Global High-grade Fused Quartz Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2025
Description
Research Summary
High-grade fused quartz refers to an exceptionally pure and high-quality form of quartz glass that has been produced through a meticulous manufacturing process. Quartz, primarily composed of silicon dioxide, is melted and then carefully refined to remove impurities, resulting in a material with outstanding transparency and thermal stability. High-grade fused quartz exhibits a low coefficient of thermal expansion, excellent chemical resistance, and exceptional optical properties, making it highly desirable for various applications. This material is widely used in precision optics, semiconductor manufacturing, telecommunications, laboratory equipment, and other industries where extreme purity and performance are crucial. Its ability to withstand high temperatures, resist chemical corrosion, and transmit ultraviolet to infrared light efficiently makes high-grade fused quartz an integral component in a range of advanced technologies and scientific instruments.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global High-grade Fused Quartz market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.
The major global manufacturers of High-grade Fused Quartz include Heraeus Holding, Tosoh, Momentive, Qsil, Corning, Ohara Corporation, Nikon, UQG Ltd, United Lens etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of High-grade Fused Quartz. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global High-grade Fused Quartz market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the High-grade Fused Quartz market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of High-grade Fused Quartz industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of High-grade Fused Quartz Include:
Heraeus Holding
Tosoh
Momentive
Qsil
Corning
Ohara Corporation
Nikon
UQG Ltd
United Lens
High-grade Fused Quartz Product Segment Include:
Clear High-grade Fused Quartz
Opaque High-grade Fused Quartz
High-grade Fused Quartz Product Application Include:
Semiconductor Industrial
Precision and Detection Optics
Lamp Applications
Others
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global High-grade Fused Quartz Capacity and Production Analysis
Chapter 3: Global High-grade Fused Quartz Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 4: Global High-grade Fused Quartz Industry Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 5: Global High-grade Fused Quartz Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 6: Global High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 7: North America High-grade Fused Quartz Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: Europe High-grade Fused Quartz Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: China High-grade Fused Quartz Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: APAC (Excl. China) High-grade Fused Quartz Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Latin America High-grade Fused Quartz Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Middle East and Africa High-grade Fused Quartz Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 13: Global High-grade Fused Quartz Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 14: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 15: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 16: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 17: Methodology and Data Sources
High-grade fused quartz refers to an exceptionally pure and high-quality form of quartz glass that has been produced through a meticulous manufacturing process. Quartz, primarily composed of silicon dioxide, is melted and then carefully refined to remove impurities, resulting in a material with outstanding transparency and thermal stability. High-grade fused quartz exhibits a low coefficient of thermal expansion, excellent chemical resistance, and exceptional optical properties, making it highly desirable for various applications. This material is widely used in precision optics, semiconductor manufacturing, telecommunications, laboratory equipment, and other industries where extreme purity and performance are crucial. Its ability to withstand high temperatures, resist chemical corrosion, and transmit ultraviolet to infrared light efficiently makes high-grade fused quartz an integral component in a range of advanced technologies and scientific instruments.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global High-grade Fused Quartz market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.
