Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2025
Description
Research Summary
Temporary cardiac pacing leads are medical devices used to provide temporary electrical stimulation to the heart in patients who require temporary pacing support. These leads are typically used in emergency situations such as bradycardia (slow heart rate), heart block, or during cardiac surgery when the heart＇s natural electrical conduction system is compromised. Temporary pacing leads are inserted through a vein, usually the subclavian or femoral vein, and advanced into the heart under fluoroscopic guidance. Once positioned, the leads deliver electrical impulses to the heart, stimulating it to contract at the desired rate and rhythm. Temporary cardiac pacing leads are designed for short-term use and are usually removed once the underlying condition improves or permanent pacing is established. They come in various configurations, including unipolar and bipolar leads, and may be single-use or reusable, depending on the manufacturer and clinical needs. Temporary pacing leads play a critical role in managing cardiac emergencies and providing life-saving therapy to patients with temporary conduction abnormalities.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.
The major global manufacturers of Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads include Medtronic, Abbott, BD, Oscor, Teleflex, B. Braun, BioTrace Medical etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Include:
Medtronic
Abbott
BD
Oscor
Teleflex
B. Braun
BioTrace Medical
Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Product Segment Include:
Unipolar Type
Bipolar Type
Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Product Application Include:
Pediatric
Adult
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 6: North America Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 7: Europe Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: China Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: APAC (Excl. China) Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: Latin America Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Middle East and Africa Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 13: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 14: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 15: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 16: Methodology and Data Sources
Temporary cardiac pacing leads are medical devices used to provide temporary electrical stimulation to the heart in patients who require temporary pacing support. These leads are typically used in emergency situations such as bradycardia (slow heart rate), heart block, or during cardiac surgery when the heart＇s natural electrical conduction system is compromised. Temporary pacing leads are inserted through a vein, usually the subclavian or femoral vein, and advanced into the heart under fluoroscopic guidance. Once positioned, the leads deliver electrical impulses to the heart, stimulating it to contract at the desired rate and rhythm. Temporary cardiac pacing leads are designed for short-term use and are usually removed once the underlying condition improves or permanent pacing is established. They come in various configurations, including unipolar and bipolar leads, and may be single-use or reusable, depending on the manufacturer and clinical needs. Temporary pacing leads play a critical role in managing cardiac emergencies and providing life-saving therapy to patients with temporary conduction abnormalities.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.
The major global manufacturers of Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads include Medtronic, Abbott, BD, Oscor, Teleflex, B. Braun, BioTrace Medical etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Include:
Medtronic
Abbott
BD
Oscor
Teleflex
B. Braun
BioTrace Medical
Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Product Segment Include:
Unipolar Type
Bipolar Type
Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Product Application Include:
Pediatric
Adult
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 6: North America Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 7: Europe Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: China Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: APAC (Excl. China) Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: Latin America Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Middle East and Africa Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 13: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 14: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 15: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 16: Methodology and Data Sources
Table of Contents
170 Pages
- 1 Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
- 1.2 Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Product by Type
- 1.2.1 Unipolar Type
- 1.2.2 Bipolar Type
- 1.3 Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Product by Application
- 1.3.1 Pediatric
- 1.3.2 Adult
- 1.4 Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
- 1.4.1 Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Revenue Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.2 Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Sales Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.3 Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.5 Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.1 Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.2 Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Drivers and Challenges
- 2 Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market PESTEL Analysis
- 2.1 Political Factors Analysis
- 2.2 Economic Factors Analysis
- 2.3 Social Factors Analysis
- 2.4 Technological Factors Analysis
- 2.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
- 2.6 Legal Factors Analysis
- 3 Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 3.1 Competitive Rivalry
- 3.2 Threat of New Entrants
- 3.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 3.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 3.5 Threat of Substitutes
- 4 Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Analysis by Regions
- 4.1 Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Overall Market: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 4.2 Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 4.2.1 Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Revenue and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 4.2.2 Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Revenue and Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 4.3 Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Sales and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 4.3.1 Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Sales and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 4.3.2 Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Sales and Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 4.4 Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 5 Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size by Type and Application
- 5.1 Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size by Type
- 5.1.1 Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 5.1.2 Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 5.2 Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size by Application
