Global Single Vision Lenses Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2025
Description
Research Summary
Single vision lenses are corrective lenses designed to correct vision problems such as nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia), and astigmatism. Unlike multifocal lenses, which have different zones for near and far vision, single vision lenses have a consistent prescription power across the entire lens surface, providing clear vision at a specific distance, either for near or far vision, depending on the individual＇s visual needs. These lenses can be made from various materials, including glass, plastic, and polycarbonate, and can be customized to accommodate different prescriptions and preferences. Single vision lenses are commonly used in eyeglasses and contact lenses to correct refractive errors and provide clear, sharp vision for daily activities such as reading, driving, and working on a computer.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Single Vision Lenses market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.
The major global manufacturers of Single Vision Lenses include Essilor, ZEISS, HOYA, Rodenstock, Nikon, SHAMIR, VISION-EASE LENS, Mingyue, Wanxin, Conant, SEIKO, CHEMILENS, HONGCHEN etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Single Vision Lenses. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Single Vision Lenses market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Single Vision Lenses market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Single Vision Lenses industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Single Vision Lenses Include:
Essilor
ZEISS
HOYA
Rodenstock
Nikon
SHAMIR
VISION-EASE LENS
Mingyue
Wanxin
Conant
SEIKO
CHEMILENS
HONGCHEN
Single Vision Lenses Product Segment Include:
Plastic Single Vision Lenses
Polycarbonate Single Vision Lenses
High-index Single Vision Lenses
Single Vision Lenses Product Application Include:
Myopia
Hyperopia
Others
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global Single Vision Lenses Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Single Vision Lenses Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Single Vision Lenses Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Single Vision Lenses Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 6: North America Single Vision Lenses Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 7: Europe Single Vision Lenses Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: China Single Vision Lenses Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: APAC (Excl. China) Single Vision Lenses Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: Latin America Single Vision Lenses Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Middle East and Africa Single Vision Lenses Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Global Single Vision Lenses Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 13: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 14: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 15: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 16: Methodology and Data Sources
Single vision lenses are corrective lenses designed to correct vision problems such as nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia), and astigmatism. Unlike multifocal lenses, which have different zones for near and far vision, single vision lenses have a consistent prescription power across the entire lens surface, providing clear vision at a specific distance, either for near or far vision, depending on the individual＇s visual needs. These lenses can be made from various materials, including glass, plastic, and polycarbonate, and can be customized to accommodate different prescriptions and preferences. Single vision lenses are commonly used in eyeglasses and contact lenses to correct refractive errors and provide clear, sharp vision for daily activities such as reading, driving, and working on a computer.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Single Vision Lenses market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.
The major global manufacturers of Single Vision Lenses include Essilor, ZEISS, HOYA, Rodenstock, Nikon, SHAMIR, VISION-EASE LENS, Mingyue, Wanxin, Conant, SEIKO, CHEMILENS, HONGCHEN etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Single Vision Lenses. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Single Vision Lenses market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Single Vision Lenses market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Single Vision Lenses industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Single Vision Lenses Include:
Essilor
ZEISS
HOYA
Rodenstock
Nikon
SHAMIR
VISION-EASE LENS
Mingyue
Wanxin
Conant
SEIKO
CHEMILENS
HONGCHEN
Single Vision Lenses Product Segment Include:
Plastic Single Vision Lenses
Polycarbonate Single Vision Lenses
High-index Single Vision Lenses
Single Vision Lenses Product Application Include:
Myopia
Hyperopia
Others
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global Single Vision Lenses Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Single Vision Lenses Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Single Vision Lenses Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Single Vision Lenses Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 6: North America Single Vision Lenses Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 7: Europe Single Vision Lenses Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: China Single Vision Lenses Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: APAC (Excl. China) Single Vision Lenses Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: Latin America Single Vision Lenses Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Middle East and Africa Single Vision Lenses Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Global Single Vision Lenses Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 13: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 14: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 15: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 16: Methodology and Data Sources
