Spain Electronic Cigarette Market
Description
The Spain electronic cigarette market was valued at $678.1 million in 2023 and is projected to reach $1,086.9 million by 2034, registering a CAGR of 4.4% from 2024 to 2034.
An electronic cigarette is a handheld electronic device designed to create vapor for inhalation, providing an alternative to conventional smoking. It consists of a battery, a heating element, and a reservoir that holds a flavored liquid containing nicotine. When activated, the device heats the liquid, converting it into a vapor that the user inhales. E-cigarettes are popular among smokers looking to reduce or quit smoking, as they deliver nicotine without the smoke and ash associated with traditional tobacco products.
Market Dynamics
In Spain, increasing health awareness and the rising demand for reduced-risk nicotine products are significant drivers of the electronic cigarette market. As public knowledge about the adverse health effects of traditional smoking continues to expand, more consumers are seeking safer alternatives. E-cigarettes are perceived as less harmful because they eliminate the combustion process, which is responsible for producing toxic substances such as tar and carbon monoxide found in conventional cigarettes. This perception of reduced health risks makes vaping an attractive option for smokers looking to minimize harm without quitting nicotine entirely. Furthermore, public health campaigns and anti-smoking initiatives in Spain have effectively raised awareness about smoking-related diseases, including cancer, respiratory disorders, and cardiovascular issues, driving more consumers to explore alternative products such as e-cigarettes.
Health professionals are also increasingly recognizing vaping as a harm reduction tool, supporting its use for smoking cessation. This growing endorsement from medical communities enhances consumer confidence in electronic cigarettes as a safer option. Additionally, the availability of nicotine level customization allows users to gradually reduce their nicotine intake, aiding in smoking cessation efforts. As health consciousness continues to rise, demand for reduced-risk products will likely grow, driving the expansion of Spain’s electronic cigarette market. Manufacturers can capitalize on this trend by emphasizing safety features, promoting harm reduction benefits, and developing advanced vaping devices that meet evolving consumer needs.
Technological advancements and product innovation are pivotal drivers of the electronic cigarette market in Spain. Manufacturers are continuously investing in research and development to create user-friendly, efficient, and customizable vaping devices that enhance the overall consumer experience. The introduction of advanced features such as adjustable wattage, temperature control, and long-lasting batteries has revolutionized the vaping industry, appealing to both novice users and experienced vapers. Pod systems, which offer convenience and portability, have gained popularity for their ease of use and compatibility with nicotine salts, providing a smoother and more satisfying vaping experience.
Additionally, innovations in e-liquid formulations, including a broader range of flavors and nicotine strengths, cater to diverse consumer preferences. Safety enhancements, such as leak-proof designs, child-resistant packaging, and improved heating elements, have also increased consumer trust and compliance with regulatory standards. Furthermore, the growing trend of device personalization, including interchangeable components and customizable settings, allows users to tailor their vaping experience to their preferences. As technological innovations continue to advance, manufacturers are expected to introduce more sophisticated products, driving market growth and attracting tech-savvy consumers. This emphasis on product development and continuous improvement creates a competitive edge, enabling companies to capture a larger market share in Spain’s dynamic electronic cigarette industry.
Spain’s relatively supportive regulatory environment for electronic cigarettes has contributed to market growth by maintaining product accessibility and encouraging innovation. Compared to other European countries, Spain has adopted a balanced approach to vaping regulations, allowing the legal sale of e-cigarettes and e-liquids containing nicotine. The absence of strict flavor bans and high excise taxes makes vaping products more affordable and appealing to consumers. Additionally, regulations ensure safety standards, age restrictions, and transparent labeling, protecting consumers while maintaining market accessibility. This regulatory leniency encourages market entry and product diversification, allowing manufacturers to introduce innovative devices and flavors without stringent restrictions.
However, the regulatory landscape remains dynamic, with potential for future changes in response to public health concerns about youth vaping. Nonetheless, the current supportive framework provides a conducive platform for manufacturers to expand their product portfolios and reach a broader audience. As the market continues to evolve, maintaining compliance while leveraging regulatory flexibility will be crucial for sustained growth in Spain’s electronic cigarette industry.
