Global Nickel Base Alloy Market Research Report, Competitive, Technology and Forecast Analysis 2025-2032
Description
Market Overview
According to DIResearch"s in-depth investigation and research, the global Nickel Base Alloy market size will reach 6,170.28 Million USD in 2025 and is projected to reach 7,210.21 Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of 2.25% (2025-2032). Notably, the China Nickel Base Alloy market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2025, China"s market size is expected to be Million USD, representing approximately % of the global market share.
Research Summary
Nickel base alloys, also known as nickel-based superalloys, are a group of alloys that have nickel as the primary element. These alloys are specifically designed to possess exceptional strength, heat resistance, corrosion resistance, and excellent mechanical properties at high temperatures. Nickel base alloys often contain other elements like chromium, molybdenum, cobalt, and tungsten, which contribute to their unique properties. These alloys are extensively used in industries such as aerospace, power generation, oil and gas, and chemical processing, where they are subjected to extreme conditions. Nickel base alloys are employed in turbine blades, exhaust systems, combustion chambers, and other components that require high-strength materials capable of withstanding high temperatures, heavy loads, and corrosive environments. Their remarkable properties make nickel base alloys indispensable in critical applications where reliability, durability, and performance are paramount.
The major global manufacturers of Nickel Base Alloy include SMC, ThyssenKrupp VDM, Carpenter, Imphy Alloys, Allegheny, Hitachi Metals, Nippon Yakin, Bao Steel, Sumitomo, Haynes, Daido Steel, Deutsche, Bohler Edelstahl, Foroni, Sandvik, Mitsubishi Material, Vacuumschmelze, JLC Electromet, Metallurgical Plant Electrostal, Fushun Special Steel, etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Nickel Base Alloy. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Nickel Base Alloy market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include US, Germany, Japan, China, France, UK, South Korea, Canada, Italy, Russia, Mexico, Brazil, India, Vietnam, Thailand, South Africa and other regions, covering the Nickel Base Alloy market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Nickel Base Alloy industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Nickel Base Alloy Include:
SMC
ThyssenKrupp VDM
Carpenter
Imphy Alloys
Allegheny
Hitachi Metals
Nippon Yakin
Bao Steel
Sumitomo
Haynes
Daido Steel
Deutsche
Bohler Edelstahl
Foroni
Sandvik
Mitsubishi Material
Vacuumschmelze
JLC Electromet
Metallurgical Plant Electrostal
Fushun Special Steel
Nickel Base Alloy Product Segment Include:
Long Product
Flat Product
Nickel Base Alloy Product Application Include:
Aerospace
Power Generation
Oil & Gas
Chemicals
Electronics
Others
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trend
Chapter 2: Global Nickel Base Alloy Capacity and Production Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Nickel Base Alloy Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Nickel Base Alloy Industry Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Nickel Base Alloy Major Regional Market Size (Sales, Revenue, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 6: Global Nickel Base Alloy Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 7: Global Nickel Base Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Forecast by Product Type
Chapter 8: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 9: Industrial Chain Analysis, Nickel Base Alloy Different Application Market Analysis (Sales and Revenue), Sales Channel Analysis
Chapter 10: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 11: Methodology and Data Sources
According to DIResearch"s in-depth investigation and research, the global Nickel Base Alloy market size will reach 6,170.28 Million USD in 2025 and is projected to reach 7,210.21 Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of 2.25% (2025-2032). Notably, the China Nickel Base Alloy market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2025, China"s market size is expected to be Million USD, representing approximately % of the global market share.
