
Multichannel Marketing Hubs Global Market Report 2025
Description
Multichannel Marketing Hubs Global Market Report 2025 from The Business Research Company provides strategists, marketers and senior management with the critical information they need to assess the market.
This report focuses on multichannel marketing hubs market which is experiencing strong growth. The report gives a guide to the trends which will be shaping the market over the next ten years and beyond.
Reasons to Purchase
Where is the largest and fastest growing market for multichannel marketing hubs ? How does the market relate to the overall economy, demography and other similar markets? What forces will shape the market going forward? The multichannel marketing hubs market global report from the Business Research Company answers all these questions and many more.
The report covers market characteristics, size and growth, segmentation, regional and country breakdowns, competitive landscape, market shares, trends and strategies for this market. It traces the market’s historic and forecast market growth by geography.
Markets Covered:1) By Product: Website; Mobile; Email; Other Product
2) By Deployment: Cloud-Based; On-Premises
3) By Application: Business-To-Business (B2B); Business-To-Consumer (B2C)
Subsegments:
1) By Website: Web Personalization Platforms; Content Management Systems (CMS); Web Analytics Tools
2) By Mobile: Mobile Marketing Platforms; Mobile App Push Notifications; SMS Marketing Solutions
3) By Email: Email Campaign Management Tools; Email Automation Platforms; Email Analytics And Reporting Tools
4) By Other Products: Social Media Marketing Platforms; Video Marketing Solutions; Digital Advertising Tools
Companies Mentioned: International Business Machines Corporation; Oracle Corporation; SAP SE; Salesforce Inc; Adobe Inc
Countries: Australia; Brazil; China; France; Germany; India; Indonesia; Japan; Russia; South Korea; UK; USA; Canada; Italy; Spain
Regions: Asia-Pacific; Western Europe; Eastern Europe; North America; South America; Middle East; Africa
Time series: Five years historic and ten years forecast.
Data: Ratios of market size and growth to related markets, GDP proportions, expenditure per capita,
Data segmentations: country and regional historic and forecast data, market share of competitors, market segments.
Sourcing and Referencing: Data and analysis throughout the report is sourced using end notes.
Delivery format: PDF, Word and Excel Data Dashboard.
This report focuses on multichannel marketing hubs market which is experiencing strong growth. The report gives a guide to the trends which will be shaping the market over the next ten years and beyond.
Reasons to Purchase
- Gain a truly global perspective with the most comprehensive report available on this market covering 15 geographies.
- Assess the impact of key macro factors such as conflict, pandemic and recovery, inflation and interest rate environment and the 2nd Trump presidency.
- Create regional and country strategies on the basis of local data and analysis.
- Identify growth segments for investment.
- Outperform competitors using forecast data and the drivers and trends shaping the market.
- Understand customers based on the latest market shares.
- Benchmark performance against key competitors.
- Suitable for supporting your internal and external presentations with reliable high quality data and analysis
- Report will be updated with the latest data and delivered to you within 2-3 working days of order along with an Excel data sheet for easy data extraction and analysis.
- All data from the report will also be delivered in an excel dashboard format.
Where is the largest and fastest growing market for multichannel marketing hubs ? How does the market relate to the overall economy, demography and other similar markets? What forces will shape the market going forward? The multichannel marketing hubs market global report from the Business Research Company answers all these questions and many more.
The report covers market characteristics, size and growth, segmentation, regional and country breakdowns, competitive landscape, market shares, trends and strategies for this market. It traces the market’s historic and forecast market growth by geography.
- The market characteristics section of the report defines and explains the market.
- The market size section gives the market size ($b) covering both the historic growth of the market, and forecasting its development.
- The forecasts are made after considering the major factors currently impacting the market. These include:
- The forecasts are made after considering the major factors currently impacting the market. These include the Russia-Ukraine war, rising inflation, higher interest rates, and the legacy of the COVID-19 pandemic.
- Market segmentations break down the market into sub markets.
- The regional and country breakdowns section gives an analysis of the market in each geography and the size of the market by geography and compares their historic and forecast growth. It covers the growth trajectory of COVID-19 for all regions, key developed countries and major emerging markets.
- The competitive landscape chapter gives a description of the competitive nature of the market, market shares, and a description of the leading companies. Key financial deals which have shaped the market in recent years are identified.
- The trends and strategies section analyses the shape of the market as it emerges from the crisis and suggests how companies can grow as the market recovers.
