Global Ethanol Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2025
Description
Research Summary
Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, is a colorless and flammable chemical compound with the molecular formula C2H5OH. It is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages and is produced through the fermentation of sugars by yeast or other microorganisms. Ethanol has a wide range of uses, including as a recreational and social beverage, a fuel additive (bioethanol) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector, a solvent in various industries, and as an ingredient in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. It is also employed in chemical synthesis, laboratory research, and as a disinfectant and antiseptic agent. Ethanol is known for its psychoactive effects when consumed in alcoholic beverages, which can lead to changes in mood and behavior, and it is consumed responsibly in various cultural and social contexts worldwide.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Ethanol market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.
The major global manufacturers of Ethanol include Archer Daniels Midland, POET Biorefining, Valero, Green Plains, Flint Hills Resources, Pacific Ethanol, Big River Resources, Cargill, The Andersons Ethanol Group, White Energy, CHS Inc, Abengoa Bioenergy, Glacial Lakes Energy, DuPont etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Ethanol. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Ethanol market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Ethanol market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Ethanol industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Ethanol Include:
Archer Daniels Midland
POET Biorefining
Valero
Green Plains
Flint Hills Resources
Pacific Ethanol
Big River Resources
Cargill
The Andersons Ethanol Group
White Energy
CHS Inc
Abengoa Bioenergy
Glacial Lakes Energy
DuPont
Ethanol Product Segment Include:
Corn Based Ethanol
Cellulosic Ethanol
Ethanol Product Application Include:
E10
E15
E85
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global Ethanol Capacity and Production Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Ethanol Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Ethanol Industry Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Ethanol Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 6: Global Ethanol Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 7: North America Ethanol Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: Europe Ethanol Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: China Ethanol Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: APAC (Excl. China) Ethanol Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Latin America Ethanol Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Middle East and Africa Ethanol Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 13: Global Ethanol Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 14: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 15: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 16: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 17: Methodology and Data Sources
Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, is a colorless and flammable chemical compound with the molecular formula C2H5OH. It is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages and is produced through the fermentation of sugars by yeast or other microorganisms. Ethanol has a wide range of uses, including as a recreational and social beverage, a fuel additive (bioethanol) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector, a solvent in various industries, and as an ingredient in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. It is also employed in chemical synthesis, laboratory research, and as a disinfectant and antiseptic agent. Ethanol is known for its psychoactive effects when consumed in alcoholic beverages, which can lead to changes in mood and behavior, and it is consumed responsibly in various cultural and social contexts worldwide.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Ethanol market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.
The major global manufacturers of Ethanol include Archer Daniels Midland, POET Biorefining, Valero, Green Plains, Flint Hills Resources, Pacific Ethanol, Big River Resources, Cargill, The Andersons Ethanol Group, White Energy, CHS Inc, Abengoa Bioenergy, Glacial Lakes Energy, DuPont etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Ethanol. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Ethanol market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Ethanol market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Ethanol industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Ethanol Include:
Archer Daniels Midland
POET Biorefining
Valero
Green Plains
Flint Hills Resources
Pacific Ethanol
Big River Resources
Cargill
The Andersons Ethanol Group
White Energy
CHS Inc
Abengoa Bioenergy
Glacial Lakes Energy
DuPont
Ethanol Product Segment Include:
Corn Based Ethanol
Cellulosic Ethanol
Ethanol Product Application Include:
E10
E15
E85
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global Ethanol Capacity and Production Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Ethanol Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Ethanol Industry Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Ethanol Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 6: Global Ethanol Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 7: North America Ethanol Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: Europe Ethanol Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: China Ethanol Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: APAC (Excl. China) Ethanol Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Latin America Ethanol Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Middle East and Africa Ethanol Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 13: Global Ethanol Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 14: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 15: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 16: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 17: Methodology and Data Sources
