
Global Digital Pressure Gauges Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2025
Description
Global Digital Pressure Gauges Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2025
Research Summary
Digital pressure gauges are electronic instruments used for measuring and displaying pressure levels in a variety of applications. These gauges use sensors to convert pressure readings into electronic signals, which are then displayed numerically on a digital screen. Unlike traditional analog pressure gauges, digital pressure gauges offer accurate and easy-to-read measurements, often with features such as customizable units, peak pressure recording, and real-time data output. They find use in industries such as manufacturing, automotive, aerospace, and more, providing a reliable and efficient means to monitor pressure conditions and ensure safety and precision in various processes and systems.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Digital Pressure Gauges market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.
The major global manufacturers of Digital Pressure Gauges include OMEGA, AMETEK, NOSHOK, KELLER, Fluke, Honeywell, Additel, Winters, Meriam, WIKA, GE, BD|SENSORS, American Sensor, Absolute, Microwatt, Tecsis, APG, STAUFF, ADARSH, Const, Creat Wit, Anson, Yingyu, Beijing Brighty etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Digital Pressure Gauges. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Digital Pressure Gauges market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Digital Pressure Gauges market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Digital Pressure Gauges industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Digital Pressure Gauges Include:
OMEGA
AMETEK
NOSHOK
KELLER
Fluke
Honeywell
Additel
Winters
Meriam
WIKA
GE
BD|SENSORS
American Sensor
Absolute
Microwatt
Tecsis
APG
STAUFF
ADARSH
Const
Creat Wit
Anson
Yingyu
Beijing Brighty
Digital Pressure Gauges Product Segment Include:
±0.5% of span
±0.25% of span
±0.1% of span
±0.05% of span
±0.02% of span
Digital Pressure Gauges Product Application Include:
Power Industry
Chemical/Petrochemical Industry
Metallurgical Industry
Measurement
Military Machinery
Others
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global Digital Pressure Gauges Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Digital Pressure Gauges Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Digital Pressure Gauges Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 6: North America Digital Pressure Gauges Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 7: Europe Digital Pressure Gauges Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: China Digital Pressure Gauges Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: APAC (Excl. China) Digital Pressure Gauges Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: Latin America Digital Pressure Gauges Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Middle East and Africa Digital Pressure Gauges Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Global Digital Pressure Gauges Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 13: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 14: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 15: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 16: Methodology and Data Sources
Table of Contents
170 Pages
- 1 Digital Pressure Gauges Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
- 1.2 Digital Pressure Gauges Product by Type
- 1.2.1 ±0.5% of span
- 1.2.2 ±0.25% of span
- 1.2.3 ±0.1% of span
- 1.2.4 ±0.05% of span
- 1.2.5 ±0.02% of span
- 1.3 Digital Pressure Gauges Product by Application
- 1.3.1 Power Industry
- 1.3.2 Chemical/Petrochemical Industry
- 1.3.3 Metallurgical Industry
- 1.3.4 Measurement
- 1.3.5 Military Machinery
- 1.3.6 Others
- 1.4 Global Digital Pressure Gauges Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
- 1.4.1 Global Digital Pressure Gauges Revenue Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.2 Global Digital Pressure Gauges Sales Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.3 Global Digital Pressure Gauges Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.5 Digital Pressure Gauges Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.1 Digital Pressure Gauges Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.2 Digital Pressure Gauges Market Drivers and Challenges
- 2 Digital Pressure Gauges Market PESTEL Analysis
- 2.1 Political Factors Analysis
- 2.2 Economic Factors Analysis
- 2.3 Social Factors Analysis
- 2.4 Technological Factors Analysis
- 2.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
- 2.6 Legal Factors Analysis
- 3 Digital Pressure Gauges Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 3.1 Competitive Rivalry
- 3.2 Threat of New Entrants
- 3.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 3.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 3.5 Threat of Substitutes
- 4 Global Digital Pressure Gauges Market Analysis by Regions
- 4.1 Digital Pressure Gauges Overall Market: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 4.2 Global Digital Pressure Gauges Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 4.2.1 Global Digital Pressure Gauges Revenue and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 4.2.2 Global Digital Pressure Gauges Revenue and Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 4.3 Global Digital Pressure Gauges Sales and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 4.3.1 Global Digital Pressure Gauges Sales and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 4.3.2 Global Digital Pressure Gauges Sales and Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 4.4 Global Digital Pressure Gauges Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 5 Global Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size by Type and Application
- 5.1 Global Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size by Type
- 5.1.1 Global Digital Pressure Gauges Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 5.1.2 Global Digital Pressure Gauges Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 5.2 Global Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size by Application
