4 Metal Recovery Technologies; 7.4.4.1 Pyrometallurgy; 7.4.4.2 Hydrometallurgy; 7.4.4.3 Biometallurgy; 7.4.4.4 Supercritical Fluid Extraction; 7.4.4.5 Electrokinetic Separation; 7.4.4.6 Mechanochemical Processing; 7.4.5 Global market 2025-2040; 7.4.5.1 By Material Type (2025-2040); 7.4.5.2 By Recovery Source (2025-2040); 7.4.5.3 By Region (2025-2040); 7.5 Company profiles 1552 (328 company profiles)
8 ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES: 8.1 Market Overview; 8.2 Water Treatment Technologies; 8.2.1 Advanced Membrane Systems; 8.2.1.1 Next-Generation Membranes; 8.2.1.2 Membrane Processes; 8.2.1.3 Anti-Fouling Technologies; 8.2.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP); 8.2.2.1 Photocatalytic Systems; 8.2.2.2 Electrochemical AOPs; 8.2.3 Biological Treatment Systems; 8.2.3.1 Advanced Bioreactors; 8.2.3.2 Microbial Solutions; 8.2.3.3 Bioaugmentation; 8.3 Air Quality Management; 8.3.1 Advanced Emission Control; 8.3.1.1 Particulate Matter Control; 8.3.1.2 Gas Treatment Systems; 8.3.1.3 Smart Monitoring Systems; 8.4 Soil and Groundwater Remediation; 8.4.1 In-Situ Technologies; 8.4.1.1 Chemical Treatment; 8.4.1.2 Biological Remediation; 8.5 Digital Environmental Technologies; 8.5.1 Environmental IoT; 8.5.1.1 Sensor Networks; 8.5.1.2 Data Integration; 8.5.1.3 Analytics Platforms; 8.5.2 AI and Machine Learning; 8.5.2.1 Predictive Monitoring; 8.5.2.2 Process Optimization; 8.5.2.3 Risk Assessment; 8.6 Emerging Technologies; 8.6.1 Novel Materials; 8.6.1.1 Nanomaterials; 8.6.1.2 Bio-based Materials; 8.6.1.3 Smart Materials; 8.6.1.4 Plasma Systems; 8.6.1.5 Supercritical Fluids; 8.6.1.6 Electrochemical Processes; 8.7 Marketr outlook; 8.8 Company profiles 1815 (93 company profiles)
9 GREEN BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES: 9.1 Market Overview; 9.1.1 Benefits of Green Buildings; 9.1.2 Global Trends and Drivers; 9.2 Global Revenues; 9.2.1 Sustainable Materials, by type; 9.2.2 Sustainable Materials, by market; 9.2.3 Building Energy Systems; 9.2.4 Smart Building Technologies; 9.2.5 Advanced Construction Methods; 9.2.6 Regional Green Building Technology Markets; 9.3 Sustainable Construction Materials; 9.3.1 Low-carbon Concrete; 9.3.2 Sustainable Wood Products; 9.3.3 Recycled Materials; 9.3.4 Bio-based materials; 9.4 Insulation Technologies; 9.4.1 Advanced Materials; 9.4.2 Installation Methods; 9.4.3 Performance Metrics; 9.5 Smart Windows; 9.5.1 Electrochromic Glass; 9.5.2 Thermochromic Systems; 9.5.3 Integration Technologies; 9.6 Construction Methods; 9.6.1 Modular Construction; 9.6.1.1 Manufacturing Processes; 9.6.1.2 Assembly Systems; 9.6.1.3 Quality Control; 9.6.2 3D Printing; 9.6.2.1 Material Development; 9.6.2.2 Printing System; 9.6.2.3 Applications; 9.6.3 Passive Design; 9.6.3.1 Solar Optimization; 9.6.3.2 Natural Ventilation; 9.6.3.3 Thermal Mass; 9.7 Energy Systems; 9.7.1 Renewable Integration; 9.7.1.1 Solar PV Systems; 9.7.1.2 Heat Pumps; 9.7.1.3 Energy Storage; 9.7.2 Building Management; 9.7.2.1 Smart Controls; 9.7.2.2 Energy Monitoring; 9.7.2.3 Optimization Systems; 9.8 Water Management; 9.8.1 Water Efficiency; 9.8.1.1 Low-flow Systems; 9.8.1.2 Rainwater Harvesting; 9.8.1.3 Greywater Systems; 9.8.2 Treatment Systems; 9.8.2.1 On-site Treatment; 9.8.2.2 Recycling Systems; 9.8.2.3 Monitoring Technologies; 9.9 Indoor Environmental Quality; 9.9.1 Air Quality; 9.9.1.1 Ventilation Systems; 9.9.1.2 Filtration Technology; 9.9.1.3 Monitoring Systems; 9.9.2 Acoustic Management; 9.9.2.1 Sound Insulation; 9.9.2.2 Noise Control; 9.9.2.3 Design Integration; 9.10 Materials; 9.10.1 Hemp-based Materials; 9.10.1.1 Hemp Concrete (Hempcrete); 9.10.1.2 Hemp Fiberboard; 9.10.1.3 Hemp Insulation; 9.10.2 Mycelium-based Materials; 9.10.2.1 Insulation; 9.10.2.2 Structural Elements; 9.10.2.3 Acoustic Panels; 9.10.2.4 Decorative Elements; 9.10.3 Sustainable Concrete and Cement Alternatives; 9.10.3.1 Geopolymer Concrete; 9.10.3.2 Recycled Aggregate Concrete; 9.10.3.3 Lime-Based Materials; 9.10.3.4 Self-healing concrete; 9.10.3.4.1 Bioconcrete; 9.10.3.4.2 Fiber concrete; 9.10.3.5 Microalgae biocement; 9.10.3.6 Carbon-negative concrete; 9.10.3.7 Biomineral binders; 9.10.3.8 Clinker substitutes; 9.10.4 Natural Fiber Composites; 9.10.4.1 Types of Natural Fibers; 9.10.4.2 Properties; 9.10.4.3 Applications in Construction; 9.10.5 Cellulose nanofibers; 9.10.5.1 Sandwich composites; 9.10.5.2 Cement additives; 9.10.5.3 Pump primers; 9.10.5.4 Insulation materials; 9.10.5.5 Coatings and paints; 9.10.5.6 3D printing materials; 9.10.6 Sustainable Insulation Materials; 9.10.6.1 Types of sustainable insulation materials; 9.10.6.2 Aerogel Insulation; 9.10.6.2.1 Silica aerogels; 9.10.6.2.1.1 Properties; 9.10.6.2.1.2 Thermal conductivity; 9.10.6.2.1.3 Mechanical; 9.10.6.2.1.4 Silica aerogel precursors; 9.10.6.2.1.5 Products; 9.10.6.2.1.5.1 Monoliths; 9.10.6.2.1.5.2 Powder; 9.10.6.2.1.5.3 Granules; 9.10.6.2.1.5.4 Blankets; 9.10.6.2.1.5.5 Aerogel boards; 9.10.6.2.1.5.6 Aerogel renders; 9.10.6.2.1.6 3D printing of aerogels; 9.10.6.2.1.7 Silica aerogel from sustainable feedstocks; 9.10.6.2.1.8 Silica composite aerogels; 9.10.6.2.1.8.1 Organic crosslinkers; 9.10.6.2.1.9 Cost of silica aerogels; 9.10.6.2.2 Aerogel-like foam materials; 9.10.6.2.2.1 Properties; 9.10.6.2.2.2 Applications; 9.10.6.2.3 Metal oxide aerogels; 9.10.6.2.4 Organic aerogels; 9.10.6.2.4.1 Polymer aerogels; 9.10.6.2.5 Biobased and sustainable aerogels (bio-aerogels); 9.10.6.2.5.1 Cellulose aerogels; 9.10.6.2.5.1.1 Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) aerogels; 9.10.6.2.5.1.2 Cellulose nanocrystal aerogels; 9.10.6.2.5.1.3 Bacterial nanocellulose aerogels; 9.10.6.2.5.2 Lignin aerogels; 9.10.6.2.5.3 Alginate aerogels; 9.10.6.2.5.4 Starch aerogels; 9.10.6.2.5.5 Chitosan aerogels; 9.10.6.2.6 Carbon aerogels; 9.10.6.2.6.1 Carbon nanotube aerogels; 9.10.6.2.6.2 Graphene and graphite aerogels; 9.10.6.2.7 Additive manufacturing (3D printing); 9.10.6.2.7.1 Carbon nitride; 9.10.6.2.7.2 Gold; 9.10.6.2.7.3 Cellulose; 9.10.6.2.7.4 Graphene oxide; 9.10.6.2.8 Hybrid aerogels; 9.11 CCUS technologies in the cement industry; 9.11.1 Products; 9.11.1.1 Carbonated aggregates; 9.11.1.2 Additives during mixing; 9.11.1.3 Carbonates from natural minerals; 9.11.1.4 Carbonates from waste; 9.11.2 Concrete curing; 9.11.3 Costs; 9.11.4 Challenges; 9.12 Alternative Fuels for Cement Production; 9.12.1 Overview; 9.12.2 Fossil Fuels Alternatives; 9.12.3 Companies; 9.12.4 Cement Kilns; 9.12.4.1 Fuel Switching; 9.12.4.1.1 Projects; 9.12.4.1.2 Burner Design Considerations; 9.12.4.2 Alternative Fuels for Cement Kilns; 9.12.4.2.1 Waste; 9.12.4.2.2 Biomass; 9.12.5 Net-zero in the Cement Sector; 9.12.6 Modern cement plants; 9.12.7 Hydrogen in Cement Production; 9.12.7.1 Low-carbon hydrogen deployment in cement production; 9.12.8 Kiln electrification; 9.12.8.1 Overview; 9.12.8.2 Rotodynamic Heating Technology; 9.12.8.3 Electric Arc Plasma Technologies; 9.12.8.4 Resistive Heating; 9.12.8.5 Microwave and Induction Heating; 9.12.8.6 Carbon capture economics for cement production; 9.12.8.7 Electrifying cement plant calciners; 9.12.9 Electrochemical Cement Processing; 9.12.10 Solar power for cement production; 9.12.10.1 Concentrated Solar Power (CSP); 9.12.10.2 CSP in Cement Production Technology; 9.13 Markets; 9.13.1 Overview; 9.13.2 Residential Buildings; 9.13.3 Commercial and Office Buildings; 9.13.4 Infrastructure; 9.14 Company Profiles 2008 (172 company profiles)
10 REFERENCES
