
Global Plastic Pipe Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2025
Description
Research Summary
Plastic pipes are tubular structures made from various plastic materials, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), or polypropylene (PP), designed for the conveyance of fluids or gases in plumbing, irrigation, and industrial applications. These pipes are known for their lightweight construction, corrosion resistance, and durability, making them a popular choice for a wide range of uses. Plastic pipes come in different types, including PVC pipes for drainage and water supply, PE pipes for gas and water distribution, and PP pipes for industrial applications. The flexibility of plastic pipes allows for easy installation, and they are often chosen for their cost-effectiveness, ease of handling, and resistance to chemicals. Plastic pipes play a crucial role in modern infrastructure, providing reliable and long-lasting solutions for transporting liquids and gases in various industries and applications.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Plastic Pipe market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.
The major global manufacturers of Plastic Pipe include Nan Ya Plastics, Sekisui Chemical, National Oilwell Varco, Fletcher Building, Mexichem, Georg Fischer, Aliaxis, Tessenderlo Chemie, Aalberts Industries, China Lesso Group etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Plastic Pipe. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Plastic Pipe market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Plastic Pipe market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Plastic Pipe industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Plastic Pipe Include:
Nan Ya Plastics
Sekisui Chemical
National Oilwell Varco
Fletcher Building
Mexichem
Georg Fischer
Aliaxis
Tessenderlo Chemie
Aalberts Industries
China Lesso Group
Plastic Pipe Product Segment Include:
PVC
HDPE
Fiberglass
ABS
Others
Plastic Pipe Product Application Include:
Residential
Commercial
Agriculture
Industrial
Others
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global Plastic Pipe Capacity and Production Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Plastic Pipe Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Plastic Pipe Industry Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Plastic Pipe Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 6: Global Plastic Pipe Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 7: North America Plastic Pipe Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: Europe Plastic Pipe Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: China Plastic Pipe Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: APAC (Excl. China) Plastic Pipe Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Latin America Plastic Pipe Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Middle East and Africa Plastic Pipe Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 13: Global Plastic Pipe Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 14: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 15: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 16: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 17: Methodology and Data Sources
Plastic pipes are tubular structures made from various plastic materials, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), or polypropylene (PP), designed for the conveyance of fluids or gases in plumbing, irrigation, and industrial applications. These pipes are known for their lightweight construction, corrosion resistance, and durability, making them a popular choice for a wide range of uses. Plastic pipes come in different types, including PVC pipes for drainage and water supply, PE pipes for gas and water distribution, and PP pipes for industrial applications. The flexibility of plastic pipes allows for easy installation, and they are often chosen for their cost-effectiveness, ease of handling, and resistance to chemicals. Plastic pipes play a crucial role in modern infrastructure, providing reliable and long-lasting solutions for transporting liquids and gases in various industries and applications.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Plastic Pipe market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.
The major global manufacturers of Plastic Pipe include Nan Ya Plastics, Sekisui Chemical, National Oilwell Varco, Fletcher Building, Mexichem, Georg Fischer, Aliaxis, Tessenderlo Chemie, Aalberts Industries, China Lesso Group etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Plastic Pipe. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Plastic Pipe market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Plastic Pipe market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Plastic Pipe industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Plastic Pipe Include:
Nan Ya Plastics
Sekisui Chemical
National Oilwell Varco
Fletcher Building
Mexichem
Georg Fischer
Aliaxis
Tessenderlo Chemie
Aalberts Industries
China Lesso Group
Plastic Pipe Product Segment Include:
PVC
HDPE
Fiberglass
ABS
Others
Plastic Pipe Product Application Include:
Residential
Commercial
Agriculture
Industrial
Others
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global Plastic Pipe Capacity and Production Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Plastic Pipe Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Plastic Pipe Industry Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Plastic Pipe Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 6: Global Plastic Pipe Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 7: North America Plastic Pipe Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: Europe Plastic Pipe Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: China Plastic Pipe Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: APAC (Excl. China) Plastic Pipe Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Latin America Plastic Pipe Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Middle East and Africa Plastic Pipe Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 13: Global Plastic Pipe Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 14: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 15: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 16: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 17: Methodology and Data Sources