Table of Contents
170 Pages
- 1 Single Vision Lenses Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
- 1.2 Single Vision Lenses Product by Type
- 1.2.1 Plastic Single Vision Lenses
- 1.2.2 Polycarbonate Single Vision Lenses
- 1.2.3 High-index Single Vision Lenses
- 1.3 Single Vision Lenses Product by Application
- 1.3.1 Myopia
- 1.3.2 Hyperopia
- 1.3.3 Others
- 1.4 Global Single Vision Lenses Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
- 1.4.1 Global Single Vision Lenses Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.2 Global Single Vision Lenses Market Sales Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.3 Global Single Vision Lenses Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.5 Single Vision Lenses Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.1 Single Vision Lenses Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.2 Single Vision Lenses Market Drivers and Challenges
- 2 Single Vision Lenses Market PESTEL Analysis
- 2.1 Political Factors Analysis
- 2.2 Economic Factors Analysis
- 2.3 Social Factors Analysis
- 2.4 Technological Factors Analysis
- 2.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
- 2.6 Legal Factors Analysis
- 3 Single Vision Lenses Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 3.1 Competitive Rivalry
- 3.2 Threat of New Entrants
- 3.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 3.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 3.5 Threat of Substitutes
- 4 Global Single Vision Lenses Market Analysis by Regions
- 4.1 Global Single Vision Lenses Overall Market: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 4.2 Global Single Vision Lenses Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 4.2.1 Global Single Vision Lenses Revenue and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 4.2.2 Global Single Vision Lenses Revenue Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 4.3 Global Single Vision Lenses Sales and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 4.3.1 Global Single Vision Lenses Sales and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 4.3.2 Global Single Vision Lenses Sales Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 4.4 Global Single Vision Lenses Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 5 Global Single Vision Lenses Market Size by Type and Application
- 5.1 Global Single Vision Lenses Market Size by Type
- 5.1.1 Global Single Vision Lenses Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 5.1.2 Global Single Vision Lenses Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 5.2 Global Single Vision Lenses Market Size by Application
- 5.2.1 Global Single Vision Lenses Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 5.2.2 Global Single Vision Lenses Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 6 North America
- 6.1 North America Single Vision Lenses Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 6.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 6.3 North America Single Vision Lenses Market Size by Type
- 6.3.1 North America Single Vision Lenses Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.3.2 North America Single Vision Lenses Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.4 North America Single Vision Lenses Market Size by Application
- 6.4.1 North America Single Vision Lenses Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 6.4.2 North America Single Vision Lenses Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 6.5 North America Single Vision Lenses Market Size by Country
- 6.5.1 US
- 6.5.2 Canada
- 7 Europe
- 7.1 Europe Single Vision Lenses Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 7.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 7.3 Europe Single Vision Lenses Market Size by Type
- 7.3.1 Europe Single Vision Lenses Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.3.2 Europe Single Vision Lenses Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.4 Europe Single Vision Lenses Market Size by Application
- 7.4.1 Europe Single Vision Lenses Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.4.2 Europe Single Vision Lenses Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.5 Europe Single Vision Lenses Market Size by Country
- 7.5.1 Germany
- 7.5.2 France
- 7.5.3 United Kingdom
- 7.5.4 Italy
- 7.5.5 Spain
- 7.5.6 Benelux
- 8 China
- 8.1 China Single Vision Lenses Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 8.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 8.3 China Single Vision Lenses Market Size by Type
- 8.3.1 China Single Vision Lenses Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.3.2 China Single Vision Lenses Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.4 China Single Vision Lenses Market Size by Application
- 8.4.1 China Single Vision Lenses Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 8.4.2 China Single Vision Lenses Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 9 APAC (excl. China)
- 9.1 APAC (excl. China) Single Vision Lenses Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 9.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 9.3 APAC (excl. China) Single Vision Lenses Market Size by Type
- 9.3.1 APAC (excl. China) Single Vision Lenses Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.3.2 APAC (excl. China) Single Vision Lenses Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.4 APAC (excl. China) Single Vision Lenses Market Size by Application
- 9.4.1 APAC (excl. China) Single Vision Lenses Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.4.2 APAC (excl. China) Single Vision Lenses Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.5 APAC (excl. China) Single Vision Lenses Market Size by Country
- 9.5.1 Japan
