Electric Vehicle (EV) Hub Motor Market by Product Type, End-Users, and Geography (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East and Africa): Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 2025 - 2032
Description
Persistence Market Research has released an in-depth report on the Global Electric Vehicle (EV) Hub Motor Market, highlighting key trends, market drivers, challenges, and opportunities shaping the industry's future. This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights into the market structure, helping stakeholders understand evolving dynamics.
Market Overview & Key Statistics
The EV hub motor market covers in-wheel motor systems that power electric vehicles directly, eliminating the need for transmissions or differentials. These motors enhance efficiency, reduce vehicle weight, and improve driving dynamics, making them an attractive solution for electric passenger cars, two-wheelers, and commercial EVs. The market serves various sectors, including automotive manufacturers, fleet operators, and aftermarket services. Growth is fueled by the surging demand for electric mobility, advancements in motor technology, and a focus on lightweight vehicle design to optimize energy efficiency.
Market Growth Drivers:
Several key factors are driving the global EV Hub Motor Market. The rising adoption of electric vehicles due to stringent emission regulations and government incentives significantly contributes to market expansion. Technological advancements, such as higher power density motors, integrated thermal management, and enhanced durability, are further propelling market growth. Additionally, the increasing focus on lightweight vehicle components and improving driving range are encouraging automakers to adopt hub motors. Enhanced research and development activities, along with collaborations between automotive manufacturers and technology providers, contribute to innovation and market expansion by offering customized solutions for different vehicle types and performance requirements.
Market Restraints:
Despite promising growth prospects, the EV Hub Motor Market faces challenges related to high initial costs, complex integration into existing vehicle platforms, and durability concerns under extreme driving conditions. The adoption rate may be hindered by traditional drivetrain systems' cost-effectiveness and well-established manufacturing processes. Additionally, concerns about heat dissipation and efficiency losses in high-power applications pose technical barriers to market expansion. Addressing these challenges requires continuous investment in R&D to enhance motor performance, reduce costs, and improve compatibility with various EV architectures.
Market Opportunities:
The market presents significant opportunities driven by the increasing adoption of autonomous and shared mobility solutions, along with the growing demand for lightweight electric powertrains. The development of high-efficiency, modular hub motors with smart control systems is expected to unlock new growth avenues. The expansion of urban mobility solutions, such as e-bikes, electric scooters, and low-speed electric vehicles, further supports market demand. Strategic partnerships, investments in advanced materials, and the introduction of wireless power transfer solutions are essential for capitalizing on emerging opportunities and maintaining market leadership.
Key Questions Answered in the Report:
Leading players in the global EV Hub Motor Market, including Protean Electric, Elaphe Propulsion Technologies, and Schaeffler Group, focus on innovation, product differentiation, and strategic collaborations to gain a competitive edge. These companies invest in R&D to develop advanced hub motor solutions with higher efficiency, better cooling systems, and integrated electronics. Collaborations with automotive manufacturers, tier-one suppliers, and research institutions facilitate market access and accelerate new technology adoption. Emphasis on energy efficiency, durability, and high-performance applications fosters market growth and enhances brand reputation in the evolving EV landscape.
Key Companies Profiled:
By Vehicle Type
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Market Overview & Key Statistics
- EV Hub Motor Market Size (2025E): USD 28.9 Bn
- Projected Market Value (2032F): USD 72.54 Bn
- Global Market Growth Rate (CAGR 2025 to 2032): 14.1%
The EV hub motor market covers in-wheel motor systems that power electric vehicles directly, eliminating the need for transmissions or differentials. These motors enhance efficiency, reduce vehicle weight, and improve driving dynamics, making them an attractive solution for electric passenger cars, two-wheelers, and commercial EVs. The market serves various sectors, including automotive manufacturers, fleet operators, and aftermarket services. Growth is fueled by the surging demand for electric mobility, advancements in motor technology, and a focus on lightweight vehicle design to optimize energy efficiency.