The ongoing growth of e-commerce and direct-to-consumer marketing presents a substantial opportunity for the electronic cigarette market in Spain. As digitalization accelerates, consumers increasingly prefer the convenience and variety offered by online shopping. E-commerce platforms allow manufacturers to reach a wider audience while reducing operational costs associated with brick-and-mortar retail stores. Additionally, online sales channels enable competitive pricing, promotional offers, and home delivery, appealing to tech-savvy users seeking convenience and cost savings. Direct-to-consumer marketing through social media, influencer collaborations, and targeted digital advertising effectively engages younger consumers, enhancing brand visibility and loyalty. The ability to collect and analyze consumer data allows brands to create personalized marketing campaigns, optimizing customer acquisition and retention strategies.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the surge in online shopping further accelerated the shift towards digital purchasing, highlighting the importance of robust e-commerce platforms. As consumers continue to favor online channels, manufacturers can capitalize on this trend by investing in user-friendly websites, mobile applications, and social commerce integration. Collaborations with influencers and localized digital marketing campaigns can amplify brand awareness and consumer reach. Furthermore, online customer reviews and feedback provide valuable insights for product development and improvement. By embracing e-commerce and leveraging digital marketing strategies, manufacturers can enhance customer engagement, expand their market presence, and drive sustainable growth in Spain’s electronic cigarette industry.
One of the significant restraints affecting the electronic cigarette market in Spain is the potential for stringent regulatory changes and advertising restrictions. Although the current regulatory framework is relatively lenient, increasing public health concerns about youth vaping and long-term health effects may lead to stricter regulations in the future. Potential measures could include flavor bans, higher excise taxes, or limitations on nicotine content, which could significantly impact product availability and pricing. Additionally, advertising restrictions, particularly on digital platforms, limit brand visibility and marketing opportunities, making it challenging for manufacturers to reach new consumers. The European Union’s Tobacco Products Directive (TPD) also imposes strict labeling and safety requirements, increasing compliance costs for manufacturers. As regulatory scrutiny intensifies, companies must continuously adapt to evolving legal requirements, which can lead to operational challenges and increased financial burdens.
The uncertainty surrounding future regulations further complicates strategic planning and investment decisions. To navigate this complex regulatory landscape, manufacturers need to engage in proactive lobbying, collaborate with industry associations, and invest in transparent communication to build consumer trust. Compliance with safety standards and responsible marketing practices will be crucial to sustaining market growth. However, the potential for regulatory changes remains a significant restraint, impacting product innovation, marketing strategies, and overall market dynamics in Spain’s electronic cigarette industry.
Segmental Overview
The Spain electronic cigarette market is segmented into product type, flavor, distribution channel. By product type, the market is fragmented into disposable, rechargeable, and modular. Based on flavor, the market is segmented into tobacco, botanical, fruit, sweet, beverage, and others. Based on distribution channel, the market is segmented into specialist e-cig shops, online, supermarkets, tobacconist, and others.
By Product Type
By product type, the modular segment dominated the Spain electronic cigarette market in 2023 and is anticipated to maintain its dominance during the forecast period. The modular e-cigarette segment is thriving due to rising demand for advanced features, high performance, and extensive customization options. A notable trend is the growing popularity of high-wattage mods capable of producing dense vapor clouds and intense flavor profiles, appealing to cloud chasers and flavor enthusiasts.
By Flavor
By Flavor, the tobacco segment held the major share of the market in 2023. Tobacco flavors provide a similar sensory experience, making the switch to vaping easier for smokers who crave the recognizable taste of tobacco. Additionally, the perception of tobacco-flavored e-cigarettes as a more satisfying and authentic alternative has increased their popularity. This demand is further fueled by adult users who prefer a classic and less sweet flavor profile, driving steady growth in the tobacco-flavored e-cigarette segment.
By Distribution Channel
By distribution channel, the specialist e-cig shops segment held the major share of the market in 2023. As vaping technology becomes more advanced, consumers seek detailed information and hands-on experience, which specialist stores uniquely provide. Additionally, the wide range of products, including premium and customizable devices, attracts enthusiasts looking for variety and exclusivity. The community-oriented atmosphere, with events and workshops, fosters customer loyalty and enhances brand engagement, driving growth in this niche but influential retail segment.
