Global Automotive Horn Systems Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2025
Description
Research Summary
Automotive horn systems are a key safety feature that uses sound to alert drivers and pedestrians of the presence of a vehicle. The horn system typically consists of a horn button or switch, a relay, a horn assembly, and a wiring harness. When the driver presses the horn button, it sends a signal to the relay, which then activates the horn assembly, producing a loud sound. The horn may also have multiple tones or patterns to convey different levels of urgency and can be customized by the owner to produce different sounds. In addition to its primary use as a safety device, the horn may also be used to signal other drivers or to acknowledge the courtesy of a fellow driver.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Automotive Horn Systems market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.
The major global manufacturers of Automotive Horn Systems include FIAMM, Uno Minda, Hamanakodenso, Hella, Seger, INFAC, SETC, Mitsuba Corporation, Nikko Corporation, Maruko Keihoki, Imasen Electric Industrial, Miyamoto Electric Horn etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Automotive Horn Systems. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Automotive Horn Systems market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Automotive Horn Systems market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Automotive Horn Systems industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Automotive Horn Systems Include:
FIAMM
Uno Minda
Hamanakodenso
Hella
Seger
INFAC
SETC
Mitsuba Corporation
Nikko Corporation
Maruko Keihoki
Imasen Electric Industrial
Miyamoto Electric Horn
Automotive Horn Systems Product Segment Include:
Electronic Horn
Air Horn
Electromagnetic Horns
Automotive Horn Systems Product Application Include:
Passenger Car
Commercial Vehicle
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global Automotive Horn Systems Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Automotive Horn Systems Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Automotive Horn Systems Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Automotive Horn Systems Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 6: North America Automotive Horn Systems Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 7: Europe Automotive Horn Systems Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: China Automotive Horn Systems Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: APAC (Excl. China) Automotive Horn Systems Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: Latin America Automotive Horn Systems Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Middle East and Africa Automotive Horn Systems Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Global Automotive Horn Systems Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 13: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 14: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 15: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 16: Methodology and Data Sources
Automotive horn systems are a key safety feature that uses sound to alert drivers and pedestrians of the presence of a vehicle. The horn system typically consists of a horn button or switch, a relay, a horn assembly, and a wiring harness. When the driver presses the horn button, it sends a signal to the relay, which then activates the horn assembly, producing a loud sound. The horn may also have multiple tones or patterns to convey different levels of urgency and can be customized by the owner to produce different sounds. In addition to its primary use as a safety device, the horn may also be used to signal other drivers or to acknowledge the courtesy of a fellow driver.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Automotive Horn Systems market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.
The major global manufacturers of Automotive Horn Systems include FIAMM, Uno Minda, Hamanakodenso, Hella, Seger, INFAC, SETC, Mitsuba Corporation, Nikko Corporation, Maruko Keihoki, Imasen Electric Industrial, Miyamoto Electric Horn etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Automotive Horn Systems. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Automotive Horn Systems market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Automotive Horn Systems market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Automotive Horn Systems industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Automotive Horn Systems Include:
FIAMM
Uno Minda
Hamanakodenso
Hella
Seger
INFAC
SETC
Mitsuba Corporation
Nikko Corporation
Maruko Keihoki
Imasen Electric Industrial
Miyamoto Electric Horn
Automotive Horn Systems Product Segment Include:
Electronic Horn
Air Horn
Electromagnetic Horns
Automotive Horn Systems Product Application Include:
Passenger Car
Commercial Vehicle
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global Automotive Horn Systems Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Automotive Horn Systems Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Automotive Horn Systems Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Automotive Horn Systems Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 6: North America Automotive Horn Systems Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 7: Europe Automotive Horn Systems Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: China Automotive Horn Systems Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: APAC (Excl. China) Automotive Horn Systems Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: Latin America Automotive Horn Systems Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Middle East and Africa Automotive Horn Systems Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Global Automotive Horn Systems Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 13: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 14: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 15: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 16: Methodology and Data Sources
