Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Research Report, Competitive, Technology and Forecast Analysis 2025-2032
Description
Market Overview
According to DIResearch"s in-depth investigation and research, the global Poly Carboxylate Polymer market size will reach 2,746.60 Million USD in 2025 and is projected to reach 3,267.07 Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of 2.51% (2025-2032). Notably, the China Poly Carboxylate Polymer market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2025, China"s market size is expected to be Million USD, representing approximately % of the global market share.
Research Summary
Poly carboxylate polymer, or polycarboxylate superplasticizer, is a type of high-performance concrete admixture widely used in the construction industry. This polymer is designed to enhance the workability and flow properties of concrete mixtures while maintaining high strength and durability. Poly carboxylate polymers consist of a main chain with carboxylic acid side groups, and they are typically synthesized through a controlled radical polymerization process. When added to concrete mixes, these polymers disperse the cement particles more effectively, reducing the water content needed for proper workability. The result is improved fluidity and ease of placement, making it particularly valuable in the production of high-strength and high-performance concrete. Poly carboxylate polymers are known for their ability to provide prolonged workability retention, even in challenging environmental conditions. Their use contributes to the production of more sustainable and eco-friendly concrete by allowing for reduced water-cement ratios and enhancing overall construction efficiency.
The major global manufacturers of Poly Carboxylate Polymer include SIKA, Arkema, BASF, Grace, Fosroc, KAO, Mapei, Euclid Chemical, Takemoto, Nippon Shokubai, Lonsen, Oriental Yuhong, SOBUTE, Zhejiang Longsheng Group, Liaoning Kelong, KZJ New Materials Group, Sansheng Special Building Material, ARIT, etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Poly Carboxylate Polymer. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Poly Carboxylate Polymer market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include US, Germany, Japan, China, France, UK, South Korea, Canada, Italy, Russia, Mexico, Brazil, India, Vietnam, Thailand, South Africa and other regions, covering the Poly Carboxylate Polymer market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Poly Carboxylate Polymer industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Poly Carboxylate Polymer Include:
SIKA
Arkema
BASF
Grace
Fosroc
KAO
Mapei
Euclid Chemical
Takemoto
Nippon Shokubai
Lonsen
Oriental Yuhong
SOBUTE
Zhejiang Longsheng Group
Liaoning Kelong
KZJ New Materials Group
Sansheng Special Building Material
ARIT
Poly Carboxylate Polymer Product Segment Include:
Powder Poly Carboxylate Polymer
Liquid Poly Carboxylate Polymer
Poly Carboxylate Polymer Product Application Include:
Water Reducing Agent
Admixture
Impermeable Waterproofing Agent
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trend
Chapter 2: Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Capacity and Production Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Industry Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Major Regional Market Size (Sales, Revenue, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 6: Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 7: Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Sales, Revenue, Price and Forecast by Product Type
Chapter 8: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 9: Industrial Chain Analysis, Poly Carboxylate Polymer Different Application Market Analysis (Sales and Revenue), Sales Channel Analysis
Chapter 10: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 11: Methodology and Data Sources
According to DIResearch"s in-depth investigation and research, the global Poly Carboxylate Polymer market size will reach 2,746.60 Million USD in 2025 and is projected to reach 3,267.07 Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of 2.51% (2025-2032). Notably, the China Poly Carboxylate Polymer market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2025, China"s market size is expected to be Million USD, representing approximately % of the global market share.
Research Summary
Poly carboxylate polymer, or polycarboxylate superplasticizer, is a type of high-performance concrete admixture widely used in the construction industry. This polymer is designed to enhance the workability and flow properties of concrete mixtures while maintaining high strength and durability. Poly carboxylate polymers consist of a main chain with carboxylic acid side groups, and they are typically synthesized through a controlled radical polymerization process. When added to concrete mixes, these polymers disperse the cement particles more effectively, reducing the water content needed for proper workability. The result is improved fluidity and ease of placement, making it particularly valuable in the production of high-strength and high-performance concrete. Poly carboxylate polymers are known for their ability to provide prolonged workability retention, even in challenging environmental conditions. Their use contributes to the production of more sustainable and eco-friendly concrete by allowing for reduced water-cement ratios and enhancing overall construction efficiency.