Table of Contents
170 Pages
- 1 Ethanol Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
- 1.2 Ethanol Product by Type
- 1.2.1 Corn Based Ethanol
- 1.2.2 Cellulosic Ethanol
- 1.3 Ethanol Product by Application
- 1.3.1 E10
- 1.3.2 E15
- 1.3.3 E85
- 1.4 Global Ethanol Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
- 1.4.1 Global Ethanol Revenue Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.2 Global Ethanol Sales Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.3 Global Ethanol Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.5 Ethanol Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.1 Ethanol Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.2 Ethanol Market Drivers and Challenges
- 2 Global Ethanol Capacity and Production Analysis
- 2.1 Global Ethanol Capacity, Production and Utilization (2020-2032)
- 2.2 Global Ethanol Production Growth Trend by Region: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2030
- 2.3 Global Ethanol Production by Region
- 2.3.1 Global Ethanol Production by Region (2020-2025)
- 2.3.2 Global Ethanol Production Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 2.3.3 Global Ethanol Production Market Share by Region (2020-2032)
- 3 Ethanol Market PESTEL Analysis
- 3.1 Political Factors Analysis
- 3.2 Economic Factors Analysis
- 3.3 Social Factors Analysis
- 3.4 Technological Factors Analysis
- 3.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
- 3.6 Legal Factors Analysis
- 4 Ethanol Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 4.1 Competitive Rivalry
- 4.2 Threat of New Entrants
- 4.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 4.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 4.5 Threat of Substitutes
- 5 Global Ethanol Market Analysis by Regions
- 5.1 Ethanol Overall Market: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 5.2 Global Ethanol Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 5.2.1 Global Ethanol Revenue and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 5.2.2 Global Ethanol Revenue and Market Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 5.3 Global Ethanol Sales and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 5.3.1 Global Ethanol Sales and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 5.3.2 Global Ethanol Sales and Market Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 5.4 Global Ethanol Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 6 Global Ethanol Market Size by Type and Application
- 6.1 Global Ethanol Market Size by Type
- 6.1.1 Global Ethanol Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.1.2 Global Ethanol Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.2 Global Ethanol Market Size by Application
- 6.2.1 Global Ethanol Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 6.2.2 Global Ethanol Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 7 North America
- 7.1 North America Ethanol Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 7.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 7.3 North America Ethanol Market Size by Type
- 7.3.1 North America Ethanol Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.3.2 North America Ethanol Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.4 North America Ethanol Market Size by Application
- 7.4.1 North America Ethanol Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.4.2 North America Ethanol Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.5 North America Ethanol Market Size by Country
- 7.5.1 US
- 7.5.2 Canada
- 8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe Ethanol Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 8.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 8.3 Europe Ethanol Market Size by Type
- 8.3.1 Europe Ethanol Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.3.2 Europe Ethanol Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.4 Europe Ethanol Market Size by Application
- 8.4.1 Europe Ethanol Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 8.4.2 Europe Ethanol Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 8.5 Europe Ethanol Market Size by Country
- 8.5.1 Germany
- 8.5.2 France
- 8.5.3 United Kingdom
- 8.5.4 Italy
- 8.5.5 Spain
- 8.5.6 Benelux
- 9 China
- 9.1 China Ethanol Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 9.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 9.3 China Ethanol Market Size by Type
- 9.3.1 China Ethanol Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.3.2 China Ethanol Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.4 China Ethanol Market Size by Application
- 9.4.1 China Ethanol Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.4.2 China Ethanol Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 10 APAC (excl. China)
- 10.1 APAC (excl. China) Ethanol Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 10.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 10.3 APAC (excl. China) Ethanol Market Size by Type
- 10.3.1 APAC (excl. China) Ethanol Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.3.2 APAC (excl. China) Ethanol Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.4 APAC (excl. China) Ethanol Market Size by Application
- 10.4.1 APAC (excl. China) Ethanol Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.4.2 APAC (excl. China) Ethanol Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.5 APAC (excl. China) Ethanol Market Size by Country
- 10.5.1 Japan
- 10.5.2 South Korea
- 10.5.3 India
- 10.5.4 Australia
- 10.5.5 Southeast Asia
- 11 Latin America
