Global Birds Care Products Market Research Report 2025(Status and Outlook)
Description
Report Overview
The market for birds care products encompasses a wide range of items designed to support the health, hygiene, and well-being of pet birds, including food, cages, perches, toys, grooming supplies, and health supplements. These products cater to both small and large bird species, from parakeets and canaries to parrots and macaws, addressing dietary, environmental, and behavioral needs. The segment is driven by the growing popularity of bird ownership, increasing awareness of avian health, and rising disposable incomes allowing pet owners to invest in premium care solutions. Innovations such as organic and fortified bird foods, cage accessories with safety enhancements, and interactive toys to stimulate mental activity are shaping the market. Additionally, e-commerce platforms have expanded accessibility, enabling specialized and niche products to reach a broader audience. The competitive landscape includes both established pet care brands and emerging players focusing on sustainability and bird-specific wellness, reflecting a shift toward more conscientious pet ownership.
The global Birds Care Products market size was estimated at USD 1501.9 million in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.50% during the forecast period.
This report offers a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the global Birds Care Products market, covering all critical facets from a broad macroeconomic overview to detailed micro-level insights. It examines market size, competitive landscape, emerging development trends, niche segments, key drivers and challenges, as well as conducts SWOT and value chain analyses.
The insights provided enable readers to understand the competitive dynamics within the industry and formulate effective strategies to enhance profitability and market positioning. Additionally, the report presents a clear framework for evaluating the current status and future outlook of business organizations operating in this sector.
A significant focus of this report lies in the competitive landscape of the global Birds Care Products market. It offers detailed profiles of major players, including their market shares, performance metrics, product portfolios, and operational status. This enables stakeholders to identify leading competitors and gain a nuanced understanding of market rivalry and structure.
In summary, this report serves as an essential resource for industry participants, investors, researchers, consultants, and business strategists, as well as anyone planning to enter or expand their presence in the Birds Care Products market.
Global Birds Care Products Market: Market Segmentation Analysis
This research report provides a detailed segmentation of the market by region (country), key manufacturers, product type, and application. Market segmentation divides the overall market into distinct subsets based on factors such as product categories, end-user industries, geographic locations, and other relevant criteria.
A clear understanding of these market segments enables decision-makers to tailor their product development, sales, and marketing strategies more effectively to meet the unique needs of each segment. Leveraging market segmentation insights can significantly enhance targeted approaches, optimize resource allocation, and accelerate product innovation cycles by aligning offerings with the specific demands of diverse customer groups.
Key Company
Pet Life
Morning Bird Products
A&E Cage Company
Pet King Brands
Laboratoire Biogance
Miracle Pet
Beaphar
Mango Pet Products
Avifood
Harkers
Market Segmentation (by Type)
Enzyme-based
Other-based
Market Segmentation (by Application)
Online Sales
Offline Sales
Geographic Segmentation
North America (USA, Canada, Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Russia, Italy, Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, India, Southeast Asia, Rest of Asia-Pacific)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, Rest of South America)
The Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, Rest of MEA)
Key Benefits of This Market Research:
Industry drivers, restraints, and opportunities covered in the study
Neutral perspective on the market performance
Recent industry trends and developments
Competitive landscape & strategies of key players
Potential & niche segments and regions exhibiting promising growth covered
Historical, current, and projected market size, in terms of value
In-depth analysis of the Birds Care Products Market
Overview of the regional outlook of the Birds Care Products Market:
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1 mainly introduces the statistical scope of the report, market division standards, and market research methods.
Chapter 2 is an executive summary of different market segments (by region, product type, application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the Birds Care Products Market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 3 makes a detailed analysis of the market's competitive landscape of the market and provides the market share, capacity, output, price, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information of the main manufacturers in the market.
Chapter 4 is the analysis of the whole market industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry, as well as Porter's five forces analysis.
Chapter 5 introduces the latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 6 provides the analysis of various market segments according to product types, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 7 provides the analysis of various market segments according to application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 8 provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and capacity of each country in the world.
Chapter 9 shares the main producing countries of Birds Care Products, their output value, profit level, regional supply, production capacity layout, etc. from the supply side.
Chapter 10 introduces the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales revenue, sales volume, price, gross profit margin, market share, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 11 provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region in the next five years.
Chapter 12 provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each market segment in the next five years.
Chapter 13 is the main points and conclusions of the report.