Table of Contents
170 Pages
- 1 Plastic Pipe Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
- 1.2 Plastic Pipe Product by Type
- 1.2.1 PVC
- 1.2.2 HDPE
- 1.2.3 Fiberglass
- 1.2.4 ABS
- 1.2.5 Others
- 1.3 Plastic Pipe Product by Application
- 1.3.1 Residential
- 1.3.2 Commercial
- 1.3.3 Agriculture
- 1.3.4 Industrial
- 1.3.5 Others
- 1.4 Global Plastic Pipe Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
- 1.4.1 Global Plastic Pipe Revenue Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.2 Global Plastic Pipe Sales Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.3 Global Plastic Pipe Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.5 Plastic Pipe Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.1 Plastic Pipe Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.2 Plastic Pipe Market Drivers and Challenges
- 2 Global Plastic Pipe Capacity and Production Analysis
- 2.1 Global Plastic Pipe Capacity, Production and Utilization (2020-2032)
- 2.2 Global Plastic Pipe Production Growth Trend by Region: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2030
- 2.3 Global Plastic Pipe Production by Region
- 2.3.1 Global Plastic Pipe Production by Region (2020-2025)
- 2.3.2 Global Plastic Pipe Production Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 2.3.3 Global Plastic Pipe Production Market Share by Region (2020-2032)
- 3 Plastic Pipe Market PESTEL Analysis
- 3.1 Political Factors Analysis
- 3.2 Economic Factors Analysis
- 3.3 Social Factors Analysis
- 3.4 Technological Factors Analysis
- 3.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
- 3.6 Legal Factors Analysis
- 4 Plastic Pipe Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 4.1 Competitive Rivalry
- 4.2 Threat of New Entrants
- 4.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 4.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 4.5 Threat of Substitutes
- 5 Global Plastic Pipe Market Analysis by Regions
- 5.1 Plastic Pipe Overall Market: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 5.2 Global Plastic Pipe Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 5.2.1 Global Plastic Pipe Revenue and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 5.2.2 Global Plastic Pipe Revenue and Market Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 5.3 Global Plastic Pipe Sales and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 5.3.1 Global Plastic Pipe Sales and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 5.3.2 Global Plastic Pipe Sales and Market Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 5.4 Global Plastic Pipe Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 6 Global Plastic Pipe Market Size by Type and Application
- 6.1 Global Plastic Pipe Market Size by Type
- 6.1.1 Global Plastic Pipe Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.1.2 Global Plastic Pipe Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.2 Global Plastic Pipe Market Size by Application
- 6.2.1 Global Plastic Pipe Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 6.2.2 Global Plastic Pipe Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 7 North America
- 7.1 North America Plastic Pipe Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 7.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 7.3 North America Plastic Pipe Market Size by Type
- 7.3.1 North America Plastic Pipe Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.3.2 North America Plastic Pipe Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.4 North America Plastic Pipe Market Size by Application
- 7.4.1 North America Plastic Pipe Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.4.2 North America Plastic Pipe Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.5 North America Plastic Pipe Market Size by Country
- 7.5.1 US
- 7.5.2 Canada
- 8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe Plastic Pipe Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 8.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 8.3 Europe Plastic Pipe Market Size by Type
- 8.3.1 Europe Plastic Pipe Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.3.2 Europe Plastic Pipe Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.4 Europe Plastic Pipe Market Size by Application
- 8.4.1 Europe Plastic Pipe Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 8.4.2 Europe Plastic Pipe Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 8.5 Europe Plastic Pipe Market Size by Country
- 8.5.1 Germany
- 8.5.2 France
- 8.5.3 United Kingdom
- 8.5.4 Italy
- 8.5.5 Spain
- 8.5.6 Benelux
- 9 China
- 9.1 China Plastic Pipe Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 9.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 9.3 China Plastic Pipe Market Size by Type
- 9.3.1 China Plastic Pipe Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.3.2 China Plastic Pipe Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.4 China Plastic Pipe Market Size by Application
- 9.4.1 China Plastic Pipe Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.4.2 China Plastic Pipe Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 10 APAC (excl. China)
- 10.1 APAC (excl. China) Plastic Pipe Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 10.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 10.3 APAC (excl. China) Plastic Pipe Market Size by Type