List of Tables: Table 1. Main Routes to Green Steel.; Table 2. Properties of Green steels.; Table 3. CO₂ emissions from the conventional BF-BOF process.; Table 4. CO₂ Reduction Technologies.; Table 5. Decarbonization Technologies.; Table 6. Market Drivers & Barriers Table.; Table 7. Global Decarbonization Targets and Policies related to Green Steel.; Table 8. Estimated cost for iron and steel industry under the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).; Table 9. Hydrogen-based steelmaking technologies.; Table 10. Comparison of green steel production technologies.; Table 11. Advantages and disadvantages of each potential hydrogen carrier.; Table 12. The CCUS Value Chain.; Table 13. CCUS Project Pipeline for the Steel Sector.; Table 14. Post Combustion Capture Technologies for BF-BOF Process.; Table 15. Blast Furnace Gas CO₂ Capture Technologies Comparison.; Table 16. Carbon Capture Technologies for Natural Gas DRI.; Table 17. CCUS Business Model.; Table 18. Storage Technology and Operators.; Table 19. Carbon Capture Cost Comparison by Sector.; Table 20. Steel Industry Carbon Credit Purchasing Trends.; Table 21. CCUS Steel Sector Challenges and Opportunities.; Table 22. Biochar in steel and metal.; Table 23. Hydrogen blast furnace schematic.; Table 24. Applications of microwave processing in green steelmaking.; Table 25. Applications of additive manufacturing (AM) in steelmaking.; Table 26. Technology readiness level (TRL) for key green steel production technologies.; Table 27. Coatings and membranes in green steel production.; Table 28. Advantages and disadvantages of green steel.; Table 29. Markets and applications: green steel.; Table 30. Green Steel Plants - Current and Planned Production; Table 31. Summary of market growth drivers for Green steel.; Table 32. Market challenges in Green steel.; Table 33. Supply agreements between green steel producers and automakers.; Table 34. Applications of green steel in the automotive industry.; Table 35. Applications of green steel in the construction industry.; Table 36. Applications of green steel in the consumer appliances industry.; Table 37. Applications of green steel in machinery.; Table 38. Applications of green steel in the rail industry.; Table 39. Applications of green steel in the packaging industry.; Table 40. Applications of green steel in the electronics industry.; Table 41. Low-Emissions Steel Production Capacity 2020-2035 (Million Metric Tons).; Table 42. Low-Emissions Steel Production vs. Demand 2020-2036 (Million Metric Tons); Table 43. Low-Emissions Steel Market Revenues 2020-2036.; Table 44. Demand for Low-Emissions Steel by End-Use Industry 2020-2036 (Million Metric Tons).; Table 45. Regional Demand for Low-Emissions Steel 2020-2036 (Million Metric Tons).; Table 46. Regional Demand for Low-Emissions Steel 2020-2036, NORTH AMERICA (Million Metric Tons); Table 47. Regional Demand for Low-Emissions Steel 2020-2036, EUROPE (Million Metric Tons).; Table 48. Regional Demand for Low-Emissions Steel 2020-2036, CHINA (Million Metric Tons).; Table 49. Regional Demand for Low-Emissions Steel 2020-2036, ASIA-PACIFIC (excluding China) (Million Metric Tons).; Table 50. Regional Demand for Low-Emissions Steel 2020-2036, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA (Million Metric Tons).; Table 51. Regional Demand for Low-Emissions Steel 2020-2036, SOUTH AMERICA (Million Metric Tons).; Table 52. Key players in Green steel, location and production methods.; Table 53. Hydrogen colour shades, Technology, cost, and CO2 emissions.; Table 54. Main applications of hydrogen.; Table 55. Overview of hydrogen production methods.; Table 56. National hydrogen initiatives.; Table 57. Market challenges in the hydrogen economy and production technologies.; Table 58. Market map for hydrogen technology and production.; Table 59. Industrial applications of hydrogen.; Table 60. Hydrogen energy markets and applications.; Table 61. Hydrogen production processes and stage of development.; Table 62. Estimated costs of clean hydrogen production.; Table 63. Global Green Hydrogen Market Revenue Projections (2024-2036); Table 64. Global Green Hydrogen Production Volume Forecast (2024-2036).; Table 65. Green Hydrogen Demand by Sector (2024, 2030, 2036).; Table 66. 2030 Demand (Mt H₂) - Mid-Range Scenario; Table 67. 2036 Demand (Mt H₂) - Mid-Range Scenario; Table 68. Regional Market Breakdown - Revenue & Volume (2030).; Table 69. Regional Market Breakdown - Revenue & Volume (2036).; Table 70. Electrolyzer Market Economics (2024-2036).; Table 71. Green Hydrogen Price Evolution by Application (2024-2036, $/kg H₂).; Table 72. Green hydrogen application markets.; Table 73. Green hydrogen projects.; Table 74. Traditional Hydrogen Production.; Table 75. Hydrogen Production Processes.; Table 76. Comparison of hydrogen types.; Table 77. Characteristics of typical water electrolysis technologies; Table 78. Advantages and disadvantages of water electrolysis technologies.; Table 79. Classifications of Alkaline Electrolyzers.; Table 80. Advantages & limitations of AWE.; Table 81. Key performance characteristics of AWE.; Table 82. Projected Cost Reductions for AWE.; Table 83. Companies in the AWE market.; Table 84. Comparison of Commercial AEM Materials.; Table 85. Companies in the AMEL market.; Table 86. Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) from PEMEL, Current LCOH Range (2024-2025).; Table 87. Companies in the PEMEL market.; Table 88. Future Cost Projections for SOEC.; Table 89. Companies in the SOEC market.; Table 90. Other types of electrolyzer technologies; Table 91. Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction Technologies/; Table 92. Cost Comparison of CO₂ Electrochemical Technologies.; Table 93. Companies developing other electrolyzer technologies.; Table 96. Market overview-hydrogen storage and transport.; Table 97. Summary of different methods of hydrogen transport.; Table 98. Market players in hydrogen storage and transport.; Table 99. Market overview hydrogen fuel cells-applications, market players and market challenges.; Table 100. Categories and examples of solid biofuel.; Table 101. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity.; Table 102. Classification of biomass feedstock.; Table 103. Biorefinery feedstocks.; Table 104. Feedstock conversion pathways.; Table 105. Biodiesel production techniques.; Table 106. Advantages and disadvantages of biojet fuel; Table 107. Production pathways for bio-jet fuel.; Table 108. Applications of e-fuels, by type.; Table 109. Overview of e-fuels.; Table 110. Benefits of e-fuels.; Table 111. eFuel production facilities, current and planned.; Table 112. Market overview for hydrogen vehicles-applications, market players and market challenges.; Table 113. Cost Components for Green ammonia,; Table 114. Blue ammonia projects.; Table 115. Ammonia fuel cell technologies.; Table 116. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel.; Table 117. Summary of marine alternative fuels.; Table 118. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia.; Table 119. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas.; Table 120. Hydrogen-based steelmaking technologies.; Table 121. Comparison of green steel production technologies.; Table 122. Advantages and disadvantages of each potential hydrogen carrier.; Table 123. Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) market drivers and trends.; Table 124. Global Investment in Carbon Capture Technologies (2010-2024); Table 125. CCUS VC deals 2022-2025.; Table 126. CCUS government funding and investment-10 year outlook.; Table 127. Demonstration and commercial CCUS facilities in China.; Table 128. Global commercial CCUS facilities-in operation.; Table 129. Global commercial CCUS facilities-under development/construction.; Table 130. Cost Reduction Using Proven and Emerging Technologies.; Table 131. Key market barriers for CCUS.; Table 132. Key compliance carbon pricing initiatives around the world.; Table 133. CCUS business models: full chain, part chain, and hubs and clusters.; Table 134. CCUS capture capacity forecast by CO₂ endpoint, Mtpa of CO₂, to 2046.; Table 135. Capture capacity by region to 2046, Mtpa.; Table 136. CCUS revenue potential for captured CO₂ offtaker, billion US $ to 2046.; Table 137. CCUS capacity forecast by capture type, Mtpa of CO₂, to 2046.; Table 138. Point-source CCUS capture capacity forecast by CO₂ source sector, Mtpa of CO₂, to 2046.; Table 139. CCUS Cost Projections 2025-2046.; Table 140. CO2 utilization and removal pathways; Table 141. Approaches for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from point sources.; Table 142. CO2 capture technologies.; Table 143. Advantages and challenges of carbon capture technologies.; Table 144. Overview of commercial materials and processes utilized in carbon capture.; Table 145. Methods of CO2 transport.; Table 146. Comparison of CO2 Transportation Methods.; Table 147. Estimated capital costs for commercial-scale carbon capture.; Table 148. Key Milestones in Carbon Market Development; Table 149.Carbon Credit Prices by Market.; Table 150. Carbon Credit Project Types.; Table 151. Life Cycle Assessment of CCUS Technologies; Table 152. Environmental Impact Assessment for CCUS Technologies.; Table 153. Comparison of CO₂ capture technologies.; Table 154. Typical conditions and performance for different capture technologies.; Table 155. Conditions and Performance for Capture Technologies; Table 156. Carbon Capture Technology Providers for Existing Large-Scale Projects.; Table 157.Capture Percentages by technology.; Table 158. Metrics for CO2 Capture Agents.; Table 159. Energy consumption by technology.; Table 160. Technology Readiness of Carbon capture Technologies.; Table 161. Global CCUS Facilities Pipeline; Table 162. PSCC technologies.; Table 163. Point source examples.; Table 164. Comparison of point-source CO₂ capture systems; Table 165. Blue hydrogen projects.; Table 166. Commercial CO₂ capture systems for blue H2.; Table 167. Market players in blue hydrogen.; Table 168. CCUS Projects in the Cement Sector.; Table 169. Carbon capture technologies in the cement sector.; Table 170. Cost and technological status of carbon capture in the cement sector.; Table 171. Assessment of carbon capture materials; Table 172. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion.; Table 173. Comparison of key chemical solvent-based systems.; Table 174. Chemical absorption solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects.; Table 175.Amine Solvent Carbon Capture Technology Providers for Post-Combustion Capture; Table 176.Comparison of key physical absorption solvents.; Table 177.Physical solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects.; Table 178. Emerging solvents for carbon capture; Table 179. Emerging Solvents for Carbon Capture.; Table 180. Oxygen separation technologies for oxy-fuel combustion.; Table 181. Large-scale oxyfuel CCUS cement projects.; Table 182. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture.; Table 183. Main capture processes and their separation technologies.; Table 184. Absorption methods for CO2 capture overview.; Table 185. Commercially available physical solvents used in CO2 absorption.; Table 186. Adsorption methods for CO2 capture overview.; Table 187. Solid sorbents explored for carbon capture.; Table 188. Carbon-based adsorbents for CO₂ capture.; Table 189. Polymer-based adsorbents.; Table 190. Solid sorbents for post-combustion CO₂ capture.; Table 191. Emerging Solid Sorbent Systems.; Table 192. Membrane-based methods for CO2 capture overview.; Table 193. Comparison of membrane materials for CCUS; Table 194. Commercial status of membranes in carbon capture; Table 195. Membranes for pre-combustion capture.; Table 196. Status of cryogenic CO₂ capture technologies.; Table 197. Cryogenic Direct Air Capture Companies; Table 198. Benefits and drawbacks of microalgae carbon capture.; Table 199. Comparison of main separation technologies.; Table 200. Technology readiness level (TRL) of gas separation technologies; Table 201. Opportunities and Barriers by sector.; Table 202. DAC technologies.; Table 203. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC.; Table 204. Advantages of DAC as a CO2 removal strategy.; Table 205. Potential for DAC removal versus other carbon removal methods.; Table 206. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC.; Table 207. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies.; Table 208. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies.; Table 209. DAC companies and technologies.; Table 210. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities.; Table 211. DAC technology developers and production.; Table 212. DAC projects in development.; Table 213. DACCS carbon removal capacity forecast (million metric tons of CO₂ per year), 2024-2046, base case.; Table 214. DACCS carbon removal capacity forecast (million metric tons of CO₂ per year), 2030-2046, optimistic case.; Table 215. Costs summary for DAC.; Table 216. Typical cost contributions of the main components of a DACCS system.; Table 217. Cost estimates of DAC.; Table 218. Challenges for DAC technology.; Table 219. DAC companies and technologies.; Table 220. Example CO2 utilization pathways.; Table 221. Markets for Direct Air Capture and Storage (DACCS).; Table 222. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels.; Table 223. Compnaies in Methanol Production from CO2.; Table 224. Microalgae products and prices.; Table 225. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches.; Table 226. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products.; Table 227. Commodity chemicals and fuels manufactured from CO2.; Table 228. CO2 utilization products developed by chemical and plastic producers.; Table 229. Companies in CO2-derived chemicals products.; Table 230. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector; Table 231. Companies in CO2 derived building materials.; Table 232. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials.; Table 233. Companies in CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting.; Table 234. CO2 sequestering technologies and their use in food.; Table 235. Applications of CCS in oil and gas production.; Table 236. AI Applications in Carbon Capture.; Table 237. Renewable Energy Integration in Carbon Capture.; Table 238. Mobile Carbon Capture Applications.; Table 239. Carbon Capture Retrofitting.; Table 240. CCUS Projects in the Cement Sector; Table 241. Benchmarking Carbon Capture Technologies in the Cement Sector.; Table 242. Post-combustion capture for BF-BOF processes; Table 243. CCUS Project Pipeline for the Steel Sector.; Table 244.Market Drivers for Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR).; Table 245. CDR versus CCUS; Table 246. Status and Potential of CDR Technologies.; Table 247. Main CDR methods.; Table 248. Novel CDR Methods; Table 249.Carbon Dioxide Removal Technology Benchmarking; Table 250. CDR Value Chain.; Table 251. Engineered Carbon Dioxide Removal Value Chain; Table 252. Carbon pricing and carbon markets; Table 253. Carbon Removal vs Emission Reduction Offsets.; Table 254. Carbon Crediting Programs.; Table 255. Channels for Purchasing Voluntary Carbon Credits; Table 256. Voluntary Carbon Credits Trading Platforms and Exchanges.; Table 257. Voluntary Carbon Credits Key Market Players and Projects.; Table 258. Nature-Based Solutions Market Dynamics.; Table 259. Voluntary Carbon Credits Pricing by Category and Project Type.; Table 260. Price Range Analysis by Project Quality and Type:; Table 261. Compliance Carbon Credits Key Market Players and Projects.; Table 262. Comparison of Voluntary and Compliance Carbon Credits.; Table 263. Durable Carbon Removal Buyers.; Table 264. Prices of CDR Credits.; Table 265. Major Corporate Carbon Credit Commitments.; Table 266. Key Carbon Market Regulations and Support Mechanisms.; Table 267. Carbon credit prices by company and technology.; Table 268. Carbon Credit Exchanges and Trading Platforms.; Table 269. OTC Carbon Market Characteristics.; Table 270. Challenges and Risks.; Table 271. TRL of Biomass Conversion Processes and Products by Feedstock.; Table 272. BiCRS feedstocks.; Table 273. BiCRS conversion pathways.; Table 274. BiCRS Technological Challenges.; Table 275. CO₂ capture technologies for BECCS.; Table 276. Existing and planned capacity for sequestration of biogenic carbon.; Table 277. Existing facilities with capture and/or geologic sequestration of biogenic CO2.; Table 278. Challenges of BECCS; Table 279. Ex Situ Mineralization CDR Methods.; Table 280. Source Materials for Ex Situ Mineralization.; Table 281. Companies in CO₂-derived Concrete.; Table 282. Enhanced Weathering Applications.; Table 283. Enhanced Weathering Materials and Processes.; Table 284. Enhanced Weathering Companies; Table 285. Trends and Opportunities in Enhanced Weathering.; Table 286. Challenges and Risks in Enhanced Weathering.; Table 287. Cost analysis of enhanced weathering.; Table 288. Nature-based CDR approaches.; Table 289. Comparison of A/R and BECCS.; Table 290. Forest Carbon Removal Projects.; Table 291. Companies in Robotics in A/R.; Table 292. Trends and Opportunities in Afforestation/Reforestation.; Table 293.Challenges and Risks in Afforestation/Reforestation.; Table 294. Soil carbon sequestration practices.; Table 295. Soil sampling and analysis methods.; Table 296. Remote sensing and modeling techniques.; Table 297. Carbon credit protocols and standards.; Table 298. Trends and opportunities in soil carbon sequestration (SCS).; Table 299. Key aspects of soil carbon credits.; Table 300. Challenges and Risks in SCS.; Table 301. Summary of key properties of biochar.; Table 302. Biochar physicochemical and morphological properties; Table 303. Biochar feedstocks-source, carbon content, and characteristics.; Table 304. Biochar production technologies, description, advantages and disadvantages.; Table 305. Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for biomass.; Table 306. Comparison of thermochemical processes for biochar production.; Table 307. Biochar production equipment manufacturers.; Table 308. Competitive materials and technologies that can also earn carbon credits.; Table 309. Bio-oil-based CDR pros and cons.; Table 310. Ocean-based CDR methods.; Table 311. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Chart for Ocean-based CDR.; Table 312. Benchmarking of Ocean-based CDR Methods.; Table 313. Ocean-based CDR: Biotic Methods.; Table 314. Market Players in Ocean-based CDR.; Table 315. Carbon Pricing Evolution.; Table 316. Electric Heating Technology Maturity.; Table 317. Industrial Heat Pump Technology Readiness.; Table 318. COP Performance by Temperature.; Table 319. Microwave Industrial Heating Maturity.; Table 320. Plasma Technology Readiness.; Table 321. Biomass Technology Maturity Matrix.; Table 322. Hydrogen Combustion Technology Status.; Table 323. Levelized Cost of Heat by Technology (2026).; Table 324. LCOH Projections 2036.; Table 325. Abatement Cost Analysis.; Table 326. Cumulative Abatement Potential 2026-2036.; Table 327. Electric Heating Market Overview.; Table 328. Resistance Heating Applications by Temperature Range.; Table 329. Direct Resistance Technology Specifications:; Table 330. Indirect Resistance Equipment Types:; Table 331. Infrared Heating Technology Matrix.; Table 332. Induction Heating Efficiency by Frequency.; Table 333. High-Frequency Induction Specifications.; Table 334. Medium-Frequency System Performance.; Table 335. Low-Frequency Applications.; Table 336. Microwave Heating Applications in Industry; Table 337. Single-Mode System Characteristics.; Table 338. Multi-Mode System Specifications.; Table 339. Control Technology Features.; Table 340. Plasma Technology Applications.; Table 341. Plasma Technology Applications; Table 342. Cascade System Performance.; Table 343. Biomass Heat Market Projections.; Table 344. Biomass Feedstock Characteristics.; Table 345. Biomass Combustion Technologies Comparison.; Table 346. Emerging Biomass Technology Assessment.; Table 347. Solar Thermal Industrial Applications; Table 348. Geothermal Technology Applications; Table 349. EGS Technology Characteristics.; Table 350. Heat Storage Technology Comparison.; Table 351. Digital Technology Implementation Cases.; Table 352. Chemical Industry Decarbonization Trajectory.; Table 353. Food Processing Decarbonization Economics (2026).; Table 354. Paper and Pulp Decarbonization Pathway.; Table 355. Glass Industry Decarbonization Technologies.; Table 356. Steel Industry Decarbonization Market Projections.; Table 357. Cement Industry Decarbonization Pathways.; Table 358. Waste Heat Temperature Distribution.; Table 359. Global Grid Upgrade Investment (2026-2036).; Table 360. Power Quality Requirements by Industrial Process.; Table 361. Market for Power Quality Solutions (2026-2036).; Table 362. Regional Power Quality Standards Compliance.; Table 363. Industrial Load Growth Projections by Sector (2026-2036).; Table 364. Transmission and Distribution Upgrade Requirements.; Table 365. Capacity Planning Tools Market.; Table 366. Smart Grid Technology Deployment by Function.; Table 367. Communication Infrastructure Requirements.; Table 368. Battery Storage Market by Technology (2026-2036); Table 369. Industrial Battery Storage Applications and Requirements.; Table 370. Regional Battery Storage Deployment (2026-2036).; Table 371. Battery Energy Management Systems Market.; Table 372. Thermal Storage Technology Comparison; Table 373. Industrial Thermal Storage Applications by Sector.; Table 374. Thermal Storage Market Forecast (2026-2036); Table 375. Hybrid Storage System Configurations.; Table 376. Hybrid System Performance Metrics.; Table 377. Industrial Wind Power Deployment (2026-2036).; Table 378. Wind Turbine Technology Evolution.; Table 379. Wind Integration Requirements by Scale.; Table 380. Regional Wind Resource and Industrial Adoption.; Table 381. Hybrid System Configurations and Performance.; Table 382. Hybrid System Market Growth (2026-2036).; Table 383. Hybrid System Control and Optimization; Table 384. Economic Analysis of Hybrid Systems; Table 385. Electric Heating Technology Market Overview (2026-2036).; Table 386. Resistance Heating Market Segmentation.; Table 387. Direct Resistance Heating Applications.; Table 388. Direct Resistance Heating Equipment Market.; Table 389. Indirect Resistance Heating Technologies.; Table 390. Indirect Resistance Heating Furnace Market; Table 391. Immersion Heater Configurations.; Table 392. Immersion Heating Market by Industry.; Table 393. Control System Technologies and Capabilities.; Table 394. Control System Market Evolution; Table 395. Induction Heating Frequency Ranges and Applications.; Table 396. High-Frequency Induction Applications and Performance.; Table 397. High-Frequency System Market Analysis.; Table 398. Medium-Frequency Applications Matrix.; Table 399. Medium-Frequency Equipment Market.; Table 400. Low-Frequency System Applications and Specifications.; Table 401. Low-Frequency Market by End-Use Industry.; Table 402. Induction Power Supply Technology Comparison; Table 403. Power Supply Features and Capabilities.; Table 404. Power Supply Market Forecast; Table 405. Infrared Technology Overview and Wavelength Characteristics.; Table 406. Infrared Heating Market Segmentation (2026-2036); Table 407. Short-Wave System Performance Characteristics; Table 408. Short-Wave Applications and Market Size; Table 409. Medium-Wave Industrial Applications; Table 410. Long-Wave System Characteristics and Performance.; Table 411. Long-Wave Market by Application.; Table 412. Hybrid System Configurations; Table 413. Hybrid System Market Analysis; Table 414. Dielectric Heating Technology Comparison; Table 415. Microwave System Specifications and Performance; Table 416. Microwave Heating Industrial Applications; Table 417. RF System Design and Capabilities; Table 418. RF Heating Market Segmentation.; Table 419. Dielectric Heating Control Technologies; Table 420. Control System Market and Adoption.; Table 421. Advanced Control Performance Improvements; Table 422. Plasma Technology Classification; Table 423. Plasma Heating