Competition Analysis
The key players profiled in the Spain electronic cigarette market report include Philip Morris Spain S.L, Imperial Brands, British American Tobacco, Japan Tobacco International (JTI), Altria Group, Inc., Enspirar, Vaporesso, Smoktech, Geekvape, and Eleaf. Several well-known and upcoming brands are vying for market dominance in the expanding Spain electronic cigarette industry. Smaller, niche firms are more well-known for catering to consumer demands and preferences. Large conglomerates, however, control most of the market and often buy innovative start-ups to broaden their product lines.The research methodology of the global market involves extensive primary and secondary research. Primary research includes about over 12 hours of interviews and discussion with a wide range of stakeholders, including upstream and downstream participants. The primary research typically is the bulk of our research efforts; however, coherently supported by extensive secondary research. Researchers have reviewed over 6,765 product literatures, industry releases, annual reports, and other such documents of key industry participants to obtain better market understanding and gain competitive intelligence. In addition, authentic industry journals, trade associations' releases,and government websites have also been reviewed for generating high-value industry insights.
An electronic cigarette is a handheld electronic device designed to create vapor for inhalation, providing an alternative to conventional smoking. It consists of a battery, a heating element, and a reservoir that holds a flavored liquid containing nicotine. When activated, the device heats the liquid, converting it into a vapor that the user inhales. E-cigarettes are popular among smokers looking to reduce or quit smoking, as they deliver nicotine without the smoke and ash associated with traditional tobacco products.
Market Dynamics
In Spain, increasing health awareness and the rising demand for reduced-risk nicotine products are significant drivers of the electronic cigarette market. As public knowledge about the adverse health effects of traditional smoking continues to expand, more consumers are seeking safer alternatives. E-cigarettes are perceived as less harmful because they eliminate the combustion process, which is responsible for producing toxic substances such as tar and carbon monoxide found in conventional cigarettes. This perception of reduced health risks makes vaping an attractive option for smokers looking to minimize harm without quitting nicotine entirely. Furthermore, public health campaigns and anti-smoking initiatives in Spain have effectively raised awareness about smoking-related diseases, including cancer, respiratory disorders, and cardiovascular issues, driving more consumers to explore alternative products such as e-cigarettes.
Health professionals are also increasingly recognizing vaping as a harm reduction tool, supporting its use for smoking cessation. This growing endorsement from medical communities enhances consumer confidence in electronic cigarettes as a safer option. Additionally, the availability of nicotine level customization allows users to gradually reduce their nicotine intake, aiding in smoking cessation efforts. As health consciousness continues to rise, demand for reduced-risk products will likely grow, driving the expansion of Spain’s electronic cigarette market. Manufacturers can capitalize on this trend by emphasizing safety features, promoting harm reduction benefits, and developing advanced vaping devices that meet evolving consumer needs.
Technological advancements and product innovation are pivotal drivers of the electronic cigarette market in Spain. Manufacturers are continuously investing in research and development to create user-friendly, efficient, and customizable vaping devices that enhance the overall consumer experience. The introduction of advanced features such as adjustable wattage, temperature control, and long-lasting batteries has revolutionized the vaping industry, appealing to both novice users and experienced vapers. Pod systems, which offer convenience and portability, have gained popularity for their ease of use and compatibility with nicotine salts, providing a smoother and more satisfying vaping experience.
Additionally, innovations in e-liquid formulations, including a broader range of flavors and nicotine strengths, cater to diverse consumer preferences. Safety enhancements, such as leak-proof designs, child-resistant packaging, and improved heating elements, have also increased consumer trust and compliance with regulatory standards. Furthermore, the growing trend of device personalization, including interchangeable components and customizable settings, allows users to tailor their vaping experience to their preferences. As technological innovations continue to advance, manufacturers are expected to introduce more sophisticated products, driving market growth and attracting tech-savvy consumers. This emphasis on product development and continuous improvement creates a competitive edge, enabling companies to capture a larger market share in Spain’s dynamic electronic cigarette industry.