The major global manufacturers of High-grade Fused Quartz include Heraeus Holding, Tosoh, Momentive, Qsil, Corning, Ohara Corporation, Nikon, UQG Ltd, United Lens etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of High-grade Fused Quartz. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global High-grade Fused Quartz market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the High-grade Fused Quartz market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of High-grade Fused Quartz industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of High-grade Fused Quartz Include:
Heraeus Holding
Tosoh
Momentive
Qsil
Corning
Ohara Corporation
Nikon
UQG Ltd
United Lens
High-grade Fused Quartz Product Segment Include:
Clear High-grade Fused Quartz
Opaque High-grade Fused Quartz
High-grade Fused Quartz Product Application Include:
Semiconductor Industrial
Precision and Detection Optics
Lamp Applications
Others
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global High-grade Fused Quartz Capacity and Production Analysis
Chapter 3: Global High-grade Fused Quartz Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 4: Global High-grade Fused Quartz Industry Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 5: Global High-grade Fused Quartz Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 6: Global High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 7: North America High-grade Fused Quartz Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: Europe High-grade Fused Quartz Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: China High-grade Fused Quartz Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: APAC (Excl. China) High-grade Fused Quartz Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Latin America High-grade Fused Quartz Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Middle East and Africa High-grade Fused Quartz Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 13: Global High-grade Fused Quartz Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 14: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 15: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 16: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 17: Methodology and Data Sources
Table of Contents
170 Pages
- 1 High-grade Fused Quartz Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
- 1.2 High-grade Fused Quartz Product by Type
- 1.2.1 Clear High-grade Fused Quartz
- 1.2.2 Opaque High-grade Fused Quartz
- 1.3 High-grade Fused Quartz Product by Application
- 1.3.1 Semiconductor Industrial
- 1.3.2 Precision and Detection Optics
- 1.3.3 Lamp Applications
- 1.3.4 Others
- 1.4 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
- 1.4.1 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Revenue Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.2 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Sales Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.3 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.5 High-grade Fused Quartz Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.1 High-grade Fused Quartz Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.2 High-grade Fused Quartz Market Drivers and Challenges
- 2 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Capacity and Production Analysis
- 2.1 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Capacity, Production and Utilization (2020-2032)
- 2.2 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Production Growth Trend by Region: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2030
- 2.3 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Production by Region
- 2.3.1 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Production by Region (2020-2025)
- 2.3.2 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Production Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 2.3.3 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Production Market Share by Region (2020-2032)
- 3 High-grade Fused Quartz Market PESTEL Analysis
- 3.1 Political Factors Analysis
- 3.2 Economic Factors Analysis
- 3.3 Social Factors Analysis
- 3.4 Technological Factors Analysis
- 3.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
- 3.6 Legal Factors Analysis
- 4 High-grade Fused Quartz Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 4.1 Competitive Rivalry
- 4.2 Threat of New Entrants
- 4.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 4.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 4.5 Threat of Substitutes
- 5 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Market Analysis by Regions
- 5.1 High-grade Fused Quartz Overall Market: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 5.2 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 5.2.1 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Revenue and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 5.2.2 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Revenue and Market Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 5.3 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Sales and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 5.3.1 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Sales and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 5.3.2 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Sales and Market Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 5.4 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 6 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size by Type and Application
- 6.1 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size by Type
- 6.1.1 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.1.2 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.2 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size by Application
- 6.2.1 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 6.2.2 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 7 North America
- 7.1 North America High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 7.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 7.3 North America High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size by Type
- 7.3.1 North America High-grade Fused Quartz Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.3.2 North America High-grade Fused Quartz Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.4 North America High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size by Application
- 7.4.1 North America High-grade Fused Quartz Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.4.2 North America High-grade Fused Quartz Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.5 North America High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size by Country
- 7.5.1 US
- 7.5.2 Canada
- 8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 8.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 8.3 Europe High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size by Type
- 8.3.1 Europe High-grade Fused Quartz Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.3.2 Europe High-grade Fused Quartz Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.4 Europe High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size by Application