- 11.1 Latin America Ethanol Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 11.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 1`.3 Latin America Ethanol Market Size by Type
- 11.3.1 Latin America Ethanol Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.3.2 Latin America Ethanol Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.4 Latin America Ethanol Market Size by Application
- 11.4.1 Latin America Ethanol Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.4.2 Latin America Ethanol Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.5 Latin America Ethanol Market Size by Country
- 11.6 Latin America Ethanol Market Size by Country
- 11.6.1 Mexico
- 11.6.2 Brazil
- 12 Middle East & Africa
- 12.1 Middle East & Africa Ethanol Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 12.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 12.3 Middle East & Africa Ethanol Market Size by Type
- 12.3.1 Middle East & Africa Ethanol Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 12.3.2 Middle East & Africa Ethanol Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 12.4 Middle East & Africa Ethanol Market Size by Application
- 12.4.1 Middle East & Africa Ethanol Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 12.4.2 Middle East & Africa Ethanol Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 12.5 Middle East Ethanol Market Size by Country
- 12.5.1 Saudi Arabia
- 12.5.2 South Africa
- 13 Competition by Manufacturers
- 13.1 Global Ethanol Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 13.1.1 Global Ethanol Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 13.1.2 Global Ethanol Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 13.1.3 Global Ethanol Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 13.2 Ethanol Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
- 13.2.1 Ethanol Competitive Landscape Analysis
- 13.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
- 13.2.3 Market Dynamic
- 14 Key Companies Analysis
- 14.1 Archer Daniels Midland
- 14.1.1 Archer Daniels Midland Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.1.2 Archer Daniels Midland Ethanol Product Portfolio
- 14.1.3 Archer Daniels Midland Ethanol Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.2 POET Biorefining
- 14.2.1 POET Biorefining Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.2.2 POET Biorefining Ethanol Product Portfolio
- 14.2.3 POET Biorefining Ethanol Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.3 Valero
- 14.3.1 Valero Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.3.2 Valero Ethanol Product Portfolio
- 14.3.3 Valero Ethanol Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.4 Green Plains
- 14.4.1 Green Plains Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.4.2 Green Plains Ethanol Product Portfolio
- 14.4.3 Green Plains Ethanol Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.5 Flint Hills Resources
- 14.5.1 Flint Hills Resources Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.5.2 Flint Hills Resources Ethanol Product Portfolio
- 14.5.3 Flint Hills Resources Ethanol Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.6 Pacific Ethanol
- 14.6.1 Pacific Ethanol Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.6.2 Pacific Ethanol Ethanol Product Portfolio
- 14.6.3 Pacific Ethanol Ethanol Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.7 Big River Resources
- 14.7.1 Big River Resources Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.7.2 Big River Resources Ethanol Product Portfolio
- 14.7.3 Big River Resources Ethanol Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.8 Cargill
- 14.8.1 Cargill Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.8.2 Cargill Ethanol Product Portfolio
- 14.8.3 Cargill Ethanol Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.9 The Andersons Ethanol Group
- 14.9.1 The Andersons Ethanol Group Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.9.2 The Andersons Ethanol Group Ethanol Product Portfolio
- 14.9.3 The Andersons Ethanol Group Ethanol Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.10 White Energy
- 14.10.1 White Energy Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.10.2 White Energy Ethanol Product Portfolio
- 14.10.3 White Energy Ethanol Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.11 CHS Inc
- 14.11.1 CHS Inc Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.11.2 CHS Inc Ethanol Product Portfolio
- 14.11.3 CHS Inc Ethanol Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.12 Abengoa Bioenergy
- 14.12.1 Abengoa Bioenergy Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.12.2 Abengoa Bioenergy Ethanol Product Portfolio
- 14.12.3 Abengoa Bioenergy Ethanol Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.13 Glacial Lakes Energy
- 14.13.1 Glacial Lakes Energy Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.13.2 Glacial Lakes Energy Ethanol Product Portfolio
- 14.13.3 Glacial Lakes Energy Ethanol Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.14 DuPont
- 14.14.1 DuPont Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.14.2 DuPont Ethanol Product Portfolio
- 14.14.3 DuPont Ethanol Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 15 Industry Chain Analysis
- 15.1 Ethanol Industry Chain Analysis
- 15.2 Ethanol Industry Raw Material and Suppliers Analysis
- 15.2.1 Ethanol Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
- 15.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
- 15.3 Ethanol Typical Downstream Customers
- 15.4 Ethanol Sales Channel Analysis
- 16 Research Findings and Conclusion
- 17 Methodology and Data Source
- 17.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 17.2 Research Scope
- 17.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
- 17.4 Date Source
- 17.4.1 Primary Sources
- 17.4.2 Secondary Sources
- 17.5 Data Cross Validation
- 17.6 Disclaimer
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