Research Summary
Nickel base alloys, also known as nickel-based superalloys, are a group of alloys that have nickel as the primary element. These alloys are specifically designed to possess exceptional strength, heat resistance, corrosion resistance, and excellent mechanical properties at high temperatures. Nickel base alloys often contain other elements like chromium, molybdenum, cobalt, and tungsten, which contribute to their unique properties. These alloys are extensively used in industries such as aerospace, power generation, oil and gas, and chemical processing, where they are subjected to extreme conditions. Nickel base alloys are employed in turbine blades, exhaust systems, combustion chambers, and other components that require high-strength materials capable of withstanding high temperatures, heavy loads, and corrosive environments. Their remarkable properties make nickel base alloys indispensable in critical applications where reliability, durability, and performance are paramount.
The major global manufacturers of Nickel Base Alloy include SMC, ThyssenKrupp VDM, Carpenter, Imphy Alloys, Allegheny, Hitachi Metals, Nippon Yakin, Bao Steel, Sumitomo, Haynes, Daido Steel, Deutsche, Bohler Edelstahl, Foroni, Sandvik, Mitsubishi Material, Vacuumschmelze, JLC Electromet, Metallurgical Plant Electrostal, Fushun Special Steel, etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Nickel Base Alloy. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Nickel Base Alloy market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include US, Germany, Japan, China, France, UK, South Korea, Canada, Italy, Russia, Mexico, Brazil, India, Vietnam, Thailand, South Africa and other regions, covering the Nickel Base Alloy market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Nickel Base Alloy industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Nickel Base Alloy Include:
SMC
ThyssenKrupp VDM
Carpenter
Imphy Alloys
Allegheny
Hitachi Metals
Nippon Yakin
Bao Steel
Sumitomo
Haynes
Daido Steel
Deutsche
Bohler Edelstahl
Foroni
Sandvik
Mitsubishi Material
Vacuumschmelze
JLC Electromet
Metallurgical Plant Electrostal
Fushun Special Steel
Nickel Base Alloy Product Segment Include:
Long Product
Flat Product
Nickel Base Alloy Product Application Include:
Aerospace
Power Generation
Oil & Gas
Chemicals
Electronics
Others
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trend
Chapter 2: Global Nickel Base Alloy Capacity and Production Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Nickel Base Alloy Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Nickel Base Alloy Industry Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Nickel Base Alloy Major Regional Market Size (Sales, Revenue, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 6: Global Nickel Base Alloy Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 7: Global Nickel Base Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Forecast by Product Type
Chapter 8: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 9: Industrial Chain Analysis, Nickel Base Alloy Different Application Market Analysis (Sales and Revenue), Sales Channel Analysis
Chapter 10: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 11: Methodology and Data Sources
Table of Contents
165 Pages
- 1 Nickel Base Alloy Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
- 1.2 Nickel Base Alloy Product by Type
- 1.2.1 Long Product
- 1.2.2 Flat Product
- 1.3 Nickel Base Alloy Product by Application
- 1.3.1 Aerospace
- 1.3.2 Power Generation
- 1.3.3 Oil & Gas
- 1.3.4 Chemicals
- 1.3.5 Electronics
- 1.3.6 Others
- 1.4 Global Nickel Base Alloy Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
- 1.4.1 Global Nickel Base Alloy Revenue Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.2 Global Nickel Base Alloy Sales Market Sales Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.3 Global Nickel Base Alloy Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.5 Nickel Base Alloy Market Development Status and Trends
- 1.5.1 Nickel Base Alloy Industry Development Status Analysis
- 1.5.2 Nickel Base Alloy Industry Development Trends Analysis
- 2 Global Nickel Base Alloy Capacity and Production Analysis
- 2.1 Global Nickel Base Alloy Capacity, Production and Utilization (2020-2032)
- 2.2 Global Nickel Base Alloy Production Growth Trend by Region: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 2.3 Global Nickel Base Alloy Production by Region
- 2.3.1 Global Nickel Base Alloy Production by Region (2020-2025)
- 2.3.2 Global Nickel Base Alloy Production Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 2.3.3 Global Nickel Base Alloy Production Market Share by Region (2020-2032)