- 5.2.1 Global Digital Pressure Gauges Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 5.2.2 Global Digital Pressure Gauges Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 6 North America
- 6.1 North America Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 6.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 6.3 North America Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size by Type
- 6.3.1 North America Digital Pressure Gauges Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.3.2 North America Digital Pressure Gauges Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.4 North America Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size by Application
- 6.4.1 North America Digital Pressure Gauges Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 6.4.2 North America Digital Pressure Gauges Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 6.5 North America Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size by Country
- 6.5.1 US
- 6.5.2 Canada
- 7 Europe
- 7.1 Europe Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 7.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 7.3 Europe Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size by Type
- 7.3.1 Europe Digital Pressure Gauges Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.3.2 Europe Digital Pressure Gauges Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.4 Europe Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size by Application
- 7.4.1 Europe Digital Pressure Gauges Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.4.2 Europe Digital Pressure Gauges Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.5 Europe Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size by Country
- 7.5.1 Germany
- 7.5.2 France
- 7.5.3 United Kingdom
- 7.5.4 Italy
- 7.5.5 Spain
- 7.5.6 Benelux
- 8 China
- 8.1 China Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 8.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 8.3 China Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size by Type
- 8.3.1 China Digital Pressure Gauges Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.3.2 China Digital Pressure Gauges Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.4 China Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size by Application
- 8.4.1 China Digital Pressure Gauges Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 8.4.2 China Digital Pressure Gauges Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 9 APAC (excl. China)
- 9.1 APAC (excl. China) Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 9.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 9.3 APAC (excl. China) Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size by Type
- 9.3.1 APAC (excl. China) Digital Pressure Gauges Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.3.2 APAC (excl. China) Digital Pressure Gauges Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.4 APAC (excl. China) Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size by Application
- 9.4.1 APAC (excl. China) Digital Pressure Gauges Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.4.2 APAC (excl. China) Digital Pressure Gauges Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.5 APAC (excl. China) Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size by Country
- 9.5.1 Japan
- 9.5.2 South Korea
- 9.5.3 India
- 9.5.4 Australia
- 9.5.5 Southeast Asia
- 10 Latin America
- 10.1 Latin America Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 10.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 10.3 Latin America Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size by Type
- 10.3.1 Latin America Digital Pressure Gauges Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.3.2 Latin America Digital Pressure Gauges Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.4 Latin America Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size by Application
- 10.4.1 Latin America Digital Pressure Gauges Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.4.2 Latin America Digital Pressure Gauges Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.5 Latin America Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size by Country
- 10.6 Latin America Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size by Country
- 10.6.1 Mexico
- 10.6.2 Brazil
- 11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size by Type
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Digital Pressure Gauges Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Digital Pressure Gauges Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.4 Middle East & Africa Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size by Application
- 11.4.1 Middle East & Africa Digital Pressure Gauges Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.4.2 Middle East & Africa Digital Pressure Gauges Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.5 Middle East Digital Pressure Gauges Market Size by Country
- 11.5.1 Saudi Arabia
- 11.5.2 South Africa
- 12 Competition by Manufacturers
- 12.1 Global Digital Pressure Gauges Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.1 Global Digital Pressure Gauges Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.2 Global Digital Pressure Gauges Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.3 Global Digital Pressure Gauges Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.2 Digital Pressure Gauges Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
- 12.2.1 Digital Pressure Gauges Competitive Landscape Analysis
- 12.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
- 12.2.3 Market Dynamic
- 13 Key Companies Analysis
- 13.1 OMEGA
- 13.1.1 OMEGA Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.1.2 OMEGA Digital Pressure Gauges Product Portfolio
- 13.1.3 OMEGA Digital Pressure Gauges Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.2 AMETEK
- 13.2.1 AMETEK Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.2.2 AMETEK Digital Pressure Gauges Product Portfolio