Market Growth Drivers:
Several key factors are driving the global EV Hub Motor Market. The rising adoption of electric vehicles due to stringent emission regulations and government incentives significantly contributes to market expansion. Technological advancements, such as higher power density motors, integrated thermal management, and enhanced durability, are further propelling market growth. Additionally, the increasing focus on lightweight vehicle components and improving driving range are encouraging automakers to adopt hub motors. Enhanced research and development activities, along with collaborations between automotive manufacturers and technology providers, contribute to innovation and market expansion by offering customized solutions for different vehicle types and performance requirements.
Market Restraints:
Despite promising growth prospects, the EV Hub Motor Market faces challenges related to high initial costs, complex integration into existing vehicle platforms, and durability concerns under extreme driving conditions. The adoption rate may be hindered by traditional drivetrain systems' cost-effectiveness and well-established manufacturing processes. Additionally, concerns about heat dissipation and efficiency losses in high-power applications pose technical barriers to market expansion. Addressing these challenges requires continuous investment in R&D to enhance motor performance, reduce costs, and improve compatibility with various EV architectures.
Market Opportunities:
The market presents significant opportunities driven by the increasing adoption of autonomous and shared mobility solutions, along with the growing demand for lightweight electric powertrains. The development of high-efficiency, modular hub motors with smart control systems is expected to unlock new growth avenues. The expansion of urban mobility solutions, such as e-bikes, electric scooters, and low-speed electric vehicles, further supports market demand. Strategic partnerships, investments in advanced materials, and the introduction of wireless power transfer solutions are essential for capitalizing on emerging opportunities and maintaining market leadership.
Key Questions Answered in the Report:
- What are the primary factors driving the growth of the EV Hub Motor Market globally?
- Which types and configurations of hub motors are leading the adoption in various vehicle categories?
- How are technological advancements influencing the competitive landscape of the EV Hub Motor Market?
- Who are the key players in the EV Hub Motor Market, and what strategies are they employing to stay competitive?
- What are the emerging trends and future prospects in the global EV Hub Motor Market?
Leading players in the global EV Hub Motor Market, including Protean Electric, Elaphe Propulsion Technologies, and Schaeffler Group, focus on innovation, product differentiation, and strategic collaborations to gain a competitive edge. These companies invest in R&D to develop advanced hub motor solutions with higher efficiency, better cooling systems, and integrated electronics. Collaborations with automotive manufacturers, tier-one suppliers, and research institutions facilitate market access and accelerate new technology adoption. Emphasis on energy efficiency, durability, and high-performance applications fosters market growth and enhances brand reputation in the evolving EV landscape.
Key Companies Profiled:
- ZIEHL-ABEGG
- Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co., KG
- Protean Electric
- Bonfiglioli Riduttori S.p.A.
- ZF Friedrichshafen AG
- Elaphe AG
- Evans Electric
- TM4
- Siemens AG
- Kolektor
- Printed Motor Works
- NSK Ltd.
- NTN Corporation
- GEM Motors d.o.o.
- Magnetic Systems Technology
- e-Traction B.V.
- Hyundai Mobis
- YASA Limited
- ECOmove GmbH
- Tajima Motor Corporation
By Vehicle Type
- Two Wheeler
- Three Wheeler
- Passenger Car
- Light Commercial Vehicle
- Others
- Below 1000W
- 1001-3000W
- Above 3000W
- Stator
- Rotor, Bearing & Shaft
- Magnet
- Others (wiring, casing)
- Rear Hub motor
- Front Hub motor
- North America
- Europe
- East Asia
- South Asia and Oceania
- Latin America
- The Middle East and Africa""
Please Note: It will take 5 business days to complete the report upon order confirmation.