The major global manufacturers of Poly Carboxylate Polymer include SIKA, Arkema, BASF, Grace, Fosroc, KAO, Mapei, Euclid Chemical, Takemoto, Nippon Shokubai, Lonsen, Oriental Yuhong, SOBUTE, Zhejiang Longsheng Group, Liaoning Kelong, KZJ New Materials Group, Sansheng Special Building Material, ARIT, etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Poly Carboxylate Polymer. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Poly Carboxylate Polymer market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include US, Germany, Japan, China, France, UK, South Korea, Canada, Italy, Russia, Mexico, Brazil, India, Vietnam, Thailand, South Africa and other regions, covering the Poly Carboxylate Polymer market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Poly Carboxylate Polymer industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Poly Carboxylate Polymer Include:
SIKA
Arkema
BASF
Grace
Fosroc
KAO
Mapei
Euclid Chemical
Takemoto
Nippon Shokubai
Lonsen
Oriental Yuhong
SOBUTE
Zhejiang Longsheng Group
Liaoning Kelong
KZJ New Materials Group
Sansheng Special Building Material
ARIT
Poly Carboxylate Polymer Product Segment Include:
Powder Poly Carboxylate Polymer
Liquid Poly Carboxylate Polymer
Poly Carboxylate Polymer Product Application Include:
Water Reducing Agent
Admixture
Impermeable Waterproofing Agent
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trend
Chapter 2: Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Capacity and Production Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Industry Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Major Regional Market Size (Sales, Revenue, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 6: Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 7: Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Sales, Revenue, Price and Forecast by Product Type
Chapter 8: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 9: Industrial Chain Analysis, Poly Carboxylate Polymer Different Application Market Analysis (Sales and Revenue), Sales Channel Analysis
Chapter 10: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 11: Methodology and Data Sources
Table of Contents
165 Pages
- 1 Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
- 1.2 Poly Carboxylate Polymer Product by Type
- 1.2.1 Powder Poly Carboxylate Polymer
- 1.2.2 Liquid Poly Carboxylate Polymer
- 1.3 Poly Carboxylate Polymer Product by Application
- 1.3.1 Water Reducing Agent
- 1.3.2 Admixture
- 1.3.3 Impermeable Waterproofing Agent
- 1.4 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
- 1.4.1 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Revenue Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.2 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Sales Market Sales Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.3 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.5 Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Development Status and Trends
- 1.5.1 Poly Carboxylate Polymer Industry Development Status Analysis
- 1.5.2 Poly Carboxylate Polymer Industry Development Trends Analysis
- 2 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Capacity and Production Analysis
- 2.1 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Capacity, Production and Utilization (2020-2032)
- 2.2 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Production Growth Trend by Region: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 2.3 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Production by Region
- 2.3.1 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Production by Region (2020-2025)
- 2.3.2 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Production Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 2.3.3 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Production Market Share by Region (2020-2032)
- 3 Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market PESTEL Analysis
- 3.1 Political Factors Analysis
- 3.2 Economic Factors Analysis
- 3.3 Social Factors Analysis
- 3.4 Technological Factors Analysis
- 3.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
- 3.6 Legal Factors Analysis
- 4 Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 4.1 Competitive Rivalry
- 4.2 Threat of New Entrants
- 4.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 4.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 4.5 Threat of Substitutes
- 5 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Analysis by Country
- 5.1 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Size Analysis by Country: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 5.1.1 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Revenue and Market Share by Country (2020-2025)
- 5.1.2 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Revenue and Market Share Forecast by Country (2026-2032)
- 5.2 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Sales Analysis by Country: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 5.2.1 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Sales and Market Share by Country (2020-2025)
- 5.2.2 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Sales and Market Share Forecast by Country (2026-2032)
- 5.3 United States Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.4 Germany Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.5 Japan Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.6 China Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.7 France Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.8 U.K. Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.9 South Korea Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.10 Canada Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.11 Italy Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.12 Russia Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.13 Mexico Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.14 Brazil Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.15 India Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.16 Vietnam Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.17 Thailand Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.18 South Africa Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 6 Competition by Manufacturers
