Report cover image

Compound Semiconductor Market Global Report 2026

Published Jan 22, 2026
Length 250 Pages
SKU # BRC20775020

Description

Compound Semiconductor Market Global Report 2026 from The Business Research Company provides strategists, marketers and senior management with the critical information they need to assess the market.

This report focuses compound semiconductor market which is experiencing strong growth. The report gives a guide to the trends which will be shaping the market over the next ten years and beyond.

Reasons to Purchase
  • Gain a truly global perspective with the most comprehensive report available on this market covering 16 geographies.
  • Assess the impact of key macro factors such as geopolitical conflicts, trade policies and tariffs, inflation and interest rate fluctuations, and evolving regulatory landscapes.
  • Create regional and country strategies on the basis of local data and analysis.
  • Identify growth segments for investment.
  • Outperform competitors using forecast data and the drivers and trends shaping the market.
  • Understand customers based on end user analysis.
  • Benchmark performance against key competitors based on market share, innovation, and brand strength.
  • Evaluate the total addressable market (TAM) and market attractiveness scoring to measure market potential.
  • Suitable for supporting your internal and external presentations with reliable high-quality data and analysis
  • Report will be updated with the latest data and delivered to you within 2-3 working days of order along with an Excel data sheet for easy data extraction and analysis.
  • All data from the report will also be delivered in an excel dashboard format.
Description:

Where is the largest and fastest growing market for compound semiconductor ? How does the market relate to the overall economy, demography and other similar markets? What forces will shape the market going forward, including technological disruption, regulatory shifts, and changing consumer preferences? The compound semiconductor market global report from the Business Research Company answers all these questions and many more.

The report covers market characteristics, size and growth, segmentation, regional and country breakdowns, total addressable market (TAM), market attractiveness score (MAS), competitive landscape, market shares, company scoring matrix, trends and strategies for this market. It traces the market’s historic and forecast market growth by geography.
  • The market characteristics section of the report defines and explains the market. This section also examines key products and services offered in the market, evaluates brand-level differentiation, compares product features, and highlights major innovation and product development trends.
  • The supply chain analysis section provides an overview of the entire value chain, including key raw materials, resources, and supplier analysis. It also provides a list competitor at each level of the supply chain.
  • The updated trends and strategies section analyses the shape of the market as it evolves and highlights emerging technology trends such as digital transformation, automation, sustainability initiatives, and AI-driven innovation. It suggests how companies can leverage these advancements to strengthen their market position and achieve competitive differentiation.
  • The regulatory and investment landscape section provides an overview of the key regulatory frameworks, regularity bodies, associations, and government policies influencing the market. It also examines major investment flows, incentives, and funding trends shaping industry growth and innovation.
  • The market size section gives the market size ($b) covering both the historic growth of the market, and forecasting its development.
  • The forecasts are made after considering the major factors currently impacting the market. These include the technological advancements such as AI and automation, Russia-Ukraine war, trade tariffs (government-imposed import/export duties), elevated inflation and interest rates.
  • The total addressable market (TAM) analysis section defines and estimates the market potential compares it with the current market size, and provides strategic insights and growth opportunities based on this evaluation.
  • The market attractiveness scoring section evaluates the market based on a quantitative scoring framework that considers growth potential, competitive dynamics, strategic fit, and risk profile. It also provides interpretive insights and strategic implications for decision-makers.
  • Market segmentations break down the market into sub markets.
  • The regional and country breakdowns section gives an analysis of the market in each geography and the size of the market by geography and compares their historic and forecast growth.
  • Expanded geographical coverage includes Taiwan and Southeast Asia, reflecting recent supply chain realignments and manufacturing shifts in the region. This section analyzes how these markets are becoming increasingly important hubs in the global value chain.
  • The competitive landscape chapter gives a description of the competitive nature of the market, market shares, and a description of the leading companies. Key financial deals which have shaped the market in recent years are identified.
  • The company scoring matrix section evaluates and ranks leading companies based on a multi-parameter framework that includes market share or revenues, product innovation, and brand recognition.
Scope

Markets Covered:1) By Type: Gallium Arsenide (GaAs); Silicon Carbide (SiC); Indium Phosphide (InP); Silicon Germanium (SiGe); Gallium Phosphide (GaP); Other Types

2) By Deposition Technologies: Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD); Molecular Beam Epitaxy; Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy (HVPE); Ammonothermal; Liquid Phase Epitaxy; Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD); Other Deposition Technologies

3) By Application: General Lighting; Telecommunication; Military, Defense, And Aerospace; Automotive; Power Supply; Datacom; Consumer Display; Commercial; Consumer Devices; Other Applications

