
Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2024
Description
Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2024
Research Summary
Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) is a highly reactive and versatile chemical compound widely used in the production of polyurethane foams, coatings, adhesives, and elastomers. As a diisocyanate, Pure MDI is characterized by its two isocyanate functional groups, which readily react with polyols to form polyurethane polymers. The "pure" designation indicates a high level of purity, typically exceeding 99%, making it suitable for applications where precise control over chemical composition is essential. This chemical plays a pivotal role in the polyurethane industry, contributing to the creation of a broad range of products with diverse properties, such as flexible and rigid foams for furniture and insulation, durable coatings, and resilient adhesives. The controlled and meticulous production of Pure MDI ensures consistent and reliable performance in various manufacturing processes, making it a fundamental component in the synthesis of high-quality polyurethane materials.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) market size will reach XX US$ Million in 2024, and is expected to reach XX US$ Million in 2030, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2030). Among them, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. The market size in 2024 will be XX US$ Million, accounting for approximately XX% of the world. It is expected to reach XX US$ Million in 2030, and the global share will reach XX%.
The major global manufacturers of Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) include Covestro, Wanhua, BASF, Tosoh Specialty Chemicals, Kumho Mitsui Chemicals, Bayer, Huntsman, NPU etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tiers is the global leading enterprise, which occupies a major market share, is in a leading position in the industry, has strong competitiveness and influence, and has a large revenue scale; the second tiers has a certain share and popularity in the market, actively follows the industry leaders in product, service or technological innovation, and has a medium revenue scale; the third tiers has a smaller share in the market, has a lower brand awareness, mainly focuses on the local market, and has a relatively small revenue scale.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI). Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales volume, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) market. The report data covers historical data from 2018 to 2023, based year in 2024 and forecast data from 2025 to 2030.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Include:
Covestro
Wanhua
BASF
Tosoh Specialty Chemicals
Kumho Mitsui Chemicals
Bayer
Huntsman
NPU
Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Product Segment Include:
Solid
Liquid
Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Product Application Include:
TPU
Synthetic Leather Paste
Microporous Elastomer
General Elastomers
Other
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Capacity and Production Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 6: Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 7: North America Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: Europe Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: China Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: APAC (Excl. China) Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Latin America Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Middle East and Africa Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 13: Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 14: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 15: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 16: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 17: Methodology and Data Sources
Table of Contents
170 Pages
- 1 Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
- 1.2 Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Product by Type
- 1.2.1 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size by Type, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
- 1.2.2 Solid
- 1.2.3 Liquid
- 1.3 Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Product by Application
- 1.3.1 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size by Application, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
- 1.3.2 TPU
- 1.3.3 Synthetic Leather Paste
- 1.3.4 Microporous Elastomer
- 1.3.5 General Elastomers
- 1.3.6 Other
- 1.4 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
- 1.4.1 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size Analysis (2019-2030)
- 1.4.2 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Sales Analysis (2019-2030)
- 1.4.3 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2019-2030)
- 1.5 Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Development Status and Trends
- 1.5.1 Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Industry Development Status Analysis
- 1.5.2 Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Industry Development Trends Analysis
- 2 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Capacity and Production Analysis
- 2.1 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Production Capacity (2019-2030)
- 2.2 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Production by Region: 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
- 2.3 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Production by Region
- 2.3.1 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Historic Production by Region (2019-2024)
- 2.3.2 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Forecasted Production by Region (2025-2030)
- 2.3.3 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Production Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
- 3 Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market PESTEL Analysis
- 3.1 Political Factors Analysis
- 3.2 Economic Factors Analysis
- 3.3 Social Factors Analysis
- 3.4 Technological Factors Analysis
- 3.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
- 3.6 Legal Factors Analysis
- 4 Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 4.1 Competitive Rivalry
- 4.2 Threat of New Entrants
- 4.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 4.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 4.5 Threat of Substitutes
- 5 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Analysis by Regions
- 5.1 Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Overall Market: 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
- 5.2 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2019-2030)
- 5.2.1 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Revenue and Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
- 5.2.2 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Revenue Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
- 5.3 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Sales and Forecast Analysis (2019-2030)
- 5.3.1 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Sales and Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
- 5.3.2 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Sales Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
- 5.4 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Sales Price Trend Analysis (2019-2030)
- 6 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size by Type and Application
- 6.1 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size by Type
- 6.1.1 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2019-2030)
- 6.1.2 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2019-2030)
- 6.2 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size by Application
- 6.2.1 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2019-2030)
- 6.2.2 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2019-2030)
- 7 North America
- 7.1 North America Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
- 7.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 7.3 North America Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size by Type