Markets Covered:1) By Product: Website; Mobile; Email; Other Product
2) By Deployment: Cloud-Based; On-Premises
3) By Application: Business-To-Business (B2B); Business-To-Consumer (B2C)
Subsegments:
1) By Website: Web Personalization Platforms; Content Management Systems (CMS); Web Analytics Tools
2) By Mobile: Mobile Marketing Platforms; Mobile App Push Notifications; SMS Marketing Solutions
3) By Email: Email Campaign Management Tools; Email Automation Platforms; Email Analytics And Reporting Tools
4) By Other Products: Social Media Marketing Platforms; Video Marketing Solutions; Digital Advertising Tools
Companies Mentioned: International Business Machines Corporation; Oracle Corporation; SAP SE; Salesforce Inc; Adobe Inc
Countries: Australia; Brazil; China; France; Germany; India; Indonesia; Japan; Russia; South Korea; UK; USA; Canada; Italy; Spain
Regions: Asia-Pacific; Western Europe; Eastern Europe; North America; South America; Middle East; Africa
Time series: Five years historic and ten years forecast.
Data: Ratios of market size and growth to related markets, GDP proportions, expenditure per capita,
Data segmentations: country and regional historic and forecast data, market share of competitors, market segments.
Sourcing and Referencing: Data and analysis throughout the report is sourced using end notes.
Delivery format: PDF, Word and Excel Data Dashboard.
Table of Contents
200 Pages
- 1. Executive Summary
- 2. Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market Characteristics
- 3. Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market Trends And Strategies
- 4. Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market - Macro Economic Scenario Including The Impact Of Interest Rates, Inflation, Geopolitics, Covid And Recovery On The Market
- 5. Global Multichannel Marketing Hubs Growth Analysis And Strategic Analysis Framework
- 5.1. Global Multichannel Marketing Hubs PESTEL Analysis (Political, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal Factors, Drivers and Restraints)
- 5.2. Analysis Of End Use Industries
- 5.3. Global Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market Growth Rate Analysis
- 5.4. Global Multichannel Marketing Hubs Historic Market Size and Growth, 2019 - 2024, Value ($ Billion)
- 5.5. Global Multichannel Marketing Hubs Forecast Market Size and Growth, 2024 - 2029, 2034F, Value ($ Billion)
- 5.6. Global Multichannel Marketing Hubs Total Addressable Market (TAM)
- 6. Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market Segmentation
- 6.1. Global Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- Website
- Mobile
- Other Product
- 6.2. Global Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Deployment, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- Cloud-based
- On-premises
- 6.3. Global Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- Business-to-Business (B2B)
- Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
- 6.4. Global Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Sub-Segmentation Of Website, By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- Web Personalization Platforms
- Content Management Systems (CMS)
- Web Analytics Tools
- 6.5. Global Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Sub-Segmentation Of Mobile, By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- Mobile Marketing Platforms
- Mobile App Push Notifications
- SMS Marketing Solutions
- 6.6. Global Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Sub-Segmentation Of Email, By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- Email Campaign Management Tools
- Email Automation Platforms
- Email Analytics And Reporting Tools
- 6.7. Global Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Sub-Segmentation Of Other Products, By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- Social Media Marketing Platforms
- Video Marketing Solutions
- Digital Advertising Tools
- 7. Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market Regional And Country Analysis
- 7.1. Global Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Split By Region, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 7.2. Global Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Split By Country, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 8. Asia-Pacific Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market
- 8.1. Asia-Pacific Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market Overview
- Region Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
- 8.2. Asia-Pacific Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 8.3. Asia-Pacific Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Deployment, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 8.4. Asia-Pacific Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 9. China Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market
- 9.1. China Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market Overview
- 9.2. China Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F,$ Billion
- 9.3. China Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Deployment, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F,$ Billion
- 9.4. China Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F,$ Billion
- 10. India Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market
- 10.1. India Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 10.2. India Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Deployment, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 10.3. India Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 11. Japan Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market
- 11.1. Japan Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market Overview
- 11.2. Japan Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 11.3. Japan Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Deployment, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 11.4. Japan Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 12. Australia Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market
- 12.1. Australia Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 12.2. Australia Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Deployment, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 12.3. Australia Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 13. Indonesia Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market
- 13.1. Indonesia Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 13.2. Indonesia Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Deployment, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 13.3. Indonesia Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 14. South Korea Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market
- 14.1. South Korea Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market Overview
- 14.2. South Korea Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 14.3. South Korea Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Deployment, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 14.4. South Korea Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 15. Western Europe Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market
- 15.1. Western Europe Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market Overview
- 15.2. Western Europe Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 15.3. Western Europe Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Deployment, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 15.4. Western Europe Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 16. UK Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market