Table of Contents
188 Pages
- 1. Executive Summary
- 1.1. Global Electric Vehicle (EV) Hub Motor Snapshot, 2025 and 2032
- 1.2. Market Opportunity Assessment, 2025-2032, US$ Bn
- 1.3. Key Market Trends
- 1.4. Future Market Projections
- 1.5. Premium Market Insights
- 1.6. Industry Developments and Key Market Events
- 1.7. PMR Analysis and Recommendations
- 2. Market Overview
- 2.1. Market Scope and Definition
- 2.2. Market Dynamics
- 2.2.1. Drivers
- 2.2.2. Restraints
- 2.2.3. Opportunity
- 2.2.4. Challenges
- 2.2.5. Key Trends
- 2.3. Macro-Economic Factors
- 2.3.1. Global Sectorial Outlook
- 2.3.2. Global GDP Growth Outlook
- 2.3.3. Other Macro-economic Factors
- 2.4. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
- 2.5. Forecast Factors - Relevance and Impact
- 2.6. Regulatory Landscape
- 2.7. Value Chain Analysis
- 2.7.1. List of Raw Materials Suppliers
- 2.7.2. List of Product Manufacturers
- 2.7.3. List of Product Distributors
- 2.8. PESTLE Analysis
- 2.9. Porter’s Five Force Analysis
- 3. Price Trend Analysis, 2019-2032
- 3.1. Key Highlights
- 3.2. Key Factors Impacting Product Prices
- 3.3. Pricing Analysis, By Vehicle Type
- 3.4. Regional Prices and Historical and Future Growth Trends
- 4. Global Electric Vehicle (EV) Hub Motor Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)
- 4.1. Key Highlights
- 4.1.1. Market Volume (Units) Projections
- 4.1.2. Market Size (US$ Bn) and Y-o-Y Growth
- 4.1.3. Absolute $ Opportunity
- 4.2. Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast
- 4.2.1. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis, 2019-2024
- 4.2.2. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, 2025-2032
- 4.3. Global Electric Vehicle (EV) Hub Motor Outlook: Product
- 4.3.1. Introduction / Key Findings
- 4.3.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis, By Vehicle Type, 2019-2024
- 4.3.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Vehicle Type, 2025-2032
- 4.3.3.1. Two Wheeler
- 4.3.3.2. Three Wheeler
- 4.3.3.3. Passenger Car
- 4.3.3.4. Light Commercial Vehicle
- 4.3.3.5. Others
- 4.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Vehicle Type
- 4.5. Global Electric Vehicle (EV) Hub Motor Outlook: Power Output
- 4.5.1. Introduction / Key Findings
- 4.5.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis, By Power Output, 2019-2024
- 4.5.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Power Output, 2025-2032
- 4.5.3.1. Below 1000W
- 4.5.3.2. 1001-3000W
- 4.5.3.3. Above 3000W
- 4.6. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Power Output
- 4.7. Global Electric Vehicle (EV) Hub Motor Outlook: Technology
- 4.7.1. Introduction / Key Findings
- 4.7.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis, By Technology, 2019-2024
- 4.7.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Technology, 2025-2032
- 4.7.3.1. Stator
- 4.7.3.2. Rotor, Bearing & Shaft
- 4.7.3.3. Magnet
- 4.7.3.4. Others (wiring, casing)
- 4.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Technology
- 4.9. Global Electric Vehicle (EV) Hub Motor Outlook: Position Type
- 4.9.1. Introduction / Key Findings
- 4.9.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis, By Position Type, 2019-2024
- 4.9.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Position Type, 2025-2032
- 4.9.3.1. Rear Hub motor
- 4.9.3.2. Front Hub motor
- 4.10. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Position Type
- 5. Global Electric Vehicle (EV) Hub Motor Outlook: Region
- 5.1. Key Highlights
- 5.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis, By Region, 2019-2024
- 5.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Region, 2025-2032
- 5.3.1. North America
- 5.3.2. Europe
- 5.3.3. East Asia
- 5.3.4. South Asia and Oceania
- 5.3.5. Latin America
- 5.3.6. Middle East & Africa
- 5.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Regions
- 6. North America Electric Vehicle (EV) Hub Motor Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)
- 6.1. Key Highlights
- 6.2. Pricing Analysis
- 6.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
- 6.3.1. By Country
- 6.3.2. By Vehicle Type
- 6.3.3. By Power Output
- 6.3.4. By Technology
- 6.3.5. By Position Type
- 6.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
- 6.4.1. U.S.