Market Overview (2026-2036); Table 424. Thermal Plasma System Types; Table 425. Thermal Plasma Industrial Applications; Table 426. Non-Thermal Plasma Technologies; Table 427. Non-Thermal Plasma Application Markets.; Table 428. Hybrid Plasma Configurations and Capabilities; Table 429. Hybrid Plasma Market Development; Table 430. Electrochemical Process Market Overview.; Table 431. Electrolysis Technology Comparison Matrix.; Table 432. Alkaline Electrolyzer Performance and Economics.; Table 433. Alkaline Electrolysis Market by Application; Table 434. PEM Electrolyzer Technology Specifications.; Table 435. PEM Electrolysis Market Development; Table 436. SOEC Technology Characteristics and Development.; Table 437. SOEC Application Opportunities and Market Potential.; Table 438. Electrochemical Reactor Market Overview.; Table 439. Flow Reactor Design Configurations.; Table 440. Flow Reactor Industrial Applications; Table 441. Flow Reactor Performance Metrics; Table 442. Batch Reactor Design Parameters.; Table 443. Batch Reactor Market Segmentation.; Table 444. Emerging Reactor Technologies; Table 445. Novel Reactor Market Development; Table 446. Novel Reactor Performance Comparison.; Table 447. Membrane Technology Market Landscape; Table 448. Ion Exchange Membrane Types and Properties.; Table 449. Ion Exchange Membrane Market by Application.; Table 450. Ceramic Membrane Material Systems.; Table 451. Ceramic Membrane Application Markets.; Table 452. Composite Membrane Architectures.; Table 453. Composite Membrane Market Development.; Table 454. Composite Membrane Performance Benchmarks.; Table 455. Industrial Motor Market Overview (2026-2036).; Table 456. Motor Technology Performance Comparison.; Table 457. Permanent Magnet Motor Market Segmentation; Table 458. Synchronous Reluctance Motor Characteristics; Table 459. High-Speed Motor Application Markets; Table 460. Emerging Technology Market Overview; Table 461. Digital Twin Implementation Levels; Table 462. Process Modeling Approaches and Capabilities; Table 463. Real-Time Optimization System Capabilities; Table 464. AI/ML Technology Application Matrix; Table 465. Predictive Maintenance Implementation Tiers; Table 466. AI-Based Process Optimization Performance; Table 467. AI Energy Management System Capabilities; Table 468. Energy Management AI Market by Industry; Table 469. Novel Heating Technology Landscape; Table 470. Ultrasonic Heating System Specifications.; Table 471. Ultrasonic Heating Application Markets.; Table 472. Electron Beam System Characteristics; Table 473. Laser Processing Technology Matrix.; Table 474. Laser Processing Industrial Market.; Table 475. Chemical Industry Electrification Overview.; Table 476. Chemical Process Heating Electrification Status; Table 477. Chemical Plant Energy Integration Opportunities.; Table 478. Metal Processing Electrification Landscape.; Table 479. Metal Melting Technology Adoption.; Table 480. Heat Treatment Electrification Market; Table 481. Surface Processing Electrification Technologies.; Table 482. Food & Beverage Electrification Overview; Table 483. Food Heating Technology Comparison.; Table 484. Industrial Food Cooling Technology Evolution.; Table 485. Cooling Application Market by Segment.; Table 486. Food Process Integration Opportunities; Table 487. Process Integration Market Analysis; Table 488. Mining & Minerals Electrification Landscape; Table 489. Mining Equipment Electrification Status; Table 490. Mining Equipment Market by Type; Table 491. Mineral Processing Electrification Opportunities; Table 492. Mineral Processing Technology Market; Table 493. Mineral Processing by Commodity; Table 494. AI/ML System Performance Metrics; Table 495. Computer Vision System Specifications; Table 496. Deep Learning Model Performance.; Table 497. NIR Spectroscopy System Specifications.; Table 498. Robotic Sorting System Performance.; Table 499. Summary of non-catalytic pyrolysis technologies.; Table 500. Summary of catalytic pyrolysis technologies.; Table 501. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions.; Table 502. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield.; Table 503. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process.; Table 504. Pyrolysis companies and plant capacities, current and planned.; Table 505. Summary of gasification technologies.; Table 506. Advanced recycling (Gasification) companies.; Table 507. Summary of dissolution technologies.; Table 508. Advanced recycling (Dissolution) companies; Table 509. Depolymerisation processes for PET, PU, PC and PA, products and yields.; Table 510. Summary of hydrolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.; Table 511. Summary of Enzymolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.; Table 512. Summary of methanolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.; Table 513. Summary of glycolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.; Table 514. Summary of aminolysis technologies.; Table 515. Advanced recycling (Depolymerisation) companies and capacities (current and planned).; Table 516. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling.; Table 517. Overview of Pyrolysis with in-line reforming for advanced chemical recycling.; Table 518. Overview of microwave-assisted pyrolysis for advanced chemical recycling.; Table 519. Overview of plasma pyrolysis for advanced chemical recycling.; Table 520. Overview of plasma gasification for advanced chemical recycling.; Table 521. Summary of carbon fiber (CF) recycling technologies. Advantages and disadvantages.; Table 522. Retention rate of tensile properties of recovered carbon fibres by different recycling processes.; Table 523. Recycled carbon fiber producers, technology and capacity.; Table 524. Current thermoset recycling routes.; Table 525. Companies developing advanced thermoset recycing routes.; Table 526. Global Production of Critical Materials by Country (Top 10 Countries).; Table 527. Projected Demand for Critical Materials in Clean Energy Technologies (2024-2040).; Table 528. Primary global suppliers of critical raw materials.; Table 529. Markets and applications: copper.; Table 530. Technologies and Techniques for Copper Extraction and Recovery.; Table 531. Markets and applications: nickel.; Table 532. Technologies and Techniques for Nickel Extraction and Recovery.; Table 533. Markets and applications: cobalt.; Table 534. Technologies and Techniques for Cobalt Extraction and Recovery.; Table 535. Markets and applications: rare earth elements.; Table 536. Technologies and Techniques for Rare Earth Elements Extraction and Recovery.; Table 537. Markets and applications: lithium.; Table 538. Technologies and Techniques for Lithium Extraction and Recovery.; Table 539. Markets and applications: gold.; Table 540. Technologies and Techniques for Gold Extraction and Recovery.; Table 541. Markets and applications: uranium.; Table 542. Technologies and Techniques for Uranium Extraction and Recovery.; Table 543. Markets and applications: zinc.; Table 544. Zinc Extraction and Recovery Technologies.; Table 545. Markets and applications: manganese.; Table 546. Manganese Extraction and Recovery Technologies.; Table 547. Markets and applications: tantalum.; Table 548. Tantalum Extraction and Recovery Technologies.; Table 549. Markets and applications: niobium.; Table 550. Niobium Extraction and Recovery Technologies.; Table 551. Markets and applications: indium.; Table 552. Indium Extraction and Recovery Technologies.; Table 553. Markets and applications: gallium.; Table 554. Gallium Extraction and Recovery Technologies.; Table 555. Markets and applications: germanium.; Table 556. Germanium Extraction and Recovery Technologies.; Table 557. Markets and applications: antimony.; Table 558. Antimony Extraction and Recovery Technologies.; Table 559. Markets and applications: scandium.; Table 560. Scandium Extraction and Recovery Technologies.; Table 