Subsegments:

1) By Gallium Arsenide (GaAs): Epitaxial Wafer; Substrates; RF Devices; Optoelectronic Devices

2) By Silicon Carbide (SiC): Power Devices; RF Devices; Substrates

3) By Indium Phosphide (InP): High-Speed Photodetectors; Laser Diodes; Substrates

4) By Silicon Germanium (SiGe): RF Devices; High-Speed Electronics; Integrated Circuits

5) By Gallium Phosphide (GaP): Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs); Laser Diodes; Photovoltaics

6) By Other Types: Zinc Selenide (ZnSe); Cadmium Telluride (CdTe); Other Emerging Compounds

Companies Mentioned: Wolfspeed, Inc.; IQE plc; II‑VI Incorporated; AXT Inc.; Showa Denko K.K.; Freiberger Compound Materials GmbH; Ganwafer; Sanan Integrated Circuit Co., Ltd. (Sanan / Sanan Optoelectronics); Soitec; MACOM Technology Solutions; Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.; Cree, Inc.; Qorvo, Inc.; Skyworks Solutions, Inc.; Advanced Wireless Semiconductor Company; ams‑OSRAM AG; Aixtron SE; Applied Materials, Inc.; Veeco Instruments Inc.; Powerway Advanced Material Co., Ltd.

Countries: Australia; Brazil; China; France; Germany; India; Indonesia; Japan; Taiwan; Russia; South Korea; UK; USA; Canada; Italy; Spain.

Regions: Asia-Pacific; South East Asia; Western Europe; Eastern Europe; North America; South America; Middle East; Africa

Time Series: Five years historic and ten years forecast.

Data: Ratios of market size and growth to related markets, GDP proportions, expenditure per capita,

Data Segmentations: country and regional historic and forecast data, market share of competitors, market segments.

Sourcing and Referencing: Data and analysis throughout the report is sourced using end notes.

Please Note: Report will be updated with the latest data and delivered to you within 3-5 working days of order.