Key Reasons to Buy this Report:
Access to date statistics compiled by our researchers. These provide you with historical and forecast data, which is analyzed to tell you why your market is set to change
This enables you to anticipate market changes to remain ahead of your competitors
You will be able to copy data from the Excel spreadsheet straight into your marketing plans, business presentations, or other strategic documents
The concise analysis, clear graph, and table format will enable you to pinpoint the information you require quickly
Provision of market value data for each segment and sub-segment
Indicates the region and segment that is expected to witness the fastest growth as well as to dominate the market
Analysis by geography highlighting the consumption of the product/service in the region as well as indicating the factors that are affecting the market within each region
Competitive landscape which incorporates the market ranking of the major players, along with new service/product launches, partnerships, business expansions, and acquisitions in the past five years of companies profiled
Extensive company profiles comprising of company overview, company insights, product benchmarking, and SWOT analysis for the major market players
The current as well as the future market outlook of the industry concerning recent developments which involve growth opportunities and drivers as well as challenges and restraints of both emerging as well as developed regions
Includes in-depth analysis of the market from various perspectives through Porter’s five forces analysis
Provides insight into the market through Value Chain
Market dynamics scenario, along with growth opportunities of the market in the years to come
The market for birds care products encompasses a wide range of items designed to support the health, hygiene, and well-being of pet birds, including food, cages, perches, toys, grooming supplies, and health supplements. These products cater to both small and large bird species, from parakeets and canaries to parrots and macaws, addressing dietary, environmental, and behavioral needs. The segment is driven by the growing popularity of bird ownership, increasing awareness of avian health, and rising disposable incomes allowing pet owners to invest in premium care solutions. Innovations such as organic and fortified bird foods, cage accessories with safety enhancements, and interactive toys to stimulate mental activity are shaping the market. Additionally, e-commerce platforms have expanded accessibility, enabling specialized and niche products to reach a broader audience. The competitive landscape includes both established pet care brands and emerging players focusing on sustainability and bird-specific wellness, reflecting a shift toward more conscientious pet ownership.
The global Birds Care Products market size was estimated at USD 1501.9 million in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.50% during the forecast period.
This report offers a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the global Birds Care Products market, covering all critical facets from a broad macroeconomic overview to detailed micro-level insights. It examines market size, competitive landscape, emerging development trends, niche segments, key drivers and challenges, as well as conducts SWOT and value chain analyses.
The insights provided enable readers to understand the competitive dynamics within the industry and formulate effective strategies to enhance profitability and market positioning. Additionally, the report presents a clear framework for evaluating the current status and future outlook of business organizations operating in this sector.
A significant focus of this report lies in the competitive landscape of the global Birds Care Products market. It offers detailed profiles of major players, including their market shares, performance metrics, product portfolios, and operational status. This enables stakeholders to identify leading competitors and gain a nuanced understanding of market rivalry and structure.
In summary, this report serves as an essential resource for industry participants, investors, researchers, consultants, and business strategists, as well as anyone planning to enter or expand their presence in the Birds Care Products market.
Global Birds Care Products Market: Market Segmentation Analysis
This research report provides a detailed segmentation of the market by region (country), key manufacturers, product type, and application. Market segmentation divides the overall market into distinct subsets based on factors such as product categories, end-user industries, geographic locations, and other relevant criteria.
A clear understanding of these market segments enables decision-makers to tailor their product development, sales, and marketing strategies more effectively to meet the unique needs of each segment. Leveraging market segmentation insights can significantly enhance targeted approaches, optimize resource allocation, and accelerate product innovation cycles by aligning offerings with the specific demands of diverse customer groups.
Key Company
Pet Life
Morning Bird Products
A&E Cage Company
Pet King Brands
Laboratoire Biogance
Miracle Pet
Beaphar
Mango Pet Products
Avifood
Harkers
Market Segmentation (by Type)
Enzyme-based
Other-based
Market Segmentation (by Application)
Online Sales
Offline Sales
Geographic Segmentation
North America (USA, Canada, Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Russia, Italy, Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, India, Southeast Asia, Rest of Asia-Pacific)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, Rest of South America)
The Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, Rest of MEA)
Key Benefits of This Market Research:
Industry drivers, restraints, and opportunities covered in the study
Neutral perspective on the market performance
Recent industry trends and developments
Competitive landscape & strategies of key players
Potential & niche segments and regions exhibiting promising growth covered
Historical, current, and projected market size, in terms of value
In-depth analysis of the Birds Care Products Market
Overview of the regional outlook of the Birds Care Products Market:
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1 mainly introduces the statistical scope of the report, market division standards, and market research methods.