Spain’s relatively supportive regulatory environment for electronic cigarettes has contributed to market growth by maintaining product accessibility and encouraging innovation. Compared to other European countries, Spain has adopted a balanced approach to vaping regulations, allowing the legal sale of e-cigarettes and e-liquids containing nicotine. The absence of strict flavor bans and high excise taxes makes vaping products more affordable and appealing to consumers. Additionally, regulations ensure safety standards, age restrictions, and transparent labeling, protecting consumers while maintaining market accessibility. This regulatory leniency encourages market entry and product diversification, allowing manufacturers to introduce innovative devices and flavors without stringent restrictions.
However, the regulatory landscape remains dynamic, with potential for future changes in response to public health concerns about youth vaping. Nonetheless, the current supportive framework provides a conducive platform for manufacturers to expand their product portfolios and reach a broader audience. As the market continues to evolve, maintaining compliance while leveraging regulatory flexibility will be crucial for sustained growth in Spain’s electronic cigarette industry.
The ongoing growth of e-commerce and direct-to-consumer marketing presents a substantial opportunity for the electronic cigarette market in Spain. As digitalization accelerates, consumers increasingly prefer the convenience and variety offered by online shopping. E-commerce platforms allow manufacturers to reach a wider audience while reducing operational costs associated with brick-and-mortar retail stores. Additionally, online sales channels enable competitive pricing, promotional offers, and home delivery, appealing to tech-savvy users seeking convenience and cost savings. Direct-to-consumer marketing through social media, influencer collaborations, and targeted digital advertising effectively engages younger consumers, enhancing brand visibility and loyalty. The ability to collect and analyze consumer data allows brands to create personalized marketing campaigns, optimizing customer acquisition and retention strategies.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the surge in online shopping further accelerated the shift towards digital purchasing, highlighting the importance of robust e-commerce platforms. As consumers continue to favor online channels, manufacturers can capitalize on this trend by investing in user-friendly websites, mobile applications, and social commerce integration. Collaborations with influencers and localized digital marketing campaigns can amplify brand awareness and consumer reach. Furthermore, online customer reviews and feedback provide valuable insights for product development and improvement. By embracing e-commerce and leveraging digital marketing strategies, manufacturers can enhance customer engagement, expand their market presence, and drive sustainable growth in Spain’s electronic cigarette industry.
One of the significant restraints affecting the electronic cigarette market in Spain is the potential for stringent regulatory changes and advertising restrictions. Although the current regulatory framework is relatively lenient, increasing public health concerns about youth vaping and long-term health effects may lead to stricter regulations in the future. Potential measures could include flavor bans, higher excise taxes, or limitations on nicotine content, which could significantly impact product availability and pricing. Additionally, advertising restrictions, particularly on digital platforms, limit brand visibility and marketing opportunities, making it challenging for manufacturers to reach new consumers. The European Union’s Tobacco Products Directive (TPD) also imposes strict labeling and safety requirements, increasing compliance costs for manufacturers. As regulatory scrutiny intensifies, companies must continuously adapt to evolving legal requirements, which can lead to operational challenges and increased financial burdens.
The uncertainty surrounding future regulations further complicates strategic planning and investment decisions. To navigate this complex regulatory landscape, manufacturers need to engage in proactive lobbying, collaborate with industry associations, and invest in transparent communication to build consumer trust. Compliance with safety standards and responsible marketing practices will be crucial to sustaining market growth. However, the potential for regulatory changes remains a significant restraint, impacting product innovation, marketing strategies, and overall market dynamics in Spain’s electronic cigarette industry.
Segmental Overview
The Spain electronic cigarette market is segmented into product type, flavor, distribution channel. By product type, the market is fragmented into disposable, rechargeable, and modular. Based on flavor, the market is segmented into tobacco, botanical, fruit, sweet, beverage, and others. Based on distribution channel, the market is segmented into specialist e-cig shops, online, supermarkets, tobacconist, and others.
By Product Type
By product type, the modular segment dominated the Spain electronic cigarette market in 2023 and is anticipated to maintain its dominance during the forecast period. The modular e-cigarette segment is thriving due to rising demand for advanced features, high performance, and extensive customization options. A notable trend is the growing popularity of high-wattage mods capable of producing dense vapor clouds and intense flavor profiles, appealing to cloud chasers and flavor enthusiasts.