- 6.1 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Sales, Revenue and Sales Price by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 6.1.1 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 6.1.2 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 6.1.3 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 6.2 Poly Carboxylate Polymer Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
- 6.2.1 Poly Carboxylate Polymer Competitive Landscape Analysis
- 6.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter and Key Area Sales
- 6.2.3 Market Dynamic
- 7 Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Analysis by Type
- 7.1 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Revenue Analysis by Type
- 7.1.1 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Size Analysis by Type: 2024 & 2025 & 2032
- 7.1.2 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.2 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.3 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Sales Price Trend Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 8 Key Companies Analysis
- 8.1 SIKA
- 8.1.1 SIKA Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.1.2 SIKA Poly Carboxylate Polymer Product Portfolio
- 8.1.3 SIKA Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.2 Arkema
- 8.2.1 Arkema Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.2.2 Arkema Poly Carboxylate Polymer Product Portfolio
- 8.2.3 Arkema Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.3 BASF
- 8.3.1 BASF Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.3.2 BASF Poly Carboxylate Polymer Product Portfolio
- 8.3.3 BASF Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.4 Grace
- 8.4.1 Grace Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.4.2 Grace Poly Carboxylate Polymer Product Portfolio
- 8.4.3 Grace Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.5 Fosroc
- 8.5.1 Fosroc Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.5.2 Fosroc Poly Carboxylate Polymer Product Portfolio
- 8.5.3 Fosroc Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.6 KAO
- 8.6.1 KAO Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.6.2 KAO Poly Carboxylate Polymer Product Portfolio
- 8.6.3 KAO Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.7 Mapei
- 8.7.1 Mapei Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.7.2 Mapei Poly Carboxylate Polymer Product Portfolio
- 8.7.3 Mapei Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.8 Euclid Chemical
- 8.8.1 Euclid Chemical Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.8.2 Euclid Chemical Poly Carboxylate Polymer Product Portfolio
- 8.8.3 Euclid Chemical Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.9 Takemoto
- 8.9.1 Takemoto Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.9.2 Takemoto Poly Carboxylate Polymer Product Portfolio
- 8.9.3 Takemoto Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.10 Nippon Shokubai
- 8.10.1 Nippon Shokubai Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.10.2 Nippon Shokubai Poly Carboxylate Polymer Product Portfolio
- 8.10.3 Nippon Shokubai Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.11 Lonsen
- 8.11.1 Lonsen Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.11.2 Lonsen Poly Carboxylate Polymer Product Portfolio
- 8.11.3 Lonsen Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.12 Oriental Yuhong
- 8.12.1 Oriental Yuhong Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.12.2 Oriental Yuhong Poly Carboxylate Polymer Product Portfolio
- 8.12.3 Oriental Yuhong Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.13 SOBUTE
- 8.13.1 SOBUTE Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.13.2 SOBUTE Poly Carboxylate Polymer Product Portfolio
- 8.13.3 SOBUTE Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.14 Zhejiang Longsheng Group
- 8.14.1 Zhejiang Longsheng Group Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.14.2 Zhejiang Longsheng Group Poly Carboxylate Polymer Product Portfolio
- 8.14.3 Zhejiang Longsheng Group Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.15 Liaoning Kelong
- 8.15.1 Liaoning Kelong Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.15.2 Liaoning Kelong Poly Carboxylate Polymer Product Portfolio
- 8.15.3 Liaoning Kelong Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.16 KZJ New Materials Group
- 8.16.1 KZJ New Materials Group Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.16.2 KZJ New Materials Group Poly Carboxylate Polymer Product Portfolio
- 8.16.3 KZJ New Materials Group Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.17 Sansheng Special Building Material
- 8.17.1 Sansheng Special Building Material Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.17.2 Sansheng Special Building Material Poly Carboxylate Polymer Product Portfolio
- 8.17.3 Sansheng Special Building Material Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.18 ARIT
- 8.18.1 ARIT Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.18.2 ARIT Poly Carboxylate Polymer Product Portfolio
- 8.18.3 ARIT Poly Carboxylate Polymer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 9 Industry Chain Analysis
- 9.1 Poly Carboxylate Polymer Industry Chain Analysis
- 9.2 Poly Carboxylate Polymer Industry Upstream Supply Analysis
- 9.2.1 Upstream Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
- 9.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
- 9.3 Poly Carboxylate Polymer Product Downstream Application Analysis
- 9.3.1 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Revenue Market Size by Application: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 9.3.2 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.3.3 Global Poly Carboxylate Polymer Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.4 Poly Carboxylate Polymer Typical Downstream Customers
- 9.5 Poly Carboxylate Polymer Sales Channel Analysis
- 10 Research Findings and Conclusion
- 11 Methodology and Data Source
- 11.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 11.2 Research Scope
- 11.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
- 11.4 Date Source
- 11.4.1 Primary Sources
- 11.4.2 Secondary Sources
- 11.5 Data Cross Validation
- 11.6 Disclaimer
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