- 10.3.1 APAC (excl. China) Plastic Pipe Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.3.2 APAC (excl. China) Plastic Pipe Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.4 APAC (excl. China) Plastic Pipe Market Size by Application
- 10.4.1 APAC (excl. China) Plastic Pipe Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.4.2 APAC (excl. China) Plastic Pipe Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.5 APAC (excl. China) Plastic Pipe Market Size by Country
- 10.5.1 Japan
- 10.5.2 South Korea
- 10.5.3 India
- 10.5.4 Australia
- 10.5.5 Southeast Asia
- 11 Latin America
- 11.1 Latin America Plastic Pipe Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 11.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 1`.3 Latin America Plastic Pipe Market Size by Type
- 11.3.1 Latin America Plastic Pipe Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.3.2 Latin America Plastic Pipe Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.4 Latin America Plastic Pipe Market Size by Application
- 11.4.1 Latin America Plastic Pipe Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.4.2 Latin America Plastic Pipe Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.5 Latin America Plastic Pipe Market Size by Country
- 11.6 Latin America Plastic Pipe Market Size by Country
- 11.6.1 Mexico
- 11.6.2 Brazil
- 12 Middle East & Africa
- 12.1 Middle East & Africa Plastic Pipe Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 12.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 12.3 Middle East & Africa Plastic Pipe Market Size by Type
- 12.3.1 Middle East & Africa Plastic Pipe Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 12.3.2 Middle East & Africa Plastic Pipe Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 12.4 Middle East & Africa Plastic Pipe Market Size by Application
- 12.4.1 Middle East & Africa Plastic Pipe Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 12.4.2 Middle East & Africa Plastic Pipe Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 12.5 Middle East Plastic Pipe Market Size by Country
- 12.5.1 Saudi Arabia
- 12.5.2 South Africa
- 13 Competition by Manufacturers
- 13.1 Global Plastic Pipe Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 13.1.1 Global Plastic Pipe Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 13.1.2 Global Plastic Pipe Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 13.1.3 Global Plastic Pipe Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 13.2 Plastic Pipe Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
- 13.2.1 Plastic Pipe Competitive Landscape Analysis
- 13.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
- 13.2.3 Market Dynamic
- 14 Key Companies Analysis
- 14.1 Nan Ya Plastics
- 14.1.1 Nan Ya Plastics Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.1.2 Nan Ya Plastics Plastic Pipe Product Portfolio
- 14.1.3 Nan Ya Plastics Plastic Pipe Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.2 Sekisui Chemical
- 14.2.1 Sekisui Chemical Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.2.2 Sekisui Chemical Plastic Pipe Product Portfolio
- 14.2.3 Sekisui Chemical Plastic Pipe Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.3 National Oilwell Varco
- 14.3.1 National Oilwell Varco Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.3.2 National Oilwell Varco Plastic Pipe Product Portfolio
- 14.3.3 National Oilwell Varco Plastic Pipe Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.4 Fletcher Building
- 14.4.1 Fletcher Building Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.4.2 Fletcher Building Plastic Pipe Product Portfolio
- 14.4.3 Fletcher Building Plastic Pipe Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.5 Mexichem
- 14.5.1 Mexichem Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.5.2 Mexichem Plastic Pipe Product Portfolio
- 14.5.3 Mexichem Plastic Pipe Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.6 Georg Fischer
- 14.6.1 Georg Fischer Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.6.2 Georg Fischer Plastic Pipe Product Portfolio
- 14.6.3 Georg Fischer Plastic Pipe Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.7 Aliaxis
- 14.7.1 Aliaxis Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.7.2 Aliaxis Plastic Pipe Product Portfolio
- 14.7.3 Aliaxis Plastic Pipe Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.8 Tessenderlo Chemie
- 14.8.1 Tessenderlo Chemie Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.8.2 Tessenderlo Chemie Plastic Pipe Product Portfolio
- 14.8.3 Tessenderlo Chemie Plastic Pipe Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.9 Aalberts Industries
- 14.9.1 Aalberts Industries Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.9.2 Aalberts Industries Plastic Pipe Product Portfolio
- 14.9.3 Aalberts Industries Plastic Pipe Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.10 China Lesso Group
- 14.10.1 China Lesso Group Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.10.2 China Lesso Group Plastic Pipe Product Portfolio
- 14.10.3 China Lesso Group Plastic Pipe Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 15 Industry Chain Analysis
- 15.1 Plastic Pipe Industry Chain Analysis
- 15.2 Plastic Pipe Industry Raw Material and Suppliers Analysis
- 15.2.1 Plastic Pipe Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
- 15.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
- 15.3 Plastic Pipe Typical Downstream Customers
- 15.4 Plastic Pipe Sales Channel Analysis
- 16 Research Findings and Conclusion
- 17 Methodology and Data Source
- 17.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 17.2 Research Scope
- 17.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
- 17.4 Date Source
- 17.4.1 Primary Sources
- 17.4.2 Secondary Sources
- 17.5 Data Cross Validation
- 17.6 Disclaimer
Pricing
Currency Rates
Questions or Comments?
Our team has the ability to search within reports to verify it suits your needs. We can also help maximize your budget by finding sections of reports you can purchase.