By Flavor
By Flavor, the tobacco segment held the major share of the market in 2023. Tobacco flavors provide a similar sensory experience, making the switch to vaping easier for smokers who crave the recognizable taste of tobacco. Additionally, the perception of tobacco-flavored e-cigarettes as a more satisfying and authentic alternative has increased their popularity. This demand is further fueled by adult users who prefer a classic and less sweet flavor profile, driving steady growth in the tobacco-flavored e-cigarette segment.
By Distribution Channel
By distribution channel, the specialist e-cig shops segment held the major share of the market in 2023. As vaping technology becomes more advanced, consumers seek detailed information and hands-on experience, which specialist stores uniquely provide. Additionally, the wide range of products, including premium and customizable devices, attracts enthusiasts looking for variety and exclusivity. The community-oriented atmosphere, with events and workshops, fosters customer loyalty and enhances brand engagement, driving growth in this niche but influential retail segment.
Competition Analysis
The key players profiled in the Spain electronic cigarette market report include Philip Morris Spain S.L, Imperial Brands, British American Tobacco, Japan Tobacco International (JTI), Altria Group, Inc., Enspirar, Vaporesso, Smoktech, Geekvape, and Eleaf. Several well-known and upcoming brands are vying for market dominance in the expanding Spain electronic cigarette industry. Smaller, niche firms are more well-known for catering to consumer demands and preferences. Large conglomerates, however, control most of the market and often buy innovative start-ups to broaden their product lines.The research methodology of the global market involves extensive primary and secondary research. Primary research includes about over 12 hours of interviews and discussion with a wide range of stakeholders, including upstream and downstream participants. The primary research typically is the bulk of our research efforts; however, coherently supported by extensive secondary research. Researchers have reviewed over 6,765 product literatures, industry releases, annual reports, and other such documents of key industry participants to obtain better market understanding and gain competitive intelligence. In addition, authentic industry journals, trade associations' releases,and government websites have also been reviewed for generating high-value industry insights.
Table of Contents
143 Pages
- CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION
- 1.1.Report description
- 1.2.Key market segments
- 1.3.Key benefits for stakeholders
- 1.4.Research methodology
- 1.4.1.Primary research
- 1.4.2.Secondary research
- 1.4.3.Analyst tools and models
- CHAPTER 2:EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- 2.1.CXO perspective
- CHAPTER 3:MARKET OVERVIEW
- 3.1.Market definition and scope
- 3.2.Key findings
- 3.2.1.Top investment pockets
- 3.3.Porter’s five forces analysis
- 3.3.1.Moderate bargaining power of suppliers
- 3.3.2.Moderate bargaining power of buyers
- 3.3.3.Moderate threat of new entrants
- 3.3.4.Moderate threat of substitutes
- 3.3.5.Moderate intensity of rivalry
- 3.4.Market dynamics
- 3.4.1.Drivers
- 3.4.1.1.Growing Health Awareness and Demand for Reduced-Risk Products
- 3.4.1.2.Growing E-commerce and Digital Marketing Influence
- 3.4.1.3.Rising Popularity Among Young Adults and Lifestyle Appeal
- 3.4.2.Restraints
- 3.4.2.1.Stringent Regulatory Changes and Advertising Restrictions
- 3.4.2.2.Health Concerns and Public Perception
- 3.4.3.Opportunities
- 3.4.3.1.Expansion of Flavor Varieties and Customization
- 3.4.3.2.Increasing Adoption as a Smoking Cessation Tool
- 3.5.Global Electronic Cigarette Market Trend Analysis
- 3.5.1.Surge in Disposable E-Cigarette Demand
- 3.5.2.Increasing Demand for Nicotine Salt E-Liquids