Table of Contents

250 Pages
1. Executive Summary
1.1. Key Market Insights (2020-2035)
1.2. Visual Dashboard: Market Size, Growth Rate, Hotspots
1.3. Major Factors Driving the Market
1.4. Top Three Trends Shaping the Market
2. Compound Semiconductor Market Characteristics
2.1. Market Definition & Scope
2.2. Market Segmentations
2.3. Overview of Key Products and Services
2.4. Global Compound Semiconductor Market Attractiveness Scoring And Analysis
2.4.1. Overview of Market Attractiveness Framework
2.4.2. Quantitative Scoring Methodology
2.4.3. Factor-Wise Evaluation
Growth Potential Analysis, Competitive Dynamics Assessment, Strategic Fit Assessment And Risk Profile Evaluation
2.4.4. Market Attractiveness Scoring and Interpretation
2.4.5. Strategic Implications and Recommendations
3. Compound Semiconductor Market Supply Chain Analysis
3.1. Overview of the Supply Chain and Ecosystem
3.2. List Of Key Raw Materials, Resources & Suppliers
3.3. List Of Major Distributors and Channel Partners
3.4. List Of Major End Users
4. Global Compound Semiconductor Market Trends And Strategies
4.1. Key Technologies & Future Trends
4.1.1 Artificial Intelligence & Autonomous Intelligence
4.1.2 Industry 4.0 & Intelligent Manufacturing
4.1.3 Digitalization, Cloud, Big Data & Cybersecurity
4.1.4 Internet of Things (IoT), Smart Infrastructure & Connected Ecosystems
4.1.5 Electric Mobility & Transportation Electrification
4.2. Major Trends
4.2.1 Advancement Of AI-Enabled Compound Semiconductor Fabrication
4.2.2 Adoption Of Intelligent Manufacturing For Wafer Processing
4.2.3 Expansion Of Digitalized Semiconductor Production
4.2.4 Integration Of IoT-Based Monitoring In Epitaxy Systems
4.2.5 Growth Of Power Electronics For EV Platforms
5. Compound Semiconductor Market Analysis Of End Use Industries
5.1 Telecommunication Equipment Manufacturers
5.2 Automotive Electronics Producers
5.3 Defense And Aerospace Contractors
5.4 Optoelectronics Manufacturers
5.5 Semiconductor Fabrication Facilities
6. Compound Semiconductor Market - Macro Economic Scenario Including The Impact Of Interest Rates, Inflation, Geopolitics, Trade Wars and Tariffs, Supply Chain Impact from Tariff War & Trade Protectionism, And Covid And Recovery On The Market
7. Global Compound Semiconductor Strategic Analysis Framework, Current Market Size, Market Comparisons And Growth Rate Analysis
7.1. Global Compound Semiconductor PESTEL Analysis (Political, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal Factors, Drivers and Restraints)
7.2. Global Compound Semiconductor Market Size, Comparisons And Growth Rate Analysis
7.3. Global Compound Semiconductor Historic Market Size and Growth, 2020 - 2025, Value ($ Billion)
7.4. Global Compound Semiconductor Forecast Market Size and Growth, 2025 - 2030, 2035F, Value ($ Billion)
8. Global Compound Semiconductor Total Addressable Market (TAM) Analysis for the Market
8.1. Definition and Scope of Total Addressable Market (TAM)
8.2. Methodology and Assumptions
8.3. Global Total Addressable Market (TAM) Estimation
8.4. TAM vs. Current Market Size Analysis
8.5. Strategic Insights and Growth Opportunities from TAM Analysis
9. Compound Semiconductor Market Segmentation
9.1. Global Compound Semiconductor Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Silicon Carbide (SiC), Indium Phosphide (InP), Silicon Germanium (SiGe), Gallium Phosphide (GaP), Other Types
9.2. Global Compound Semiconductor Market, Segmentation By Deposition Technologies, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), Molecular Beam Epitaxy, Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy (HVPE), Ammonothermal, Liquid Phase Epitaxy, Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), Other Deposition Technologies
9.3. Global Compound Semiconductor Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
General Lighting, Telecommunication, Military, Defense, And Aerospace, Automotive, Power Supply, Datacom, Consumer Display, Commercial, Consumer Devices, Other Applications
9.4. Global Compound Semiconductor Market, Sub-Segmentation Of Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
Epitaxial Wafer, Substrates, RF Devices, Optoelectronic Devices
9.5. Global Compound Semiconductor Market, Sub-Segmentation Of Silicon Carbide (SiC), By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
Power Devices, RF Devices, Substrates
9.6. Global Compound Semiconductor Market, Sub-Segmentation Of Indium Phosphide (InP), By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
High-Speed Photodetectors, Laser Diodes, Substrates
9.7. Global Compound Semiconductor Market, Sub-Segmentation Of Silicon Germanium (SiGe), By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
RF Devices, High-Speed Electronics, Integrated Circuits
9.8. Global Compound Semiconductor Market, Sub-Segmentation Of Gallium Phosphide (GaP), By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), Laser Diodes, Photovoltaics
9.9. Global Compound Semiconductor Market, Sub-Segmentation Of Other Types, By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
Zinc Selenide (ZnSe), Cadmium Telluride (CdTe), Other Emerging Compounds
10. Compound Semiconductor Market Regional And Country Analysis
10.1. Global Compound Semiconductor Market, Split By Region, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
10.2. Global Compound Semiconductor Market, Split By Country, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
11. Asia-Pacific Compound Semiconductor Market
11.1. Asia-Pacific Compound Semiconductor Market Overview
Region Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
11.2. Asia-Pacific Compound Semiconductor Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Deposition Technologies, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
12. China Compound Semiconductor Market
12.1. China Compound Semiconductor Market Overview
Country Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
12.2. China Compound Semiconductor Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Deposition Technologies, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
13. India Compound Semiconductor Market
13.1. India Compound Semiconductor Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Deposition Technologies, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
14. Japan Compound Semiconductor Market
14.1. Japan Compound Semiconductor Market Overview
Country Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
14.2. Japan Compound Semiconductor Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Deposition Technologies, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
15. Australia Compound Semiconductor Market
15.1. Australia Compound Semiconductor Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Deposition Technologies, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
16. Indonesia Compound Semiconductor Market
16.1. Indonesia Compound Semiconductor Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Deposition Technologies, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
17. South Korea Compound Semiconductor Market
17.1. South Korea Compound Semiconductor Market Overview
Country Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