- 3 Nickel Base Alloy Market PESTEL Analysis
- 3.1 Political Factors Analysis
- 3.2 Economic Factors Analysis
- 3.3 Social Factors Analysis
- 3.4 Technological Factors Analysis
- 3.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
- 3.6 Legal Factors Analysis
- 4 Nickel Base Alloy Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 4.1 Competitive Rivalry
- 4.2 Threat of New Entrants
- 4.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 4.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 4.5 Threat of Substitutes
- 5 Global Nickel Base Alloy Market Analysis by Country
- 5.1 Global Nickel Base Alloy Market Size Analysis by Country: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 5.1.1 Global Nickel Base Alloy Revenue and Market Share by Country (2020-2025)
- 5.1.2 Global Nickel Base Alloy Revenue and Market Share Forecast by Country (2026-2032)
- 5.2 Global Nickel Base Alloy Sales Analysis by Country: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 5.2.1 Global Nickel Base Alloy Sales and Market Share by Country (2020-2025)
- 5.2.2 Global Nickel Base Alloy Sales and Market Share Forecast by Country (2026-2032)
- 5.3 United States Nickel Base Alloy Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.4 Germany Nickel Base Alloy Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.5 Japan Nickel Base Alloy Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.6 China Nickel Base Alloy Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.7 France Nickel Base Alloy Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.8 U.K. Nickel Base Alloy Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.9 South Korea Nickel Base Alloy Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.10 Canada Nickel Base Alloy Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.11 Italy Nickel Base Alloy Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.12 Russia Nickel Base Alloy Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.13 Mexico Nickel Base Alloy Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.14 Brazil Nickel Base Alloy Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.15 India Nickel Base Alloy Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.16 Vietnam Nickel Base Alloy Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.17 Thailand Nickel Base Alloy Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 5.18 South Africa Nickel Base Alloy Market Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2032)
- 6 Competition by Manufacturers
- 6.1 Global Nickel Base Alloy Market Sales, Revenue and Sales Price by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 6.1.1 Global Nickel Base Alloy Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 6.1.2 Global Nickel Base Alloy Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 6.1.3 Global Nickel Base Alloy Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 6.2 Nickel Base Alloy Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
- 6.2.1 Nickel Base Alloy Competitive Landscape Analysis
- 6.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter and Key Area Sales
- 6.2.3 Market Dynamic
- 7 Nickel Base Alloy Market Analysis by Type
- 7.1 Global Nickel Base Alloy Market Revenue Analysis by Type
- 7.1.1 Global Nickel Base Alloy Market Size Analysis by Type: 2024 & 2025 & 2032
- 7.1.2 Global Nickel Base Alloy Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.2 Global Nickel Base Alloy Market Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.3 Global Nickel Base Alloy Sales Price Trend Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 8 Key Companies Analysis
- 8.1 SMC
- 8.1.1 SMC Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.1.2 SMC Nickel Base Alloy Product Portfolio
- 8.1.3 SMC Nickel Base Alloy Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.2 ThyssenKrupp VDM
- 8.2.1 ThyssenKrupp VDM Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.2.2 ThyssenKrupp VDM Nickel Base Alloy Product Portfolio
- 8.2.3 ThyssenKrupp VDM Nickel Base Alloy Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.3 Carpenter
- 8.3.1 Carpenter Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.3.2 Carpenter Nickel Base Alloy Product Portfolio
- 8.3.3 Carpenter Nickel Base Alloy Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.4 Imphy Alloys
- 8.4.1 Imphy Alloys Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.4.2 Imphy Alloys Nickel Base Alloy Product Portfolio
- 8.4.3 Imphy Alloys Nickel Base Alloy Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.5 Allegheny
- 8.5.1 Allegheny Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.5.2 Allegheny Nickel Base Alloy Product Portfolio
- 8.5.3 Allegheny Nickel Base Alloy Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.6 Hitachi Metals