Table of Contents
170 Pages
- 1 Automotive Horn Systems Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
- 1.2 Automotive Horn Systems Product by Type
- 1.2.1 Electronic Horn
- 1.2.2 Air Horn
- 1.2.3 Electromagnetic Horns
- 1.3 Automotive Horn Systems Product by Application
- 1.3.1 Passenger Car
- 1.3.2 Commercial Vehicle
- 1.4 Global Automotive Horn Systems Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
- 1.4.1 Global Automotive Horn Systems Revenue Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.2 Global Automotive Horn Systems Sales Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.3 Global Automotive Horn Systems Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.5 Automotive Horn Systems Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.1 Automotive Horn Systems Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.2 Automotive Horn Systems Market Drivers and Challenges
- 2 Automotive Horn Systems Market PESTEL Analysis
- 2.1 Political Factors Analysis
- 2.2 Economic Factors Analysis
- 2.3 Social Factors Analysis
- 2.4 Technological Factors Analysis
- 2.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
- 2.6 Legal Factors Analysis
- 3 Automotive Horn Systems Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 3.1 Competitive Rivalry
- 3.2 Threat of New Entrants
- 3.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 3.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 3.5 Threat of Substitutes
- 4 Global Automotive Horn Systems Market Analysis by Regions
- 4.1 Global Automotive Horn Systems Overall Market: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 4.2 Global Automotive Horn Systems Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 4.2.1 Global Automotive Horn Systems Revenue and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 4.2.2 Global Automotive Horn Systems Revenue and Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 4.3 Global Automotive Horn Systems Sales and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 4.3.1 Global Automotive Horn Systems Sales and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 4.3.2 Global Automotive Horn Systems Sales and Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 4.4 Global Automotive Horn Systems Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 5 Global Automotive Horn Systems Market Size by Type and Application
- 5.1 Global Automotive Horn Systems Market Size by Type
- 5.1.1 Global Automotive Horn Systems Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 5.1.2 Global Automotive Horn Systems Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 5.2 Global Automotive Horn Systems Market Size by Application
- 5.2.1 Global Automotive Horn Systems Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 5.2.2 Global Automotive Horn Systems Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 6 North America
- 6.1 North America Automotive Horn Systems Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 6.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 6.3 North America Automotive Horn Systems Market Size by Type
- 6.3.1 North America Automotive Horn Systems Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.3.2 North America Automotive Horn Systems Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.4 North America Automotive Horn Systems Market Size by Application
- 6.4.1 North America Automotive Horn Systems Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 6.4.2 North America Automotive Horn Systems Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 6.5 North America Automotive Horn Systems Market Size by Country
- 6.5.1 US
- 6.5.2 Canada
- 7 Europe
- 7.1 Europe Automotive Horn Systems Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 7.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 7.3 Europe Automotive Horn Systems Market Size by Type
- 7.3.1 Europe Automotive Horn Systems Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.3.2 Europe Automotive Horn Systems Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.4 Europe Automotive Horn Systems Market Size by Application
- 7.4.1 Europe Automotive Horn Systems Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.4.2 Europe Automotive Horn Systems Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.5 Europe Automotive Horn Systems Market Size by Country
- 7.5.1 Germany
- 7.5.2 France
- 7.5.3 United Kingdom
- 7.5.4 Italy
- 7.5.5 Spain
- 7.5.6 Benelux
- 8 China
- 8.1 China Automotive Horn Systems Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 8.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 8.3 China Automotive Horn Systems Market Size by Type
- 8.3.1 China Automotive Horn Systems Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.3.2 China Automotive Horn Systems Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.4 China Automotive Horn Systems Market Size by Application
- 8.4.1 China Automotive Horn Systems Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 8.4.2 China Automotive Horn Systems Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 9 APAC (excl. China)
- 9.1 APAC (excl. China) Automotive Horn Systems Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 9.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 9.3 APAC (excl. China) Automotive Horn Systems Market Size by Type
- 9.3.1 APAC (excl. China) Automotive Horn Systems Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.3.2 APAC (excl. China) Automotive Horn Systems Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.4 APAC (excl. China) Automotive Horn Systems Market Size by Application
- 9.4.1 APAC (excl. China) Automotive Horn Systems Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.4.2 APAC (excl. China) Automotive Horn Systems Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.5 APAC (excl. China) Automotive Horn Systems Market Size by Country
- 9.5.1 Japan
- 9.5.2 South Korea
- 9.5.3 India
- 9.5.4 Australia
- 9.5.5 Southeast Asia
- 10 Latin America
