
Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2024
Description
Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2024
Research Summary
External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) are integrated building envelope solutions designed to improve the thermal efficiency of buildings by providing an external layer of insulation. ETICS typically consists of several layers: an adhesive to bond the insulation board to the exterior wall, a thermal insulation layer (commonly made of materials like expanded polystyrene (EPS), mineral wool, or extruded polystyrene (XPS)), a base coat with reinforcing mesh to provide structural integrity and impact resistance, and a finishing coat which can be decorative and weather-resistant. These systems enhance energy efficiency by reducing heat loss in the winter and heat gain in the summer, leading to lower energy consumption and improved indoor comfort. ETICS also contribute to the aesthetic appeal and durability of buildings, protecting against weather elements and extending the life of the building façade. They are widely used in both new construction and renovation projects to meet stringent energy efficiency standards and regulations.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) market size will reach XX US$ Million in 2024, and is expected to reach XX US$ Million in 2030, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2030). Among them, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. The market size in 2024 will be XX US$ Million, accounting for approximately XX% of the world. It is expected to reach XX US$ Million in 2030, and the global share will reach XX%.
The major global manufacturers of External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) include Henkel (Ceresit), Xella Group (Multipor), GUTEX, DAW SE (INTHERMO), Styropan, Marmoline, Schneider Holz, STOMIX, STEICO, Finomix, ROCKWOOL, Wacker Chemie etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tiers is the global leading enterprise, which occupies a major market share, is in a leading position in the industry, has strong competitiveness and influence, and has a large revenue scale; the second tiers has a certain share and popularity in the market, actively follows the industry leaders in product, service or technological innovation, and has a medium revenue scale; the third tiers has a smaller share in the market, has a lower brand awareness, mainly focuses on the local market, and has a relatively small revenue scale.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS). Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales volume, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) market. The report data covers historical data from 2018 to 2023, based year in 2024 and forecast data from 2025 to 2030.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Include:
Henkel (Ceresit)
Xella Group (Multipor)
GUTEX
DAW SE (INTHERMO)
Styropan
Marmoline
Schneider Holz
STOMIX
STEICO
Finomix
ROCKWOOL
Wacker Chemie
External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Product Segment Include:
Polystyrene Boards
Mineral Fibre Boards
Wood Fibre Boards
External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Product Application Include:
Residential Building
Commercial Building
Industrial Building
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Capacity and Production Analysis
Chapter 3: Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 4: Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 5: Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 6: Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 7: North America External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: Europe External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: China External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: APAC (Excl. China) External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Latin America External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Middle East and Africa External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 13: Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 14: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 15: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 16: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 17: Methodology and Data Sources
Table of Contents
165 Pages
- 1 External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
- 1.2 External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Product by Type
- 1.2.1 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size by Type, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
- 1.2.2 Polystyrene Boards
- 1.2.3 Mineral Fibre Boards
- 1.2.4 Wood Fibre Boards
- 1.3 External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Product by Application
- 1.3.1 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size by Application, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
- 1.3.2 Residential Building
- 1.3.3 Commercial Building
- 1.3.4 Industrial Building
- 1.4 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
- 1.4.1 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size Analysis (2019-2030)
- 1.4.2 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Sales Analysis (2019-2030)
- 1.4.3 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2019-2030)
- 1.5 External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Development Status and Trends
- 1.5.1 External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Industry Development Status Analysis
- 1.5.2 External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Industry Development Trends Analysis
- 2 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Capacity and Production Analysis
- 2.1 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Production Capacity (2019-2030)
- 2.2 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Production by Region: 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
- 2.3 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Production by Region
- 2.3.1 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Historic Production by Region (2019-2024)
- 2.3.2 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Forecasted Production by Region (2025-2030)
- 2.3.3 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Production Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
- 3 External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market PESTEL Analysis
- 3.1 Political Factors Analysis
- 3.2 Economic Factors Analysis
- 3.3 Social Factors Analysis
- 3.4 Technological Factors Analysis
- 3.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
- 3.6 Legal Factors Analysis
- 4 External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 4.1 Competitive Rivalry
- 4.2 Threat of New Entrants
- 4.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 4.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 4.5 Threat of Substitutes
- 5 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Analysis by Regions
- 5.1 External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Overall Market: 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
- 5.2 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2019-2030)
- 5.2.1 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Revenue and Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
- 5.2.2 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Revenue Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
- 5.3 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Sales and Forecast Analysis (2019-2030)
- 5.3.1 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Sales and Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
- 5.3.2 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Sales Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
- 5.4 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Sales Price Trend Analysis (2019-2030)
- 6 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size by Type and Application
- 6.1 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size by Type
- 6.1.1 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2019-2030)
- 6.1.2 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2019-2030)
- 6.2 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size by Application
- 6.2.1 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2019-2030)
- 6.2.2 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2019-2030)
- 7 North America
- 7.1 North America External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
- 7.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 7.3 North America External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size by Type
- 7.3.1 North America External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Sales by Type (2019-2030)
- 7.3.2 North America External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
- 7.4 North America External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size by Application
- 7.4.1 North America External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Sales by Application (2019-2030)
- 7.4.2 North America External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
- 7.5 North America External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size by Country
- 7.5.1 US