- 8.4.1 Europe High-grade Fused Quartz Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 8.4.2 Europe High-grade Fused Quartz Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 8.5 Europe High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size by Country
- 8.5.1 Germany
- 8.5.2 France
- 8.5.3 United Kingdom
- 8.5.4 Italy
- 8.5.5 Spain
- 8.5.6 Benelux
- 9 China
- 9.1 China High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 9.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 9.3 China High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size by Type
- 9.3.1 China High-grade Fused Quartz Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.3.2 China High-grade Fused Quartz Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.4 China High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size by Application
- 9.4.1 China High-grade Fused Quartz Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.4.2 China High-grade Fused Quartz Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 10 APAC (excl. China)
- 10.1 APAC (excl. China) High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 10.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 10.3 APAC (excl. China) High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size by Type
- 10.3.1 APAC (excl. China) High-grade Fused Quartz Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.3.2 APAC (excl. China) High-grade Fused Quartz Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.4 APAC (excl. China) High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size by Application
- 10.4.1 APAC (excl. China) High-grade Fused Quartz Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.4.2 APAC (excl. China) High-grade Fused Quartz Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.5 APAC (excl. China) High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size by Country
- 10.5.1 Japan
- 10.5.2 South Korea
- 10.5.3 India
- 10.5.4 Australia
- 10.5.5 Southeast Asia
- 11 Latin America
- 11.1 Latin America High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 11.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 1`.3 Latin America High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size by Type
- 11.3.1 Latin America High-grade Fused Quartz Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.3.2 Latin America High-grade Fused Quartz Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.4 Latin America High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size by Application
- 11.4.1 Latin America High-grade Fused Quartz Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.4.2 Latin America High-grade Fused Quartz Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.5 Latin America High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size by Country
- 11.6 Latin America High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size by Country
- 11.6.1 Mexico
- 11.6.2 Brazil
- 12 Middle East & Africa
- 12.1 Middle East & Africa High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 12.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 12.3 Middle East & Africa High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size by Type
- 12.3.1 Middle East & Africa High-grade Fused Quartz Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 12.3.2 Middle East & Africa High-grade Fused Quartz Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 12.4 Middle East & Africa High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size by Application
- 12.4.1 Middle East & Africa High-grade Fused Quartz Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 12.4.2 Middle East & Africa High-grade Fused Quartz Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 12.5 Middle East High-grade Fused Quartz Market Size by Country
- 12.5.1 Saudi Arabia
- 12.5.2 South Africa
- 13 Competition by Manufacturers
- 13.1 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 13.1.1 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 13.1.2 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 13.1.3 Global High-grade Fused Quartz Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 13.2 High-grade Fused Quartz Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
- 13.2.1 High-grade Fused Quartz Competitive Landscape Analysis
- 13.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
- 13.2.3 Market Dynamic
- 14 Key Companies Analysis
- 14.1 Heraeus Holding
- 14.1.1 Heraeus Holding Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.1.2 Heraeus Holding High-grade Fused Quartz Product Portfolio
- 14.1.3 Heraeus Holding High-grade Fused Quartz Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.2 Tosoh
- 14.2.1 Tosoh Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.2.2 Tosoh High-grade Fused Quartz Product Portfolio
- 14.2.3 Tosoh High-grade Fused Quartz Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.3 Momentive
- 14.3.1 Momentive Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.3.2 Momentive High-grade Fused Quartz Product Portfolio
- 14.3.3 Momentive High-grade Fused Quartz Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.4 Qsil
- 14.4.1 Qsil Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.4.2 Qsil High-grade Fused Quartz Product Portfolio
- 14.4.3 Qsil High-grade Fused Quartz Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.5 Corning
- 14.5.1 Corning Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.5.2 Corning High-grade Fused Quartz Product Portfolio
- 14.5.3 Corning High-grade Fused Quartz Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.6 Ohara Corporation
- 14.6.1 Ohara Corporation Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.6.2 Ohara Corporation High-grade Fused Quartz Product Portfolio
- 14.6.3 Ohara Corporation High-grade Fused Quartz Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.7 Nikon
- 14.7.1 Nikon Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.7.2 Nikon High-grade Fused Quartz Product Portfolio
- 14.7.3 Nikon High-grade Fused Quartz Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.8 UQG Ltd
- 14.8.1 UQG Ltd Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.8.2 UQG Ltd High-grade Fused Quartz Product Portfolio
- 14.8.3 UQG Ltd High-grade Fused Quartz Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.9 United Lens
- 14.9.1 United Lens Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.9.2 United Lens High-grade Fused Quartz Product Portfolio
- 14.9.3 United Lens High-grade Fused Quartz Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 15 Industry Chain Analysis
- 15.1 High-grade Fused Quartz Industry Chain Analysis
- 15.2 High-grade Fused Quartz Industry Raw Material and Suppliers Analysis
- 15.2.1 High-grade Fused Quartz Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
- 15.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
- 15.3 High-grade Fused Quartz Typical Downstream Customers
- 15.4 High-grade Fused Quartz Sales Channel Analysis
- 16 Research Findings and Conclusion
- 17 Methodology and Data Source
- 17.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 17.2 Research Scope
- 17.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
- 17.4 Date Source
- 17.4.1 Primary Sources
- 17.4.2 Secondary Sources
- 17.5 Data Cross Validation
- 17.6 Disclaimer
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