- 3.5.3.Expansion of E-Commerce Sales Channels
- 3.5.4.Rising Popularity of Tobacco-Free Nicotine Products
- 3.5.5.Sustainable Vaping Solutions and Eco-Friendly Innovation
- 3.6.Brand Share Analysis, 2023
- CHAPTER 4:SPAIN ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE
- 4.1.Overview
- 4.1.1.Market size and forecast, by Product Type
- 4.2.Disposable
- 4.2.1.Key market trends, growth factors, and opportunities
- 4.3.Rechargeable
- 4.3.1.Key market trends, growth factors, and opportunities
- 4.4.Modular
- 4.4.1.Key market trends, growth factors, and opportunities
- CHAPTER 5:SPAIN ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE MARKET, BY FLAVOR
- 5.1.Overview
- 5.1.1.Market size and forecast, by Material
- 5.2.Tobacco
- 5.2.1.Key market trends, growth factors, and opportunities
- 5.3.Botanical
- 5.3.1.Key market trends, growth factors, and opportunities
- 5.4.Fruit
- 5.4.1.Key market trends, growth factors, and opportunities
- 5.5.Sweet
- 5.5.1.Key market trends, growth factors, and opportunities
- 5.6.Beverage
- 5.6.1.Key market trends, growth factors, and opportunities
- 5.7.Others
- 5.7.1.Key market trends, growth factors, and opportunities
- CHAPTER 6:SPAIN ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL
- 6.1.Overview
- 6.1.1.Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 6.2.Specialist E-Cig Shops
- 6.2.1.Key market trends, growth factors, and opportunities
- 6.3.Online
- 6.3.1.Key market trends, growth factors, and opportunities
- 6.4.Supermarkets
- 6.4.1.Key market trends, growth factors, and opportunities
- 6.5.Tobacconist
- 6.5.1.Key market trends, growth factors, and opportunities
- 6.6.Others
- 6.6.1.Key market trends, growth factors, and opportunities
- CHAPTER 7:COMPETITION LANDSCAPE
- 7.1.Top winning strategies
- 7.2.Product mapping
- 7.3.Competitive dashboard
- 7.4.Competitive heat map
- 7.5.Key developments
- 7.5.1.Partnership
- 7.5.2.Product Launch
- CHAPTER 8:COMPANY PROFILES
- 8.1.PHILIP MORRIS SPAIN S.L
- 8.1.1.Company overview
- 8.1.2.Key Executives
- 8.1.3.Company snapshot
- 8.1.4.Operating business segments
- 8.1.5.Product portfolio
- 8.1.6.Business performance
- 8.2.IMPERIAL BRANDS
- 8.2.1.Company overview
- 8.2.2.Key Executives
- 8.2.3.Company snapshot
- 8.2.4.Operating business segments
- 8.2.5.Product portfolio
- 8.2.6.Business performance
- 8.2.7.Key strategic moves and developments
- 8.3.BRITISH AMERICAN TOBACCO
- 8.3.1.Company overview
- 8.3.2.Key Executives
- 8.3.3.Company snapshot
- 8.3.4.Operating business segments
- 8.3.5.Product portfolio
- 8.3.6.Business performance
- 8.4.JAPAN TOBACCO INTERNATIONAL (JTI)
- 8.4.1.Company overview
- 8.4.2.Key Executives
- 8.4.3.Company snapshot
- 8.4.4.Operating business segments
- 8.4.5.Product portfolio
- 8.4.6.R&D Expenditure
- 8.4.7.Business performance
- 8.5.ALTRIA GROUP, INC.
- 8.5.1.Company overview
- 8.5.2.Key Executives
- 8.5.3.Company snapshot
- 8.5.4.Operating business segments
- 8.5.5.Product portfolio
- 8.5.6.Business performance
- 8.5.7.Key strategic moves and developments
- 8.6.ENSPIRAR
- 8.6.1.Company overview
- 8.6.2.Key Executive
- 8.6.3.Company snapshot
- 8.6.4.Operating business segments
- 8.6.5.Product portfolio
- 8.7.VAPORESSO
- 8.7.1.Company overview
- 8.7.2.Key Executive
- 8.7.3.Company snapshot
- 8.7.4.Operating business segments
- 8.7.5.Product portfolio
- 8.8.SMOKTECH
- 8.8.1.Company overview
- 8.8.2.Key Executive
- 8.8.3.Company snapshot
- 8.8.4.Operating business segments
- 8.8.5.Product portfolio
- 8.8.6.Key strategic moves and developments
- 8.9.GEEKVAPE
- 8.9.1.Company overview
- 8.9.2.Key Executive
- 8.9.3.Company snapshot
- 8.9.4.Operating business segments
- 8.9.5.Product portfolio
- 8.9.6.Key strategic moves and developments
- 8.10.ELEAF
- 8.10.1.Company overview
- 8.10.2.Company snapshot
- 8.10.3.Operating business segments
- 8.10.4.Product portfolio
- 8.10.5.Key strategic moves and developments
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