561. Graphite Markets and Applications.; Table 562. Graphite Extraction and Recovery Techniques and Technologies.; Table 563. Comparison of Primary vs Secondary Production for Key Materials.; Table 564. Environmental Impact Comparison: Primary vs Secondary Production.; Table 565. Technologies for critical material recovery from secondary sources.; Table 566. Technologies for critical raw material recovery from secondary sources.; Table 567. Critical raw material extraction technologies.; Table 568. Pyrometallurgical extraction methods.; Table 569. Bioleaching processes and their applicability to critical materials.; Table 570. Comparative analysis of metal recovery technologies.; Table 571. Technology readiness of critical material recovery technologies by secondary material sources.; Table 572. Global critical raw materials recovery market by material types (2025-2040), by ktonnes.; Table 573. Global critical raw materials recovery market by material types (2025-2040), by value (Billions USD).; Table 574. Global critical raw materials recovery market by recovery source (2025-2040), in ktonnes.; Table 575. Global critical raw materials recovery market by recovery source (2025-2040), by value (Billions USD).; Table 576. Global critical raw materials recovery market by region (2025-2040), by ktonnes.; Table 577. Global critical raw materials recovery market by region (2025-2040), by value (Billions USD).; Table 578. Global Environmental Technologies Market Forecast (2026-2036).; Table 579. Technology Segment Market Share (2026 vs 2036).; Table 580. Membrane Technology Market Analysis (2026-2036).; Table 581. Next-Generation Membrane Performance Characteristics.; Table 582. Advanced Membrane Process Comparison.; Table 583. Integrated Membrane Systems Market Forecast.; Table 584. Anti-Fouling Technology Performance Matrix.; Table 585. AOP Technology Market Analysis (2026-2036).; Table 586. Photocatalytic Material Performance Comparison.; Table 587. Photocatalytic Reactor Configurations.; Table 588. Electrochemical AOP Electrode Materials.; Table 589. Electrochemical AOP Process Parameters.; Table 590. Biological Treatment Technology Market (2026-2036).; Table 591. Advanced Bioreactor Performance Characteristics.; Table 592. Nutrient Removal Performance in Advanced Bioreactors.; Table 593. Biogas Production and Energy Recovery.; Table 594. Specialized Microbial Consortia Applications.; Table 595. Microbial Product Market Forecast.; Table 596. Bioaugmentation Strategy Performance.; Table 597. Bioaugmentation Success Factors.; Table 598. Air Quality Management Technology Market (2026-2036).; Table 599. Emission Control Technology Comparison.; Table 600. Advanced Particulate Matter Control Technologies.; Table 601. Particulate Control Performance by Industry.; Table 602. Particulate Control Technology Investment Forecast.; Table 603. Gas Treatment Technology Performance Matrix.; Table 604. NOx Control Technology Comparison.; Table 605. VOC Abatement Technology Selection Criteria; Table 606. Air Quality Monitoring Technology Evolution.; Table 607. Air Quality Monitoring Network Economics.; Table 608. AI-Enabled Monitoring System Capabilities.; Table 609. Remediation Technology Market Overview (2026-2036).; Table 610. In-Situ Remediation Technology Comparison.; Table 611. In-Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) Reagent Performance.; Table 612. ISCO Application Methods and Costs.; Table 613. In-Situ Chemical Reduction (ISCR) Technology.; Table 614. Chemical Amendment Market Forecast.; Table 615. Enhanced Bioremediation Technology Performance.; Table 616. Biostimulation Amendment Selection.; Table 617. Monitored Natural Attenuation Criteria.; Table 618. Bioremediation Market Segmentation.; Table 619. Digital Environmental Technology Market (2026-2036).; Table 620. IoT Sensor Technology Specifications.; Table 621. Sensor Network Architecture Comparison.; Table 622. Sensor Network Deployment Economics.; Table 623. Environmental Data Integration Platforms.; Table 624. Data Management and Storage Costs.; Table 625. Environmental Analytics Platform Capabilities.; Table 626. Analytics Platform Market Adoption.; Table 627. AI/ML Applications in Environmental Management; Table 628. Predictive Monitoring System Performance; Table 629. AI-Driven Process Optimization Results.; Table 630. Optimization Algorithm Performance Comparison; Table 631. Process Optimization Economic Analysis.; Table 632. AI-Based Environmental Risk Assessment.; Table 633. Risk Assessment Model Features.; Table 634. Emerging Environmental Technologies Market (2026-2036); Table 635. Novel Material Technology Development Timeline.; Table 636. Novel Material Performance vs. Conventional.; Table 637. Nanomaterial Applications in Environmental Technologies.; Table 638. Technology Maturity and Market Readiness (2026-2036).; Table 639. Regional Market Distribution (2026 vs 2036).; Table 640. Technology Adoption Barriers and Solutions.; Table 641. Future Technology Trends (2030-2036).; Table 642. Global trends and drivers in sustainable construction materials.; Table 643. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by materials type, 2020-2036 (millions USD).; Table 644. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by market, 2020-2036 (millions USD).; Table 645. Global revenues in building energy systems for green buildings, by technology type, 2020-2036 (millions USD).; Table 646. Global revenues in smart building technologies for green buildings, by application, 2020-2036 (millions USD).; Table 647. Global revenues in advanced construction methods for green buildings, 2020-2036 (millions USD).; Table 648. Global revenues in green building technologies by major regions, 2020-2036 (millions USD).; Table 649. Types of Sustainable Wood Products.; Table 650. Types of Recycled Construction Materials.; Table 651. Types of Bio-based Construction Materials.; Table 652. Established bio-based construction materials.; Table 653. Advanced Insulation Materials Comparison.; Table 654. Installation Methods for Insulation Systems.; Table 655. Performance Metrics Table for Insulation Systems.; Table 656. Integration Technologies for Smart Windows.; Table 657. Manufacturing Processes for Modular Construction.; Table 658. Assembly Systems for Modular Construction.; Table 659. Printing Systems for Construction 3D Printing.; Table 660. Advanced Ventilation Systems.; Table 661. Advanced Filtration Technologies.; Table 662. Air Quality Monitoring Parameters.; Table 663. Types of self-healing concrete.; Table 664. General properties and value of aerogels.; Table 665. Key properties of silica aerogels.; Table 666. Chemical precursors used to synthesize silica aerogels.; Table 667. Commercially available aerogel-enhanced blankets.; Table 668. Typical structural properties of metal oxide aerogels.; Table 669. Polymer aerogels companies.; Table 670. Types of biobased aerogels.; Table 671. Carbon aerogel companies.; Table 672. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector; Table 673. Carbonation of recycled concrete companies.; Table 674. Current and projected costs for some key CO2 utilization applications in the construction industry.; Table 675. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials.; Table 676. Temperature Ranges Achieved by Different Energy Sources for Cement Kilns.; Table 677. Benchmarking Cement High Temperature Heat Technologies.; Table 678. Companies in Renewable Power Sources for Electric Kilns; Table 679. Fuel Switching and CCS Projects in the Cement Sector.; Table 680. Benchmarking of Alternative Fuels.; Table 681. Benchmarking Kiln Electrification Technologies for Cement Production.; Table 682. Electric Arc Plasma Technologies for Cement Production.; Table 683. Comparing Conventional Cement Production with CCUS to Electrified Cement Production with CCUS.; Table 684. Technologies in CSP for Cement Pyroprocesses.