- 7.3.1 North America Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Sales by Type (2019-2030)
- 7.3.2 North America Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
- 7.4 North America Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size by Application
- 7.4.1 North America Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Sales by Application (2019-2030)
- 7.4.2 North America Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
- 7.5 North America Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size by Country
- 7.5.1 US
- 7.5.2 Canada
- 8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
- 8.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 8.3 Europe Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size by Type
- 8.3.1 Europe Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Sales by Type (2019-2030)
- 8.3.2 Europe Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
- 8.4 Europe Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size by Application
- 8.4.1 Europe Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Sales by Application (2019-2030)
- 8.4.2 Europe Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
- 8.5 Europe Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size by Country
- 8.5.1 Germany
- 8.5.2 France
- 8.5.3 United Kingdom
- 8.5.4 Italy
- 8.5.5 Spain
- 8.5.6 Benelux
- 9 China
- 9.1 China Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
- 9.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 9.3 China Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size by Type
- 9.3.1 China Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Sales by Type (2019-2030)
- 9.3.2 China Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
- 9.4 China Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size by Application
- 9.4.1 China Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Sales by Application (2019-2030)
- 9.4.2 China Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
- 10 APAC (excl. China)
- 10.1 APAC (excl. China) Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
- 10.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 10.3 APAC (excl. China) Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size by Type
- 10.3.1 APAC (excl. China) Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Sales by Type (2019-2030)
- 10.3.2 APAC (excl. China) Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
- 10.4 APAC (excl. China) Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size by Application
- 10.4.1 APAC (excl. China) Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Sales by Application (2019-2030)
- 10.4.2 APAC (excl. China) Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
- 10.5 APAC (excl. China) Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size by Country
- 10.5.1 Japan
- 10.5.2 South Korea
- 10.5.3 India
- 10.5.4 Australia
- 10.5.5 Indonesia
- 10.5.6 Vietnam
- 10.5.7 Malaysia
- 10.5.8 Thailand
- 11 Latin America
- 11.1 Latin America Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
- 11.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 11.3 Latin America Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size by Type
- 11.3.1 Latin America Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Sales by Type (2019-2030)
- 11.3.2 Latin America Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
- 11.4 Latin America Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size by Application
- 11.4.1 Latin America Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Sales by Application (2019-2030)
- 11.4.2 Latin America Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
- 11.5 Latin America Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size by Country
- 11.5.1 Mexico
- 11.5.2 Brazil
- 12 Middle East & Africa
- 12.1 Middle East & Africa Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
- 12.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 12.3 Middle East & Africa Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size by Type
- 12.3.1 Middle East & Africa Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Sales by Type (2019-2030)
- 12.3.2 Middle East & Africa Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
- 12.4 Middle East & Africa Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size by Application
- 12.4.1 Middle East & Africa Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Sales by Application (2019-2030)
- 12.4.2 Middle East & Africa Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
- 12.5 Middle East & Africa Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Size by Country
- 12.5.1 Saudi Arabia
- 12.5.2 South Africa
- 13 Competition by Manufacturers
- 13.1 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
- 13.1.1 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
- 13.1.2 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
- 13.1.3 Global Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2020-2024)
- 13.2 Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
- 13.2.1 Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Competitive Landscape Analysis
- 13.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
- 13.2.3 Market Dynamic
- 14 Key Companies Analysis
- 14.1 Covestro
- 14.1.1 Covestro Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.1.2 Covestro Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Product Portfolio
- 14.1.3 Covestro Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.2 Wanhua
- 14.2.1 Wanhua Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.2.2 Wanhua Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Product Portfolio
- 14.2.3 Wanhua Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.3 BASF
- 14.3.1 BASF Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.3.2 BASF Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Product Portfolio
- 14.3.3 BASF Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.4 Tosoh Specialty Chemicals
- 14.4.1 Tosoh Specialty Chemicals Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.4.2 Tosoh Specialty Chemicals Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Product Portfolio
- 14.4.3 Tosoh Specialty Chemicals Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.5 Kumho Mitsui Chemicals
- 14.5.1 Kumho Mitsui Chemicals Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.5.2 Kumho Mitsui Chemicals Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Product Portfolio
- 14.5.3 Kumho Mitsui Chemicals Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.6 Bayer
- 14.6.1 Bayer Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.6.2 Bayer Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Product Portfolio
- 14.6.3 Bayer Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.7 Huntsman
- 14.7.1 Huntsman Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.7.2 Huntsman Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Product Portfolio
- 14.7.3 Huntsman Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.8 NPU
- 14.8.1 NPU Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.8.2 NPU Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Product Portfolio
- 14.8.3 NPU Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 15 Industry Chain Analysis
- 15.1 Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Industry Chain Analysis
- 15.2 Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Industry Upstream Supply Analysis
- 15.2.1 Upstream Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
- 15.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
- 15.3 Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Typical Downstream Customers
- 15.4 Pure Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (Pure MDI) Sales Channel Analysis
- 16 Research Findings and Conclusion
- 17 Methodology and Data Source
- 17.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 17.2 Research Scope
- 17.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
- 17.4 Date Source
- 17.4.1 Primary Sources
- 17.4.2 Secondary Sources
- 17.5 Data Cross Validation
- 17.6 Disclaimer
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