Chapter 2 is an executive summary of different market segments (by region, product type, application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the Birds Care Products Market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 3 makes a detailed analysis of the market's competitive landscape of the market and provides the market share, capacity, output, price, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information of the main manufacturers in the market.
Chapter 4 is the analysis of the whole market industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry, as well as Porter's five forces analysis.
Chapter 5 introduces the latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 6 provides the analysis of various market segments according to product types, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 7 provides the analysis of various market segments according to application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 8 provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and capacity of each country in the world.
Chapter 9 shares the main producing countries of Birds Care Products, their output value, profit level, regional supply, production capacity layout, etc. from the supply side.
Chapter 10 introduces the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales revenue, sales volume, price, gross profit margin, market share, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 11 provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region in the next five years.
Chapter 12 provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each market segment in the next five years.
Chapter 13 is the main points and conclusions of the report.
Key Reasons to Buy this Report:
Access to date statistics compiled by our researchers. These provide you with historical and forecast data, which is analyzed to tell you why your market is set to change
This enables you to anticipate market changes to remain ahead of your competitors
You will be able to copy data from the Excel spreadsheet straight into your marketing plans, business presentations, or other strategic documents
The concise analysis, clear graph, and table format will enable you to pinpoint the information you require quickly
Provision of market value data for each segment and sub-segment
Indicates the region and segment that is expected to witness the fastest growth as well as to dominate the market
Analysis by geography highlighting the consumption of the product/service in the region as well as indicating the factors that are affecting the market within each region
Competitive landscape which incorporates the market ranking of the major players, along with new service/product launches, partnerships, business expansions, and acquisitions in the past five years of companies profiled
Extensive company profiles comprising of company overview, company insights, product benchmarking, and SWOT analysis for the major market players
The current as well as the future market outlook of the industry concerning recent developments which involve growth opportunities and drivers as well as challenges and restraints of both emerging as well as developed regions
Includes in-depth analysis of the market from various perspectives through Porter’s five forces analysis
Provides insight into the market through Value Chain
Market dynamics scenario, along with growth opportunities of the market in the years to come
Table of Contents
139 Pages
- 1 Research Methodology and Statistical Scope
- 1.1 Market Definition and Statistical Scope of Birds Care Products
- 1.2 Key Market Segments
- 1.2.1 Birds Care Products Segment by Type
- 1.2.2 Birds Care Products Segment by Application
- 1.3 Methodology & Sources of Information
- 1.3.1 Research Methodology
- 1.3.2 Research Process
- 1.3.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
- 1.3.4 Base Year
- 1.3.5 Report Assumptions & Caveats
- 2 Birds Care Products Market Overview
- 2.1 Global Market Overview
- 2.1.1 Global Birds Care Products Market Size (M USD) Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2033)
- 2.1.2 Global Birds Care Products Sales Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2033)
- 2.2 Market Segment Executive Summary
- 2.3 Global Market Size by Region
- 3 Birds Care Products Market Competitive Landscape
- 3.1 Company Assessment Quadrant
- 3.2 Global Birds Care Products Product Life Cycle
- 3.3 Global Birds Care Products Sales by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
- 3.4 Global Birds Care Products Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
- 3.5 Birds Care Products Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