- 13.2.3 AMETEK Digital Pressure Gauges Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.3 NOSHOK
- 13.3.1 NOSHOK Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.3.2 NOSHOK Digital Pressure Gauges Product Portfolio
- 13.3.3 NOSHOK Digital Pressure Gauges Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.4 KELLER
- 13.4.1 KELLER Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.4.2 KELLER Digital Pressure Gauges Product Portfolio
- 13.4.3 KELLER Digital Pressure Gauges Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.5 Fluke
- 13.5.1 Fluke Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.5.2 Fluke Digital Pressure Gauges Product Portfolio
- 13.5.3 Fluke Digital Pressure Gauges Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.6 Honeywell
- 13.6.1 Honeywell Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.6.2 Honeywell Digital Pressure Gauges Product Portfolio
- 13.6.3 Honeywell Digital Pressure Gauges Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.7 Additel
- 13.7.1 Additel Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.7.2 Additel Digital Pressure Gauges Product Portfolio
- 13.7.3 Additel Digital Pressure Gauges Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.8 Winters
- 13.8.1 Winters Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.8.2 Winters Digital Pressure Gauges Product Portfolio
- 13.8.3 Winters Digital Pressure Gauges Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.9 Meriam
- 13.9.1 Meriam Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.9.2 Meriam Digital Pressure Gauges Product Portfolio
- 13.9.3 Meriam Digital Pressure Gauges Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.10 WIKA
- 13.10.1 WIKA Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.10.2 WIKA Digital Pressure Gauges Product Portfolio
- 13.10.3 WIKA Digital Pressure Gauges Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.11 GE
- 13.11.1 GE Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.11.2 GE Digital Pressure Gauges Product Portfolio
- 13.11.3 GE Digital Pressure Gauges Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.12 BD|SENSORS
- 13.12.1 BD|SENSORS Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.12.2 BD|SENSORS Digital Pressure Gauges Product Portfolio
- 13.12.3 BD|SENSORS Digital Pressure Gauges Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.13 American Sensor
- 13.13.1 American Sensor Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.13.2 American Sensor Digital Pressure Gauges Product Portfolio
- 13.13.3 American Sensor Digital Pressure Gauges Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.14 Absolute
- 13.14.1 Absolute Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.14.2 Absolute Digital Pressure Gauges Product Portfolio
- 13.14.3 Absolute Digital Pressure Gauges Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.15 Microwatt
- 13.15.1 Microwatt Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.15.2 Microwatt Digital Pressure Gauges Product Portfolio
- 13.15.3 Microwatt Digital Pressure Gauges Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.16 Tecsis
- 13.16.1 Tecsis Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.16.2 Tecsis Digital Pressure Gauges Product Portfolio
- 13.16.3 Tecsis Digital Pressure Gauges Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.17 APG
- 13.17.1 APG Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.17.2 APG Digital Pressure Gauges Product Portfolio
- 13.17.3 APG Digital Pressure Gauges Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.18 STAUFF
- 13.18.1 STAUFF Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.18.2 STAUFF Digital Pressure Gauges Product Portfolio
- 13.18.3 STAUFF Digital Pressure Gauges Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.19 ADARSH
- 13.19.1 ADARSH Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.19.2 ADARSH Digital Pressure Gauges Product Portfolio
- 13.19.3 ADARSH Digital Pressure Gauges Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.20 Const
- 13.20.1 Const Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.20.2 Const Digital Pressure Gauges Product Portfolio
- 13.20.3 Const Digital Pressure Gauges Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.21 Creat Wit
- 13.21.1 Creat Wit Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.21.2 Creat Wit Digital Pressure Gauges Product Portfolio
- 13.21.3 Creat Wit Digital Pressure Gauges Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.22 Anson
- 13.22.1 Anson Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.22.2 Anson Digital Pressure Gauges Product Portfolio
- 13.22.3 Anson Digital Pressure Gauges Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.23 Yingyu
- 13.23.1 Yingyu Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.23.2 Yingyu Digital Pressure Gauges Product Portfolio
- 13.23.3 Yingyu Digital Pressure Gauges Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.24 Beijing Brighty
- 13.24.1 Beijing Brighty Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.24.2 Beijing Brighty Digital Pressure Gauges Product Portfolio
- 13.24.3 Beijing Brighty Digital Pressure Gauges Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14 Industry Chain Analysis
- 14.1 Digital Pressure Gauges Industry Chain Analysis
- 14.2 Digital Pressure Gauges Industry Raw Material and Suppliers Analysis
- 14.2.1 Digital Pressure Gauges Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
- 14.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
- 14.3 Digital Pressure Gauges Typical Downstream Customers
- 14.4 Digital Pressure Gauges Sales Channel Analysis
- 15 Research Findings and Conclusion
- 16 Methodology and Data Source
- 16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 16.2 Research Scope
- 16.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
- 16.4 Date Source
- 16.4.1 Primary Sources
- 16.4.2 Secondary Sources
- 16.5 Data Cross Validation
- 16.6 Disclaimer
Pricing
Currency Rates
Questions or Comments?
Our team has the ability to search within reports to verify it suits your needs. We can also help maximize your budget by finding sections of reports you can purchase.