- 16.1. UK Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 16.2. UK Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Deployment, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 16.3. UK Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 17. Germany Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market
- 17.1. Germany Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 17.2. Germany Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Deployment, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 17.3. Germany Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 18. France Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market
- 18.1. France Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 18.2. France Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Deployment, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 18.3. France Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 19. Italy Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market
- 19.1. Italy Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 19.2. Italy Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Deployment, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 19.3. Italy Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 20. Spain Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market
- 20.1. Spain Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 20.2. Spain Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Deployment, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 20.3. Spain Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 21. Eastern Europe Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market
- 21.1. Eastern Europe Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market Overview
- 21.2. Eastern Europe Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 21.3. Eastern Europe Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Deployment, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 21.4. Eastern Europe Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 22. Russia Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market
- 22.1. Russia Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 22.2. Russia Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Deployment, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 22.3. Russia Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 23. North America Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market
- 23.1. North America Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market Overview
- 23.2. North America Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 23.3. North America Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Deployment, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 23.4. North America Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 24. USA Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market
- 24.1. USA Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market Overview
- 24.2. USA Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 24.3. USA Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Deployment, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 24.4. USA Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 25. Canada Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market
- 25.1. Canada Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market Overview
- 25.2. Canada Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 25.3. Canada Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Deployment, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 25.4. Canada Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 26. South America Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market
- 26.1. South America Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market Overview
- 26.2. South America Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 26.3. South America Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Deployment, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 26.4. South America Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 27. Brazil Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market
- 27.1. Brazil Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 27.2. Brazil Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Deployment, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 27.3. Brazil Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 28. Middle East Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market
- 28.1. Middle East Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market Overview
- 28.2. Middle East Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 28.3. Middle East Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Deployment, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 28.4. Middle East Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 29. Africa Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market
- 29.1. Africa Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market Overview
- 29.2. Africa Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 29.3. Africa Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Deployment, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 29.4. Africa Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2019-2024, 2024-2029F, 2034F, $ Billion
- 30. Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market Competitive Landscape And Company Profiles
- 30.1. Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market Competitive Landscape
- 30.2. Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market Company Profiles
- 30.2.1. International Business Machines Corporation Overview, Products and Services, Strategy and Financial Analysis
- 30.2.2. Oracle Corporation Overview, Products and Services, Strategy and Financial Analysis
- 30.2.3. SAP SE Overview, Products and Services, Strategy and Financial Analysis
- 30.2.4. Salesforce Inc Overview, Products and Services, Strategy and Financial Analysis
- 30.2.5. Adobe Inc Overview, Products and Services, Strategy and Financial Analysis
- 31. Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market Other Major And Innovative Companies
- 31.1. Experian plc
- 31.2. SAS Institute Inc
- 31.3. Pegasystems Inc
- 31.4. Catalina Marketing Corporation
- 31.5. Zeta Global Holdings Corp
- 31.6. Acquia Inc
- 31.7. Optimizely CMS
- 31.8. Selligent Marketing Cloud
- 31.9. AdMedia Partners Inc
- 31.10. Epsilon Data Management LLC
- 31.11. Maropost Inc
- 31.12. RedPoint Global Inc
- 31.13. Sailthru Inc
- 31.14. Cheetah Digital Inc
- 31.15. Toggl OU
- 32. Global Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market Competitive Benchmarking And Dashboard
- 33. Key Mergers And Acquisitions In The Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market
- 34. Recent Developments In The Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market
- 35. Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market High Potential Countries, Segments and Strategies
- 35.1 Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market In 2029 - Countries Offering Most New Opportunities
- 35.2 Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market In 2029 - Segments Offering Most New Opportunities
- 35.3 Multichannel Marketing Hubs Market In 2029 - Growth Strategies
- 35.3.1 Market Trend Based Strategies
- 35.3.2 Competitor Strategies
- 36. Appendix
- 36.1. Abbreviations
- 36.2. Currencies
- 36.3. Historic And Forecast Inflation Rates
- 36.4. Research Inquiries
- 36.5. The Business Research Company
- 36.6. Copyright And Disclaimer
Pricing
Currency Rates
Questions or Comments?
Our team has the ability to search within reports to verify it suits your needs. We can also help maximize your budget by finding sections of reports you can purchase.