- 3.6 Global Birds Care Products Average Price by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
- 3.7 Manufacturers’ Manufacturing Sites, Areas Served, and Product Types
- 3.8 Birds Care Products Market Competitive Situation and Trends
- 3.8.1 Birds Care Products Market Concentration Rate
- 3.8.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Birds Care Products Players Market Share by Revenue
- 3.8.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
- 4 Birds Care Products Industry Chain Analysis
- 4.1 Birds Care Products Industry Chain Analysis
- 4.2 Market Overview of Key Raw Materials
- 4.3 Midstream Market Analysis
- 4.4 Downstream Customer Analysis
- 5 The Development and Dynamics of Birds Care Products Market
- 5.1 Key Development Trends
- 5.2 Driving Factors
- 5.3 Market Challenges
- 5.4 Industry News
- 5.4.1 New Product Developments
- 5.4.2 Mergers & Acquisitions
- 5.4.3 Expansions
- 5.4.4 Collaboration/Supply Contracts
- 5.5 PEST Analysis
- 5.5.1 Industry Policies Analysis
- 5.5.2 Economic Environment Analysis
- 5.5.3 Social Environment Analysis
- 5.5.4 Technological Environment Analysis
- 5.6 Global Birds Care Products Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 5.6.1 Global Trade Frictions
- 5.6.2 U.S. Tariff Policy – April 2025
- 5.6.3 Global Trade Frictions and Their Impacts to Birds Care Products Market
- 5.7 ESG Ratings of Leading Companies
- 6 Birds Care Products Market Segmentation by Type
- 6.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Type)
- 6.2 Global Birds Care Products Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
- 6.3 Global Birds Care Products Market Size Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
- 6.4 Global Birds Care Products Price by Type (2020-2025)
- 7 Birds Care Products Market Segmentation by Application
- 7.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Application)
- 7.2 Global Birds Care Products Market Sales by Application (2020-2025)
- 7.3 Global Birds Care Products Market Size (M USD) by Application (2020-2025)
- 7.4 Global Birds Care Products Sales Growth Rate by Application (2020-2025)
- 8 Birds Care Products Market Sales by Region
- 8.1 Global Birds Care Products Sales by Region
- 8.1.1 Global Birds Care Products Sales by Region
- 8.1.2 Global Birds Care Products Sales Market Share by Region
- 8.2 Global Birds Care Products Market Size by Region
- 8.2.1 Global Birds Care Products Market Size by Region
- 8.2.2 Global Birds Care Products Market Size Market Share by Region
- 8.3 North America
- 8.3.1 North America Birds Care Products Sales by Country
- 8.3.2 North America Birds Care Products Market Size by Country
- 8.3.3 U.S. Market Overview
- 8.3.4 Canada Market Overview
- 8.3.5 Mexico Market Overview
- 8.4 Europe
- 8.4.1 Europe Birds Care Products Sales by Country
- 8.4.2 Europe Birds Care Products Market Size by Country
- 8.4.3 Germany Market Overview
- 8.4.4 France Market Overview
- 8.4.5 U.K. Market Overview
- 8.4.6 Italy Market Overview
- 8.4.7 Spain Market Overview
- 8.5 Asia Pacific
- 8.5.1 Asia Pacific Birds Care Products Sales by Region
- 8.5.2 Asia Pacific Birds Care Products Market Size by Region
- 8.5.3 China Market Overview
- 8.5.4 Japan Market Overview
- 8.5.5 South Korea Market Overview
- 8.5.6 India Market Overview
- 8.5.7 Southeast Asia Market Overview
- 8.6 South America
- 8.6.1 South America Birds Care Products Sales by Country
- 8.6.2 South America Birds Care Products Market Size by Country
- 8.6.3 Brazil Market Overview
- 8.6.4 Argentina Market Overview
- 8.6.5 Columbia Market Overview
- 8.7 Middle East and Africa
- 8.7.1 Middle East and Africa Birds Care Products Sales by Region
- 8.7.2 Middle East and Africa Birds Care Products Market Size by Region
- 8.7.3 Saudi Arabia Market Overview
- 8.7.4 UAE Market Overview
- 8.7.5 Egypt Market Overview
- 8.7.6 Nigeria Market Overview
- 8.7.7 South Africa Market Overview
- 9 Birds Care Products Market Production by Region
- 9.1 Global Production of Birds Care Products by Region(2020-2025)
- 9.2 Global Birds Care Products Revenue Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 9.3 Global Birds Care Products Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 9.4 North America Birds Care Products Production
- 9.4.1 North America Birds Care Products Production Growth Rate (2020-2025)
- 9.4.2 North America Birds Care Products Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 9.5 Europe Birds Care Products Production
- 9.5.1 Europe Birds Care Products Production Growth Rate (2020-2025)
- 9.5.2 Europe Birds Care Products Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 9.6 Japan Birds Care Products Production (2020-2025)