- 5.2.1 Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 5.2.2 Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 6 North America
- 6.1 North America Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 6.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 6.3 North America Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size by Type
- 6.3.1 North America Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.3.2 North America Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.4 North America Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size by Application
- 6.4.1 North America Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 6.4.2 North America Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 6.5 North America Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size by Country
- 6.5.1 US
- 6.5.2 Canada
- 7 Europe
- 7.1 Europe Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 7.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 7.3 Europe Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size by Type
- 7.3.1 Europe Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.3.2 Europe Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.4 Europe Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size by Application
- 7.4.1 Europe Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.4.2 Europe Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.5 Europe Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size by Country
- 7.5.1 Germany
- 7.5.2 France
- 7.5.3 United Kingdom
- 7.5.4 Italy
- 7.5.5 Spain
- 7.5.6 Benelux
- 8 China
- 8.1 China Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 8.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 8.3 China Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size by Type
- 8.3.1 China Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.3.2 China Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.4 China Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size by Application
- 8.4.1 China Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 8.4.2 China Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 9 APAC (excl. China)
- 9.1 APAC (excl. China) Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 9.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 9.3 APAC (excl. China) Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size by Type
- 9.3.1 APAC (excl. China) Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.3.2 APAC (excl. China) Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.4 APAC (excl. China) Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size by Application
- 9.4.1 APAC (excl. China) Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.4.2 APAC (excl. China) Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.5 APAC (excl. China) Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size by Country
- 9.5.1 Japan
- 9.5.2 South Korea
- 9.5.3 India
- 9.5.4 Australia
- 9.5.5 Southeast Asia
- 10 Latin America
- 10.1 Latin America Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 10.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 10.3 Latin America Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size by Type
- 10.3.1 Latin America Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.3.2 Latin America Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.4 Latin America Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size by Application
- 10.4.1 Latin America Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.4.2 Latin America Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.5 Latin America Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size by Country
- 10.6 Latin America Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size by Country
- 10.6.1 Mexico
- 10.6.2 Brazil
- 11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size by Type
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.4 Middle East & Africa Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size by Application
- 11.4.1 Middle East & Africa Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.4.2 Middle East & Africa Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.5 Middle East Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Size by Country
- 11.5.1 Saudi Arabia
- 11.5.2 South Africa
- 12 Competition by Manufacturers
- 12.1 Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.1 Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.2 Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.3 Global Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.2 Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
- 12.2.1 Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Competitive Landscape Analysis
- 12.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
- 12.2.3 Market Dynamic
- 13 Key Companies Analysis
- 13.1 Medtronic
- 13.1.1 Medtronic Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.1.2 Medtronic Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Product Portfolio
- 13.1.3 Medtronic Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.2 Abbott
- 13.2.1 Abbott Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.2.2 Abbott Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Product Portfolio
- 13.2.3 Abbott Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.3 BD
- 13.3.1 BD Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.3.2 BD Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Product Portfolio
- 13.3.3 BD Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.4 Oscor
- 13.4.1 Oscor Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.4.2 Oscor Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Product Portfolio
- 13.4.3 Oscor Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.5 Teleflex
- 13.5.1 Teleflex Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.5.2 Teleflex Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Product Portfolio
- 13.5.3 Teleflex Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.6 B. Braun
- 13.6.1 B. Braun Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.6.2 B. Braun Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Product Portfolio
- 13.6.3 B. Braun Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.7 BioTrace Medical
- 13.7.1 BioTrace Medical Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.7.2 BioTrace Medical Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Product Portfolio
- 13.7.3 BioTrace Medical Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14 Industry Chain Analysis
- 14.1 Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Industry Chain Analysis
- 14.2 Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Industry Raw Material and Suppliers Analysis
- 14.2.1 Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
- 14.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
- 14.3 Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Typical Downstream Customers
- 14.4 Temporary Cardiac Pacing Leads Sales Channel Analysis
- 15 Research Findings and Conclusion
- 16 Methodology and Data Source
- 16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 16.2 Research Scope
- 16.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
- 16.4 Date Source
- 16.4.1 Primary Sources
- 16.4.2 Secondary Sources
- 16.5 Data Cross Validation
- 16.6 Disclaimer
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