- 6.4.2. Canada
- 6.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Vehicle Type, 2025-2032
- 6.5.1. Two Wheeler
- 6.5.2. Three Wheeler
- 6.5.3. Passenger Car
- 6.5.4. Light Commercial Vehicle
- 6.5.5. Others
- 6.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Power Output, 2025-2032
- 6.6.1. Below 1000W
- 6.6.2. 1001-3000W
- 6.6.3. Above 3000W
- 6.7. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Technology, 2025-2032
- 6.7.1. Stator
- 6.7.2. Rotor, Bearing & Shaft
- 6.7.3. Magnet
- 6.7.4. Others (wiring, casing)
- 6.8. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Position Type, 2025-2032
- 6.8.1. Rear Hub motor
- 6.8.2. Front Hub motor
- 6.9. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 7. Europe Electric Vehicle (EV) Hub Motor Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)
- 7.1. Key Highlights
- 7.2. Pricing Analysis
- 7.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
- 7.3.1. By Country
- 7.3.2. By Vehicle Type
- 7.3.3. By Power Output
- 7.3.4. By Technology
- 7.3.5. By Position Type
- 7.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
- 7.4.1. Germany
- 7.4.2. France
- 7.4.3. U.K.
- 7.4.4. Italy
- 7.4.5. Spain
- 7.4.6. Russia
- 7.4.7. Turkey
- 7.4.8. Rest of Europe
- 7.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Vehicle Type, 2025-2032
- 7.5.1. Two Wheeler
- 7.5.2. Three Wheeler
- 7.5.3. Passenger Car
- 7.5.4. Light Commercial Vehicle
- 7.5.5. Others
- 7.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Power Output, 2025-2032
- 7.6.1. Below 1000W
- 7.6.2. 1001-3000W
- 7.6.3. Above 3000W
- 7.7. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Technology, 2025-2032
- 7.7.1. Stator
- 7.7.2. Rotor, Bearing & Shaft
- 7.7.3. Magnet
- 7.7.4. Others (wiring, casing)
- 7.8. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Position Type, 2025-2032
- 7.8.1. Rear Hub motor
- 7.8.2. Front Hub motor
- 7.9. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 8. East Asia Electric Vehicle (EV) Hub Motor Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)
- 8.1. Key Highlights
- 8.2. Pricing Analysis
- 8.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
- 8.3.1. By Country
- 8.3.2. By Vehicle Type
- 8.3.3. By Power Output
- 8.3.4. By Technology
- 8.3.5. By Position Type
- 8.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
- 8.4.1. China
- 8.4.2. Japan
- 8.4.3. South Korea
- 8.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Vehicle Type, 2025-2032
- 8.5.1. Two Wheeler
- 8.5.2. Three Wheeler
- 8.5.3. Passenger Car
- 8.5.4. Light Commercial Vehicle
- 8.5.5. Others
- 8.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Power Output, 2025-2032
- 8.6.1. Below 1000W
- 8.6.2. 1001-3000W
- 8.6.3. Above 3000W
- 8.7. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Technology, 2025-2032
- 8.7.1. Stator
- 8.7.2. Rotor, Bearing & Shaft
- 8.7.3. Magnet
- 8.7.4. Others (wiring, casing)
- 8.8. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Position Type, 2025-2032
- 8.8.1. Rear Hub motor
- 8.8.2. Front Hub motor
- 8.9. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 9. South Asia & Oceania Electric Vehicle (EV) Hub Motor Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)
- 9.1. Key Highlights
- 9.2. Pricing Analysis
- 9.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
- 9.3.1. By Country
- 9.3.2. By Vehicle Type
- 9.3.3. By Power Output
- 9.3.4. By Technology
- 9.3.5. By Position Type
- 9.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
- 9.4.1. India
- 9.4.2. Southeast Asia
- 9.4.3. ANZ
- 9.4.4. Rest of South Asia & Oceania
- 9.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Vehicle Type, 2025-2032
- 9.5.1. Two Wheeler
- 9.5.2. Three Wheeler
- 9.5.3. Passenger Car
- 9.5.4. Light Commercial Vehicle
- 9.5.5. Others
- 9.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Power Output, 2025-2032
- 9.6.1. Below 1000W
- 9.6.2. 1001-3000W