17.2. South Korea Compound Semiconductor Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Deposition Technologies, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
18. Taiwan Compound Semiconductor Market
18.1. Taiwan Compound Semiconductor Market Overview
Country Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
18.2. Taiwan Compound Semiconductor Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Deposition Technologies, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
19. South East Asia Compound Semiconductor Market
19.1. South East Asia Compound Semiconductor Market Overview
Region Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
19.2. South East Asia Compound Semiconductor Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Deposition Technologies, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
20. Western Europe Compound Semiconductor Market
20.1. Western Europe Compound Semiconductor Market Overview
Region Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
20.2. Western Europe Compound Semiconductor Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Deposition Technologies, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
21. UK Compound Semiconductor Market
21.1. UK Compound Semiconductor Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Deposition Technologies, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
22. Germany Compound Semiconductor Market
22.1. Germany Compound Semiconductor Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Deposition Technologies, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
23. France Compound Semiconductor Market
23.1. France Compound Semiconductor Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Deposition Technologies, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
24. Italy Compound Semiconductor Market
24.1. Italy Compound Semiconductor Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Deposition Technologies, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
25. Spain Compound Semiconductor Market
25.1. Spain Compound Semiconductor Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Deposition Technologies, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
26. Eastern Europe Compound Semiconductor Market
26.1. Eastern Europe Compound Semiconductor Market Overview
Region Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
26.2. Eastern Europe Compound Semiconductor Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Deposition Technologies, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
27. Russia Compound Semiconductor Market
27.1. Russia Compound Semiconductor Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Deposition Technologies, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
28. North America Compound Semiconductor Market
28.1. North America Compound Semiconductor Market Overview
Region Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
28.2. North America Compound Semiconductor Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Deposition Technologies, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
29. USA Compound Semiconductor Market
29.1. USA Compound Semiconductor Market Overview
Country Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
29.2. USA Compound Semiconductor Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Deposition Technologies, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
30. Canada Compound Semiconductor Market
30.1. Canada Compound Semiconductor Market Overview
Country Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
30.2. Canada Compound Semiconductor Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Deposition Technologies, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
31. South America Compound Semiconductor Market
31.1. South America Compound Semiconductor Market Overview
Region Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
31.2. South America Compound Semiconductor Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Deposition Technologies, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
32. Brazil Compound Semiconductor Market
32.1. Brazil Compound Semiconductor Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Deposition Technologies, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
33. Middle East Compound Semiconductor Market
33.1. Middle East Compound Semiconductor Market Overview
Region Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
33.2. Middle East Compound Semiconductor Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Deposition Technologies, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
34. Africa Compound Semiconductor Market
34.1. Africa Compound Semiconductor Market Overview
Region Information, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
34.2. Africa Compound Semiconductor Market, Segmentation By Type, Segmentation By Deposition Technologies, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2020-2025, 2025-2030F, 2035F, $ Billion
35. Compound Semiconductor Market Regulatory and Investment Landscape
36. Compound Semiconductor Market Competitive Landscape And Company Profiles
36.1. Compound Semiconductor Market Competitive Landscape And Market Share 2024
36.1.1. Top 10 Companies (Ranked by revenue/share)
36.2. Compound Semiconductor Market - Company Scoring Matrix
36.2.1. Market Revenues
36.2.2. Product Innovation Score
36.2.3. Brand Recognition
36.3. Compound Semiconductor Market Company Profiles
36.3.1. Wolfspeed, Inc. Overview, Products and Services, Strategy and Financial Analysis
36.3.2. IQE plc Overview, Products and Services, Strategy and Financial Analysis
36.3.3. II‑VI Incorporated Overview, Products and Services, Strategy and Financial Analysis
36.3.4. AXT Inc. Overview, Products and Services, Strategy and Financial Analysis
36.3.5. Showa Denko K.K. Overview, Products and Services, Strategy and Financial Analysis
37. Compound Semiconductor Market Other Major And Innovative Companies
Freiberger Compound Materials GmbH, Ganwafer, Sanan Integrated Circuit Co., Ltd. (Sanan / Sanan Optoelectronics), Soitec, MACOM Technology Solutions, Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd., Cree, Inc., Qorvo, Inc., Skyworks Solutions, Inc., Advanced Wireless Semiconductor Company, ams‑OSRAM AG, Aixtron SE, Applied Materials, Inc., Veeco Instruments Inc., Powerway Advanced Material Co., Ltd.
38. Global Compound Semiconductor Market Competitive Benchmarking And Dashboard
39. Key Mergers And Acquisitions In The Compound Semiconductor Market
40. Compound Semiconductor Market High Potential Countries, Segments and Strategies
40.1 Compound Semiconductor Market In 2030 - Countries Offering Most New Opportunities
40.2 Compound Semiconductor Market In 2030 - Segments Offering Most New Opportunities
40.3 Compound Semiconductor Market In 2030 - Growth Strategies
40.3.1 Market Trend Based Strategies
40.3.2 Competitor Strategies
41. Appendix
41.1. Abbreviations
41.2. Currencies
41.3. Historic And Forecast Inflation Rates
41.4. Research Inquiries
41.5. The Business Research Company
41.6. Copyright And Disclaimer
How Do Licenses Work?
Request A Sample
Head shot

Questions or Comments?

Our team has the ability to search within reports to verify it suits your needs. We can also help maximize your budget by finding sections of reports you can purchase.