- 9.5.2 South Korea
- 9.5.3 India
- 9.5.4 Australia
- 9.5.5 Southeast Asia
- 10 Latin America
- 10.1 Latin America Single Vision Lenses Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 10.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 10.3 Latin America Single Vision Lenses Market Size by Type
- 10.3.1 Latin America Single Vision Lenses Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.3.2 Latin America Single Vision Lenses Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.4 Latin America Single Vision Lenses Market Size by Application
- 10.4.1 Latin America Single Vision Lenses Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.4.2 Latin America Single Vision Lenses Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.5 Latin America Single Vision Lenses Market Size by Country
- 10.6 Latin America Single Vision Lenses Market Size by Country
- 10.6.1 Mexico
- 10.6.2 Brazil
- 11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Single Vision Lenses Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Single Vision Lenses Market Size by Type
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Single Vision Lenses Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Single Vision Lenses Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.4 Middle East & Africa Single Vision Lenses Market Size by Application
- 11.4.1 Middle East & Africa Single Vision Lenses Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.4.2 Middle East & Africa Single Vision Lenses Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.5 Middle East Single Vision Lenses Market Size by Country
- 11.5.1 Saudi Arabia
- 11.5.2 South Africa
- 12 Competition by Manufacturers
- 12.1 Global Single Vision Lenses Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.1 Global Single Vision Lenses Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.2 Global Single Vision Lenses Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.3 Global Single Vision Lenses Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.2 Single Vision Lenses Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
- 12.2.1 Single Vision Lenses Competitive Landscape Analysis
- 12.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
- 12.2.3 Market Dynamic
- 13 Key Companies Analysis
- 13.1 Essilor
- 13.1.1 Essilor Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.1.2 Essilor Single Vision Lenses Product Portfolio
- 13.1.3 Essilor Single Vision Lenses Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.2 ZEISS
- 13.2.1 ZEISS Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.2.2 ZEISS Single Vision Lenses Product Portfolio
- 13.2.3 ZEISS Single Vision Lenses Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.3 HOYA
- 13.3.1 HOYA Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.3.2 HOYA Single Vision Lenses Product Portfolio
- 13.3.3 HOYA Single Vision Lenses Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.4 Rodenstock
- 13.4.1 Rodenstock Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.4.2 Rodenstock Single Vision Lenses Product Portfolio
- 13.4.3 Rodenstock Single Vision Lenses Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.5 Nikon
- 13.5.1 Nikon Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.5.2 Nikon Single Vision Lenses Product Portfolio
- 13.5.3 Nikon Single Vision Lenses Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.6 SHAMIR
- 13.6.1 SHAMIR Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.6.2 SHAMIR Single Vision Lenses Product Portfolio
- 13.6.3 SHAMIR Single Vision Lenses Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.7 VISION-EASE LENS
- 13.7.1 VISION-EASE LENS Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.7.2 VISION-EASE LENS Single Vision Lenses Product Portfolio
- 13.7.3 VISION-EASE LENS Single Vision Lenses Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.8 Mingyue
- 13.8.1 Mingyue Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.8.2 Mingyue Single Vision Lenses Product Portfolio
- 13.8.3 Mingyue Single Vision Lenses Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.9 Wanxin
- 13.9.1 Wanxin Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.9.2 Wanxin Single Vision Lenses Product Portfolio
- 13.9.3 Wanxin Single Vision Lenses Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.10 Conant
- 13.10.1 Conant Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.10.2 Conant Single Vision Lenses Product Portfolio
- 13.10.3 Conant Single Vision Lenses Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.11 SEIKO
- 13.11.1 SEIKO Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.11.2 SEIKO Single Vision Lenses Product Portfolio
- 13.11.3 SEIKO Single Vision Lenses Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.12 CHEMILENS
- 13.12.1 CHEMILENS Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.12.2 CHEMILENS Single Vision Lenses Product Portfolio
- 13.12.3 CHEMILENS Single Vision Lenses Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.13 HONGCHEN
- 13.13.1 HONGCHEN Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.13.2 HONGCHEN Single Vision Lenses Product Portfolio
- 13.13.3 HONGCHEN Single Vision Lenses Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14 Industry Chain Analysis
- 14.1 Single Vision Lenses Industry Chain Analysis
- 14.2 Single Vision Lenses Industry Raw Material and Suppliers Analysis
- 14.2.1 Single Vision Lenses Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
- 14.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
- 14.3 Single Vision Lenses Typical Downstream Customers
- 14.4 Single Vision Lenses Sales Channel Analysis
- 15 Research Findings and Conclusion
- 16 Methodology and Data Source
- 16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 16.2 Research Scope
- 16.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
- 16.4 Date Source
- 16.4.1 Primary Sources
- 16.4.2 Secondary Sources
- 16.5 Data Cross Validation
- 16.6 Disclaimer
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