- 9.6.3. Above 3000W
- 9.7. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Technology, 2025-2032
- 9.7.1. Stator
- 9.7.2. Rotor, Bearing & Shaft
- 9.7.3. Magnet
- 9.7.4. Others (wiring, casing)
- 9.8. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Position Type, 2025-2032
- 9.8.1. Rear Hub motor
- 9.8.2. Front Hub motor
- 9.9. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 10. Latin America Electric Vehicle (EV) Hub Motor Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)
- 10.1. Key Highlights
- 10.2. Pricing Analysis
- 10.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
- 10.3.1. By Country
- 10.3.2. By Vehicle Type
- 10.3.3. By Power Output
- 10.3.4. By Technology
- 10.3.5. By Position Type
- 10.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Vehicle Type, 2025-2032
- 10.4.1. Two Wheeler
- 10.4.2. Three Wheeler
- 10.4.3. Passenger Car
- 10.4.4. Light Commercial Vehicle
- 10.4.5. Others
- 10.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Power Output, 2025-2032
- 10.5.1. Below 1000W
- 10.5.2. 1001-3000W
- 10.5.3. Above 3000W
- 10.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Technology, 2025-2032
- 10.6.1. Stator
- 10.6.2. Rotor, Bearing & Shaft
- 10.6.3. Magnet
- 10.6.4. Others (wiring, casing)
- 10.7. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Position Type, 2025-2032
- 10.7.1. Rear Hub motor
- 10.7.2. Front Hub motor
- 10.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 11. Middle East & Africa Electric Vehicle (EV) Hub Motor Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)
- 11.1. Key Highlights
- 11.2. Pricing Analysis
- 11.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
- 11.3.1. By Country
- 11.3.2. By Vehicle Type
- 11.3.3. By Power Output
- 11.3.4. By Technology
- 11.3.5. By Position Type
- 11.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
- 11.4.1. GCC Countries
- 11.4.2. Egypt
- 11.4.3. South Africa
- 11.4.4. Northern Africa
- 11.4.5. Rest of Middle East & Africa
- 11.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Vehicle Type, 2025-2032
- 11.5.1. Two Wheeler
- 11.5.2. Three Wheeler
- 11.5.3. Passenger Car
- 11.5.4. Light Commercial Vehicle
- 11.5.5. Others
- 11.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Power Output, 2025-2032
- 11.6.1. Below 1000W
- 11.6.2. 1001-3000W
- 11.6.3. Above 3000W
- 11.7. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Technology, 2025-2032
- 11.7.1. Stator
- 11.7.2. Rotor, Bearing & Shaft
- 11.7.3. Magnet
- 11.7.4. Others (wiring, casing)
- 11.8. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast, By Position Type, 2025-2032
- 11.8.1. Rear Hub motor
- 11.8.2. Front Hub motor
- 11.9. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 12. Competition Landscape
- 12.1. Market Share Analysis, 2025
- 12.2. Market Structure
- 12.2.1. Competition Intensity Mapping By Company
- 12.2.2. Competition Dashboard
- 12.3. Company Profiles (Details - Overview, Financials, Strategy, Recent Developments)
- 12.3.1. ZIEHL-ABEGG
- 12.3.1.1. Overview
- 12.3.1.2. Segments and Products
- 12.3.1.3. Key Financials
- 12.3.1.4. Market Developments
- 12.3.1.5. Market Strategy
- 12.3.2. Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co., KG
- 12.3.3. Protean Electric
- 12.3.4. Bonfiglioli Riduttori S.p.A.
- 12.3.5. ZF Friedrichshafen AG
- 12.3.6. Elaphe AG
- 12.3.7. Evans Electric
- 12.3.8. TM4
- 12.3.9. Siemens AG
- 12.3.10. Kolektor
- 12.3.11. Printed Motor Works
- 12.3.12. NSK Ltd.
- 12.3.13. NTN Corporation
- 12.3.14. GEM Motors d.o.o.
- 12.3.15. Magnetic Systems Technology
- 12.3.16. e-Traction B.V.
- 12.3.17. Hyundai Mobis
- 12.3.18. YASA Limited
- 12.3.19. ECOmove GmbH
- 12.3.20. Tajima Motor Corporation
- 13. Appendix
- 13.1. Research Methodology
- 13.2. Research Assumptions
- 13.3. Acronyms and Abbreviations
Pricing
Currency Rates
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