- 8.6.1 Hitachi Metals Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.6.2 Hitachi Metals Nickel Base Alloy Product Portfolio
- 8.6.3 Hitachi Metals Nickel Base Alloy Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.7 Nippon Yakin
- 8.7.1 Nippon Yakin Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.7.2 Nippon Yakin Nickel Base Alloy Product Portfolio
- 8.7.3 Nippon Yakin Nickel Base Alloy Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.8 Bao Steel
- 8.8.1 Bao Steel Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.8.2 Bao Steel Nickel Base Alloy Product Portfolio
- 8.8.3 Bao Steel Nickel Base Alloy Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.9 Sumitomo
- 8.9.1 Sumitomo Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.9.2 Sumitomo Nickel Base Alloy Product Portfolio
- 8.9.3 Sumitomo Nickel Base Alloy Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.10 Haynes
- 8.10.1 Haynes Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.10.2 Haynes Nickel Base Alloy Product Portfolio
- 8.10.3 Haynes Nickel Base Alloy Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.11 Daido Steel
- 8.11.1 Daido Steel Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.11.2 Daido Steel Nickel Base Alloy Product Portfolio
- 8.11.3 Daido Steel Nickel Base Alloy Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.12 Deutsche
- 8.12.1 Deutsche Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.12.2 Deutsche Nickel Base Alloy Product Portfolio
- 8.12.3 Deutsche Nickel Base Alloy Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.13 Bohler Edelstahl
- 8.13.1 Bohler Edelstahl Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.13.2 Bohler Edelstahl Nickel Base Alloy Product Portfolio
- 8.13.3 Bohler Edelstahl Nickel Base Alloy Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.14 Foroni
- 8.14.1 Foroni Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.14.2 Foroni Nickel Base Alloy Product Portfolio
- 8.14.3 Foroni Nickel Base Alloy Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.15 Sandvik
- 8.15.1 Sandvik Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.15.2 Sandvik Nickel Base Alloy Product Portfolio
- 8.15.3 Sandvik Nickel Base Alloy Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.16 Mitsubishi Material
- 8.16.1 Mitsubishi Material Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.16.2 Mitsubishi Material Nickel Base Alloy Product Portfolio
- 8.16.3 Mitsubishi Material Nickel Base Alloy Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.17 Vacuumschmelze
- 8.17.1 Vacuumschmelze Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.17.2 Vacuumschmelze Nickel Base Alloy Product Portfolio
- 8.17.3 Vacuumschmelze Nickel Base Alloy Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.18 JLC Electromet
- 8.18.1 JLC Electromet Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.18.2 JLC Electromet Nickel Base Alloy Product Portfolio
- 8.18.3 JLC Electromet Nickel Base Alloy Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.19 Metallurgical Plant Electrostal
- 8.19.1 Metallurgical Plant Electrostal Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.19.2 Metallurgical Plant Electrostal Nickel Base Alloy Product Portfolio
- 8.19.3 Metallurgical Plant Electrostal Nickel Base Alloy Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 8.20 Fushun Special Steel
- 8.20.1 Fushun Special Steel Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 8.20.2 Fushun Special Steel Nickel Base Alloy Product Portfolio
- 8.20.3 Fushun Special Steel Nickel Base Alloy Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 9 Industry Chain Analysis
- 9.1 Nickel Base Alloy Industry Chain Analysis
- 9.2 Nickel Base Alloy Industry Upstream Supply Analysis
- 9.2.1 Upstream Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
- 9.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
- 9.3 Nickel Base Alloy Product Downstream Application Analysis
- 9.3.1 Global Nickel Base Alloy Revenue Market Size by Application: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 9.3.2 Global Nickel Base Alloy Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.3.3 Global Nickel Base Alloy Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.4 Nickel Base Alloy Typical Downstream Customers
- 9.5 Nickel Base Alloy Sales Channel Analysis
- 10 Research Findings and Conclusion
- 11 Methodology and Data Source
- 11.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 11.2 Research Scope
- 11.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
- 11.4 Date Source
- 11.4.1 Primary Sources
- 11.4.2 Secondary Sources
- 11.5 Data Cross Validation
- 11.6 Disclaimer
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