- 10.1 Latin America Automotive Horn Systems Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 10.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 10.3 Latin America Automotive Horn Systems Market Size by Type
- 10.3.1 Latin America Automotive Horn Systems Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.3.2 Latin America Automotive Horn Systems Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.4 Latin America Automotive Horn Systems Market Size by Application
- 10.4.1 Latin America Automotive Horn Systems Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.4.2 Latin America Automotive Horn Systems Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.5 Latin America Automotive Horn Systems Market Size by Country
- 10.6 Latin America Automotive Horn Systems Market Size by Country
- 10.6.1 Mexico
- 10.6.2 Brazil
- 11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Automotive Horn Systems Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Automotive Horn Systems Market Size by Type
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Automotive Horn Systems Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Automotive Horn Systems Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.4 Middle East & Africa Automotive Horn Systems Market Size by Application
- 11.4.1 Middle East & Africa Automotive Horn Systems Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.4.2 Middle East & Africa Automotive Horn Systems Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.5 Middle East Automotive Horn Systems Market Size by Country
- 11.5.1 Saudi Arabia
- 11.5.2 South Africa
- 12 Competition by Manufacturers
- 12.1 Global Automotive Horn Systems Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.1 Global Automotive Horn Systems Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.2 Global Automotive Horn Systems Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.3 Global Automotive Horn Systems Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.2 Automotive Horn Systems Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
- 12.2.1 Automotive Horn Systems Competitive Landscape Analysis
- 12.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
- 12.2.3 Market Dynamic
- 13 Key Companies Analysis
- 13.1 FIAMM
- 13.1.1 FIAMM Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.1.2 FIAMM Automotive Horn Systems Product Portfolio
- 13.1.3 FIAMM Automotive Horn Systems Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.2 Uno Minda
- 13.2.1 Uno Minda Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.2.2 Uno Minda Automotive Horn Systems Product Portfolio
- 13.2.3 Uno Minda Automotive Horn Systems Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.3 Hamanakodenso
- 13.3.1 Hamanakodenso Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.3.2 Hamanakodenso Automotive Horn Systems Product Portfolio
- 13.3.3 Hamanakodenso Automotive Horn Systems Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.4 Hella
- 13.4.1 Hella Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.4.2 Hella Automotive Horn Systems Product Portfolio
- 13.4.3 Hella Automotive Horn Systems Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.5 Seger
- 13.5.1 Seger Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.5.2 Seger Automotive Horn Systems Product Portfolio
- 13.5.3 Seger Automotive Horn Systems Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.6 INFAC
- 13.6.1 INFAC Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.6.2 INFAC Automotive Horn Systems Product Portfolio
- 13.6.3 INFAC Automotive Horn Systems Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.7 SETC
- 13.7.1 SETC Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.7.2 SETC Automotive Horn Systems Product Portfolio
- 13.7.3 SETC Automotive Horn Systems Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.8 Mitsuba Corporation
- 13.8.1 Mitsuba Corporation Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.8.2 Mitsuba Corporation Automotive Horn Systems Product Portfolio
- 13.8.3 Mitsuba Corporation Automotive Horn Systems Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.9 Nikko Corporation
- 13.9.1 Nikko Corporation Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.9.2 Nikko Corporation Automotive Horn Systems Product Portfolio
- 13.9.3 Nikko Corporation Automotive Horn Systems Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.10 Maruko Keihoki
- 13.10.1 Maruko Keihoki Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.10.2 Maruko Keihoki Automotive Horn Systems Product Portfolio
- 13.10.3 Maruko Keihoki Automotive Horn Systems Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.11 Imasen Electric Industrial
- 13.11.1 Imasen Electric Industrial Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.11.2 Imasen Electric Industrial Automotive Horn Systems Product Portfolio
- 13.11.3 Imasen Electric Industrial Automotive Horn Systems Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.12 Miyamoto Electric Horn
- 13.12.1 Miyamoto Electric Horn Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.12.2 Miyamoto Electric Horn Automotive Horn Systems Product Portfolio
- 13.12.3 Miyamoto Electric Horn Automotive Horn Systems Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14 Industry Chain Analysis
- 14.1 Automotive Horn Systems Industry Chain Analysis
- 14.2 Automotive Horn Systems Industry Raw Material and Suppliers Analysis
- 14.2.1 Automotive Horn Systems Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
- 14.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
- 14.3 Automotive Horn Systems Typical Downstream Customers
- 14.4 Automotive Horn Systems Sales Channel Analysis
- 15 Research Findings and Conclusion
- 16 Methodology and Data Source
- 16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 16.2 Research Scope
- 16.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
- 16.4 Date Source
- 16.4.1 Primary Sources
- 16.4.2 Secondary Sources
- 16.5 Data Cross Validation
- 16.6 Disclaimer
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