- 7.5.2 Canada
- 8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
- 8.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 8.3 Europe External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size by Type
- 8.3.1 Europe External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Sales by Type (2019-2030)
- 8.3.2 Europe External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
- 8.4 Europe External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size by Application
- 8.4.1 Europe External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Sales by Application (2019-2030)
- 8.4.2 Europe External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
- 8.5 Europe External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size by Country
- 8.5.1 Germany
- 8.5.2 France
- 8.5.3 United Kingdom
- 8.5.4 Italy
- 8.5.5 Spain
- 8.5.6 Benelux
- 9 China
- 9.1 China External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
- 9.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 9.3 China External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size by Type
- 9.3.1 China External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Sales by Type (2019-2030)
- 9.3.2 China External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
- 9.4 China External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size by Application
- 9.4.1 China External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Sales by Application (2019-2030)
- 9.4.2 China External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
- 10 APAC (excl. China)
- 10.1 APAC (excl. China) External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
- 10.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 10.3 APAC (excl. China) External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size by Type
- 10.3.1 APAC (excl. China) External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Sales by Type (2019-2030)
- 10.3.2 APAC (excl. China) External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
- 10.4 APAC (excl. China) External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size by Application
- 10.4.1 APAC (excl. China) External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Sales by Application (2019-2030)
- 10.4.2 APAC (excl. China) External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
- 10.5 APAC (excl. China) External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size by Country
- 10.5.1 Japan
- 10.5.2 South Korea
- 10.5.3 India
- 10.5.4 Australia
- 10.5.5 Indonesia
- 10.5.6 Vietnam
- 10.5.7 Malaysia
- 10.5.8 Thailand
- 11 Latin America
- 11.1 Latin America External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
- 11.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 11.3 Latin America External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size by Type
- 11.3.1 Latin America External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Sales by Type (2019-2030)
- 11.3.2 Latin America External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
- 11.4 Latin America External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size by Application
- 11.4.1 Latin America External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Sales by Application (2019-2030)
- 11.4.2 Latin America External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
- 11.5 Latin America External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size by Country
- 11.5.1 Mexico
- 11.5.2 Brazil
- 12 Middle East & Africa
- 12.1 Middle East & Africa External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
- 12.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 12.3 Middle East & Africa External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size by Type
- 12.3.1 Middle East & Africa External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Sales by Type (2019-2030)
- 12.3.2 Middle East & Africa External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
- 12.4 Middle East & Africa External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size by Application
- 12.4.1 Middle East & Africa External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Sales by Application (2019-2030)
- 12.4.2 Middle East & Africa External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
- 12.5 Middle East & Africa External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Size by Country
- 12.5.1 Saudi Arabia
- 12.5.2 South Africa
- 13 Competition by Manufacturers
- 13.1 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
- 13.1.1 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
- 13.1.2 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
- 13.1.3 Global External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2020-2024)
- 13.2 External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
- 13.2.1 External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Competitive Landscape Analysis
- 13.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
- 13.2.3 Market Dynamic
- 14 Key Companies Analysis
- 14.1 Henkel (Ceresit)
- 14.1.1 Henkel (Ceresit) Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.1.2 Henkel (Ceresit) External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Product Portfolio
- 14.1.3 Henkel (Ceresit) External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.2 Xella Group (Multipor)
- 14.2.1 Xella Group (Multipor) Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.2.2 Xella Group (Multipor) External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Product Portfolio
- 14.2.3 Xella Group (Multipor) External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.3 GUTEX
- 14.3.1 GUTEX Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.3.2 GUTEX External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Product Portfolio
- 14.3.3 GUTEX External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.4 DAW SE (INTHERMO)
- 14.4.1 DAW SE (INTHERMO) Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.4.2 DAW SE (INTHERMO) External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Product Portfolio
- 14.4.3 DAW SE (INTHERMO) External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.5 Styropan
- 14.5.1 Styropan Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.5.2 Styropan External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Product Portfolio
- 14.5.3 Styropan External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.6 Marmoline
- 14.6.1 Marmoline Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.6.2 Marmoline External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Product Portfolio
- 14.6.3 Marmoline External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.7 Schneider Holz
- 14.7.1 Schneider Holz Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.7.2 Schneider Holz External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Product Portfolio
- 14.7.3 Schneider Holz External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.8 STOMIX
- 14.8.1 STOMIX Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.8.2 STOMIX External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Product Portfolio
- 14.8.3 STOMIX External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.9 STEICO
- 14.9.1 STEICO Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.9.2 STEICO External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Product Portfolio
- 14.9.3 STEICO External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.10 Finomix
- 14.10.1 Finomix Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.10.2 Finomix External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Product Portfolio
- 14.10.3 Finomix External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.11 ROCKWOOL
- 14.11.1 ROCKWOOL Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.11.2 ROCKWOOL External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Product Portfolio
- 14.11.3 ROCKWOOL External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 14.12 Wacker Chemie
- 14.12.1 Wacker Chemie Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.12.2 Wacker Chemie External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Product Portfolio
- 14.12.3 Wacker Chemie External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
- 15 Industry Chain Analysis
- 15.1 External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Industry Chain Analysis
- 15.2 External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Industry Upstream Supply Analysis
- 15.2.1 Upstream Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
- 15.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
- 15.3 External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Typical Downstream Customers
- 15.4 External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) Sales Channel Analysis
- 16 Research Findings and Conclusion
- 17 Methodology and Data Source
- 17.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 17.2 Research Scope
- 17.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
- 17.4 Date Source
- 17.4.1 Primary Sources
- 17.4.2 Secondary Sources
- 17.5 Data Cross Validation
- 17.6 Disclaimer
Pricing
Currency Rates
Questions or Comments?
Our team has the ability to search within reports to verify it suits your needs. We can also help maximize your budget by finding sections of reports you can purchase.