List of Figures: Figure 1. Share of (a) production, (b) energy consumption and (c) CO2 emissions from different steel making routes.; Figure 2. Transition to hydrogen-based production.; Figure 3. CO2 emissions from steelmaking (tCO2/ton crude steel).; Figure 4. CO2 emissions of different process routes for liquid steel.; Figure 5. Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) process.; Figure 6. Molten oxide electrolysis process.; Figure 7. Flash ironmaking process.; Figure 8. Hydrogen Plasma Iron Ore Reduction process.; Figure 9. Green steel market map.; Figure 10. SWOT analysis: Green steel.; Figure 11. Low-Emissions Steel Production Capacity 2020-2036 (Million Metric Tons).; Figure 12. ArcelorMittal decarbonization strategy.; Figure 13. HYBRIT process schematic.; Figure 14. Schematic of HyREX technology.; Figure 15. EAF Quantum.; Figure 16. Hydrogen value chain.; Figure 17. Current Annual H2 Production.; Figure 18. Principle of a PEM electrolyser.; Figure 19. Power-to-gas concept.; Figure 20. Schematic of a fuel cell stack.; Figure 21. High pressure electrolyser - 1 MW.; Figure 22. SWOT analysis: green hydrogen.; Figure 23. Types of electrolysis technologies.; Figure 24. Typical Balance of Plant including Gas processing.; Figure 25. Schematic of alkaline water electrolysis working principle.; Figure 26. Alkaline water electrolyzer.; Figure 27. Typical system design and balance of plant for an AEM electrolyser.; Figure 28. Schematic of PEM water electrolysis working principle.; Figure 29. Typical system design and balance of plant for a PEM electrolyser.; Figure 30. Schematic of solid oxide water electrolysis working principle.; Figure 31. Typical system design and balance of plant for a solid oxide electrolyser.; Figure 35. Process steps in the production of electrofuels.; Figure 36. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics.; Figure 37. Production process for green hydrogen.; Figure 38. E-liquids production routes.; Figure 39. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products.; Figure 40. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production.; Figure 41. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels.; Figure 42. Cost breakdown for e-fuels.; Figure 43. Hydrogen fuel cell powered EV.; Figure 44. Green ammonia production and use.; Figure 45. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production.; Figure 46. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction.; Figure 47. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation.; Figure 48. Estimated production cost of green ammonia.; Figure 49. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks.; Figure 50. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading.; Figure 51. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation.; Figure 52. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process.; Figure 53. Transition to hydrogen-based production.; Figure 54. CO2 emissions from steelmaking (tCO2/ton crude steel).; Figure 55. Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) process.; Figure 56. Three Gorges Hydrogen Boat No. 1.; Figure 57. PESA hydrogen-powered shunting locomotive.; Figure 58. Symbiotic™ technology process.; Figure 59. Alchemr AEM electrolyzer cell.; Figure 60. Domsjö process.; Figure 61. EL 2.1 AEM Electrolyser.; Figure 62. Enapter – Anion Exchange Membrane (AEM) Water Electrolysis.; Figure 63. Direct MCH® process.; Figure 64. FuelPositive system.; Figure 65. Using electricity from solar power to produce green hydrogen.; Figure 66. Left: a typical single-stage electrolyzer design, with a membrane separating the hydrogen and oxygen gasses. Right: the two-stage E-TAC process.; Figure 67. Hystar PEM electrolyser.; Figure 68. OCOchem’s Carbon Flux Electrolyzer.; Figure 69. CO2 hydrogenation to jet fuel range hydrocarbons process.; Figure 70. The Plagazi ® process.; Figure 71. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production.; Figure 72. O12 Reactor.; Figure 73. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials.; Figure 74. CO2 made car part.; Figure 75. Carbon emissions by sector.; Figure 76. Overview of CCUS market; Figure 77. CCUS business model.; Figure 78. Pathways for CO2 use.; Figure 79. Regional capacity share 2025-2035.; Figure 80. Global investment in carbon capture 2010-2024, millions USD.; Figure 81. Carbon Capture, Utilization, & Storage (CCUS) Market Map.; Figure 82. CCS deployment projects, historical and to 2035.; Figure 83. Existing and planned CCS projects.; Figure 84. CCUS Value Chain.; Figure 85. A pre-combustion capture system.; Figure 86. Carbon dioxide utilization and removal cycle.; Figure 87. Various pathways for CO2 utilization.; Figure 88. Example of underground carbon dioxide storage.; Figure 89. Transport of CCS technologies.; Figure 90. Railroad car for liquid CO₂ transport; Figure 91. Estimated costs of capture of one metric ton of carbon dioxide (Co2) by sector.; Figure 92. Cost of CO2 transported at different flowrates; Figure 93. Cost estimates for long-distance CO2 transport.; Figure 94. CO2 capture and separation technology.; Figure 96. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2024.; Figure 97. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2046.; Figure 98. SMR process flow diagram of steam methane reforming with carbon capture and storage (SMR-CCS).; Figure 99. Process flow diagram of autothermal reforming with a carbon capture and storage (ATR-CCS) plant.; Figure 100. POX process flow diagram.; Figure 101. Process flow diagram for a typical SE-SMR.; Figure 102. Post-combustion carbon capture process.; Figure 103. Post-combustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant.; Figure 104. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process.; Figure 105. Process schematic of chemical looping.; Figure 106. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process.; Figure 107. Pre-combustion carbon capture process.; Figure 108. Amine-based absorption technology.; Figure 109. Pressure swing absorption technology.; Figure 110. Membrane separation technology.; Figure 111. Liquid or supercritical CO2 (cryogenic) distillation.; Figure 112. Cryocap™ process.; Figure 113. Calix advanced calcination reactor.; Figure 114. LEILAC process.; Figure 115. Fuel Cell CO2 Capture diagram.; Figure 116. Microalgal carbon capture.; Figure 117. Cost of carbon capture.; Figure 118. CO2 capture capacity to 2030, MtCO2.; Figure 119. Capacity of large-scale CO2 capture projects, current and planned vs. the Net Zero Scenario, 2020-2030.; Figure 120. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse.; Figure 121. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario.; Figure 122. DAC technologies.; Figure 123. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system.; Figure 124. Climeworks’ first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland.; Figure 125. Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC.; Figure 126. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering.; Figure 127. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies.; Figure 128. DAC cost breakdown and comparison.; Figure 129. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems.; Figure 130. Co2 utilization pathways and products.; Figure 131. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates.; Figure 132. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel.; Figure 133. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol.; Figure 134. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV+EC) approaches for CO2 c; Figure 135. Audi synthetic fuels.; Figure 136. Conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels via different pathways.; Figure 137. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials; Figure 138. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials.; Figure 139. Schematic of CCUS in cement sector.; Figure 140. Carbon8 Systems’ ACT process.; Figure 141. CO2 utilization in the Carbon Cure process.; Figure 142. Algal cultivation in the desert.; Figure 143. Example pathways for products from cyanobacteria.; Figure 144. Typical Flow Diagram for CO2 EOR.; Figure 145. Large CO2-EOR projects in different project stages by industry.; Figure 146. Process Flow of Carbon Trading: Total Carbon Credits (CCs), amounting to CCB (MtCO2e) = (c) – EB, are issued to firm with CHG emissions below the allowance. These credits can be subsequently sold to firm with emissions exceeding the allowance. In the representation, the latter firm must purchase total credits equivalent to CCA (MtCO2e) = EA – (c).; Figure 147. BiCRS Value Chain.; Figure 148. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) process.; Figure 149. Capture of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere using bricks of calcium hydroxide.; Figure 150. Carbon capture using mineral carbonation.; Figure 151. SWOT analysis: enhanced weathering.; Figure 152. SWOT analysis: afforestation/reforestation.; Figure 153. SWOT analysis: SCS.; Figure 154. Schematic of biochar production.; Figure 155. Biochars from different sources, and by pyrolyzation at different temperatures.; Figure 156. Compressed biochar.; Figure 157. Biochar production diagram.; Figure 158. Pyrolysis process and by-products in agriculture.; Figure 159. SWOT analysis: Biochar for CDR.; Figure 160. SWOT analysis: Ocean-based CDR.; Figure 161. Air Products production process.; Figure 162. ALGIECEL PhotoBioReactor.; Figure 163. Schematic of carbon capture solar project.; Figure 164. Aspiring Materials method.; Figure 165. Aymium’s Biocarbon production.; Figure 166. Capchar prototype pyrolysis kiln.; Figure 167. Carbonminer technology.; Figure 168. Carbon Blade system.; Figure 169. CarbonCure Technology.; Figure 170. Direct Air Capture Process.; Figure 171. CRI process.; Figure 172. PCCSD Project in China.; Figure 173. Orca facility.; Figure 174. Process flow scheme of Compact Carbon Capture Plant.; Figure 175. Colyser process.; Figure 176. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic.; Figure 177. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer.; Figure 178. Fuel Cell Carbon Capture.; Figure 179. Topsoe's SynCORTM autothermal reforming technology.; Figure 180. Heirloom DAC facilities.; Figure 181. Carbon Capture balloon.; Figure 182. Holy Grail DAC system.; Figure 183. INERATEC unit.; Figure 184. Infinitree swing method.; Figure 185. Audi/Krajete unit.; Figure 186. Made of Air's HexChar panels.; Figure 187. Mosaic Materials MOFs.; Figure 188. Neustark modular plant.; Figure 189. OCOchem’s Carbon Flux Electrolyzer.; Figure 190. ZerCaL™ process.; Figure 191. CCS project at Arthit offshore gas field.; Figure 192. RepAir technology.; Figure 193. Aker (SLB Capturi) carbon capture system.; Figure 194. Soletair Power unit.; Figure 195. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production.; Figure 196. CALF-20 has been integrated into a rotating CO2 capture machine (left), which operates inside a CO2 plant module (right).; Figure 197. Takavator.; Figure 198. O12 Reactor.; Figure 199. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials.; Figure 200. CO2 made car part.; Figure 201. Molecular sieving membrane.; Figure 202. Form Energy's iron-air batteries.; Figure 203. Highview Power- Liquid Air Energy Storage Technology.; Figure 204. phelas Liquid Air Energy Storage System AURORA.; Figure 205. Schematic layout of a pyrolysis plant.; Figure 206. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline; Figure 207. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires.; Figure 208. Used tires conversion process.; Figure 210. Overview of biogas utilization.; Figure 211. Biogas and biomethane pathways.; Figure 212. Products obtained through the different solvolysis pathways of PET, PU, and PA.; Figure 213. SWOT analysis-Hydrolysis for advanced chemical recycling.; Figure 214. SWOT analysis-Enzymolysis for advanced chemical recycling.; Figure 215. SWOT analysis-Methanolysis for advanced chemical recycling.; Figure 216. SWOT analysis-Glycolysis for advanced chemical recycling.; Figure 217. SWOT analysis-Aminolysis for advanced chemical recycling.; Figure 218. Copper demand outlook.; Figure 219. Global nickel demand outlook.; Figure 220. Global cobalt demand outlook.; Figure 221. Global lithium demand outlook.; Figure 222. Global graphite demand outlook.; Figure 223. Solvent extraction (SX) in hydrometallurgy.; Figure 224. SWOT analysis: hydrometallurgical extraction.; Figure 225. SWOT analysis: pyrometallurgical extraction of critical materials.; Figure 226. SWOT analysis: biometallurgy for critical material extraction.; Figure 227. SWOT analysis: ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for critical material extraction.; Figure 228. SWOT analysis: electrochemical leaching for critical material extraction.; Figure 229. SWOT analysis: supercritical fluid extraction technology.; Figure 230. SWOT analysis: solvent extraction recovery technology.; Figure 231. SWOT analysis: ion exchange resin recovery technology.; Figure 232. SWOT analysis: ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for critical material recovery.; Figure 233. SWOT analysis: precipitation for critical material recovery.; Figure 234. SWOT analysis: biosorption for critical material recovery.; Figure 235. SWOT analysis: electrowinning for critical material recovery.; Figure 236. SWOT analysis: direct critical material recovery technology.; Figure 237. Global critical raw materials recovery market by material types (2025-2040), by ktonnes.; Figure 238. Global critical raw materials recovery market by material types (2025-2040), by value (Billions USD).; Figure 239. Global critical raw materials recovery market by recovery source (2025-2040), by ktonnes.; Figure 240. Global critical raw materials recovery market by recovery source (2025-2040), by value.; Figure 241. Global critical raw materials recovery market by region (2025-2040), by ktonnes.; Figure 242. Global critical raw materials recovery market by region (2025-2040), by value (Billions USD).; Figure 243. NewCycling process.; Figure 244. ChemCyclingTM prototypes.; Figure 245. ChemCycling circle by BASF.; Figure 246. Recycled carbon fibers obtained through the R3FIBER process.; Figure 247. Cassandra Oil process.; Figure 248. CuRe Technology process.; Figure 249. MoReTec.; Figure 250. Chemical decomposition process of polyurethane foam.; Figure 251. OMV ReOil process.; Figure 252. Schematic Process of Plastic Energy’s TAC Chemical Recycling.; Figure 253. Easy-tear film material from recycled material.; Figure 254. Polyester fabric made from recycled monomers.; Figure 255. A sheet of acrylic resin made from conventional, fossil resource-derived MMA monomer (left) and a sheet of acrylic resin made from chemically recycled MMA monomer (right).; Figure 256. Teijin Frontier Co., Ltd. Depolymerisation process.; Figure 257. The Velocys process.; Figure 258. The Proesa® Process.; Figure 259. Worn Again products.; Figure 260. Anti-Fouling Material Development Roadmap.; Figure 261. Gradiant Forever Gone.; Figure 262. PFAS Annihilator® unit.; Figure 263. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by materials type, 2020-2036 (millions USD).; Figure 264. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by market, 2020-2036 (millions USD).; Figure 265. Global revenues in building energy systems for green buildings, by technology type, 2020-2036 (millions USD).; Figure 266. Global revenues in smart building technologies for green buildings, by application, 2020-2036 (millions USD).; Figure 267. Global revenues in advanced construction methods for green buildings, 2020-2036 (millions USD).; Figure 268. Global revenues in green building technologies by major regions, 2020-2036 (millions USD).; Figure 269. Luum Temple, constructed from Bamboo.; Figure 270. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam.; Figure 271. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials.; Figure 272. Self-healing concrete test study with cracked concrete (left) and self-healed concrete after 28 days (right).; Figure 273. Self-healing bacteria crack filler for concrete.; Figure 274. Self-healing bio concrete.; Figure 275. Microalgae based biocement masonry bloc.; Figure 276. Classification of aerogels.; Figure 277. Flower resting on a piece of silica aerogel suspended in mid air by the flame of a bunsen burner.; Figure 278. Monolithic aerogel.; Figure 279. Aerogel granules.; Figure 280. Internal aerogel granule applications.; Figure 281. 3D printed aerogels.; Figure 282. Lignin-based aerogels.; Figure 283. Fabrication routes for starch-based aerogels.; Figure 284. Graphene aerogel.; Figure 285. Carbon8 Systems’ ACT process.; Figure 286. CO2 utilization in the Carbon Cure process.; Figure 287. Aizawa self-healing concrete.; Figure 288. ArcelorMittal decarbonization strategy.; Figure 289. Thermal Conductivity Performance of ArmaGel HT.; Figure 290. SLENTEX® roll (piece).; Figure 291. Biozeroc Biocement.; Figure 292. Carbon Re’s DeltaZero dashboard.; Figure 293. Neustark modular plant.; Figure 294. HIP AERO paint.; Figure 295. Schematic of HyREX technology.; Figure 296. EAF Quantum.; Figure 297. CNF insulation flat plates.; Figure 298. Quartzene®.

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The Global Industrial Decarbonization Market 2026-2036

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