- 9.6.1 Japan Birds Care Products Production Growth Rate (2020-2025)
- 9.6.2 Japan Birds Care Products Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 9.7 China Birds Care Products Production (2020-2025)
- 9.7.1 China Birds Care Products Production Growth Rate (2020-2025)
- 9.7.2 China Birds Care Products Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 10 Key Companies Profile
- 10.1 Pet Life
- 10.1.1 Pet Life Basic Information
- 10.1.2 Pet Life Birds Care Products Product Overview
- 10.1.3 Pet Life Birds Care Products Product Market Performance
- 10.1.4 Pet Life Business Overview
- 10.1.5 Pet Life SWOT Analysis
- 10.1.6 Pet Life Recent Developments
- 10.2 Morning Bird Products
- 10.2.1 Morning Bird Products Basic Information
- 10.2.2 Morning Bird Products Birds Care Products Product Overview
- 10.2.3 Morning Bird Products Birds Care Products Product Market Performance
- 10.2.4 Morning Bird Products Business Overview
- 10.2.5 Morning Bird Products SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.6 Morning Bird Products Recent Developments
- 10.3 AandE Cage Company
- 10.3.1 AandE Cage Company Basic Information
- 10.3.2 AandE Cage Company Birds Care Products Product Overview
- 10.3.3 AandE Cage Company Birds Care Products Product Market Performance
- 10.3.4 AandE Cage Company Business Overview
- 10.3.5 AandE Cage Company SWOT Analysis
- 10.3.6 AandE Cage Company Recent Developments
- 10.4 Pet King Brands
- 10.4.1 Pet King Brands Basic Information
- 10.4.2 Pet King Brands Birds Care Products Product Overview
- 10.4.3 Pet King Brands Birds Care Products Product Market Performance
- 10.4.4 Pet King Brands Business Overview
- 10.4.5 Pet King Brands Recent Developments
- 10.5 Laboratoire Biogance
- 10.5.1 Laboratoire Biogance Basic Information
- 10.5.2 Laboratoire Biogance Birds Care Products Product Overview
- 10.5.3 Laboratoire Biogance Birds Care Products Product Market Performance
- 10.5.4 Laboratoire Biogance Business Overview
- 10.5.5 Laboratoire Biogance Recent Developments
- 10.6 Miracle Pet
- 10.6.1 Miracle Pet Basic Information
- 10.6.2 Miracle Pet Birds Care Products Product Overview
- 10.6.3 Miracle Pet Birds Care Products Product Market Performance
- 10.6.4 Miracle Pet Business Overview
- 10.6.5 Miracle Pet Recent Developments
- 10.7 Beaphar
- 10.7.1 Beaphar Basic Information
- 10.7.2 Beaphar Birds Care Products Product Overview
- 10.7.3 Beaphar Birds Care Products Product Market Performance
- 10.7.4 Beaphar Business Overview
- 10.7.5 Beaphar Recent Developments
- 10.8 Mango Pet Products
- 10.8.1 Mango Pet Products Basic Information
- 10.8.2 Mango Pet Products Birds Care Products Product Overview
- 10.8.3 Mango Pet Products Birds Care Products Product Market Performance
- 10.8.4 Mango Pet Products Business Overview
- 10.8.5 Mango Pet Products Recent Developments
- 10.9 Avifood
- 10.9.1 Avifood Basic Information
- 10.9.2 Avifood Birds Care Products Product Overview
- 10.9.3 Avifood Birds Care Products Product Market Performance
- 10.9.4 Avifood Business Overview
- 10.9.5 Avifood Recent Developments
- 10.10 Harkers
- 10.10.1 Harkers Basic Information
- 10.10.2 Harkers Birds Care Products Product Overview
- 10.10.3 Harkers Birds Care Products Product Market Performance
- 10.10.4 Harkers Business Overview
- 10.10.5 Harkers Recent Developments
- 11 Birds Care Products Market Forecast by Region
- 11.1 Global Birds Care Products Market Size Forecast
- 11.2 Global Birds Care Products Market Forecast by Region
- 11.2.1 North America Market Size Forecast by Country
- 11.2.2 Europe Birds Care Products Market Size Forecast by Country
- 11.2.3 Asia Pacific Birds Care Products Market Size Forecast by Region
- 11.2.4 South America Birds Care Products Market Size Forecast by Country
- 11.2.5 Middle East and Africa Forecasted Sales of Birds Care Products by Country
- 12 Forecast Market by Type and by Application (2026-2033)
- 12.1 Global Birds Care Products Market Forecast by Type (2026-2033)
- 12.1.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Birds Care Products by Type (2026-2033)
- 12.1.2 Global Birds Care Products Market Size Forecast by Type (2026-2033)
- 12.1.3 Global Forecasted Price of Birds Care Products by Type (2026-2033)
- 12.2 Global Birds Care Products Market Forecast by Application (2026-2033)
- 12.2.1 Global Birds Care Products Sales (K Units) Forecast by Application
- 12.2.2 Global Birds Care Products Market Size (M USD) Forecast by Application (2026-2033)
- 13 Conclusion and Key Findings
Pricing
Currency Rates
Questions or Comments?
Our team has the ability to search within reports to verify it suits your needs. We can also help maximize your budget by finding sections of reports you can purchase.
