
Global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Industry Growth and Trends Forecast to 2031
Description
Summary
According to APO Research, The global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent market was estimated at US$ million in 2025 and is projected to reach a revised size of US$ million by 2031, witnessing a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period 2026-2031.
North American market for Biocide-free Antifouling Agent is estimated to increase from $ million in 2025 to reach $ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2026 through 2031.
Asia-Pacific market for Biocide-free Antifouling Agent is estimated to increase from $ million in 2025 to reach $ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2026 through 2031.
Europe market for Biocide-free Antifouling Agent is estimated to increase from $ million in 2025 to reach $ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2026 through 2031.
The major global manufacturers of Biocide-free Antifouling Agent include AkzoNobel, Coverplast SAS, Hempel, Nippon Paint Marine Coatings Co., Ltd. and Aurora Marine Industries Inc., etc. In 2024, the world's top three vendors accounted for approximately % of the revenue.
Report Scope
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Biocide-free Antifouling Agent, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Biocide-free Antifouling Agent.
The Biocide-free Antifouling Agent market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (Tons) and revenue ($ millions), considering 2024 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2020 to 2031. This report segments the global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by Type, by Application, and by players, are also provided. For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.
Key Companies & Market Share Insights
In this section, the readers will gain an understanding of the key players competing. This report has studied the key growth strategies, such as innovative trends and developments, intensification of product portfolio, mergers and acquisitions, collaborations, new product innovation, and geographical expansion, undertaken by these participants to maintain their presence. Apart from business strategies, the study includes current developments and key financials. The readers will also get access to the data related to global revenue, price, and sales by manufacturers for the period 2020-2025. This all-inclusive report will certainly serve the clients to stay updated and make effective decisions in their businesses.
Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Segment by Company
AkzoNobel
Coverplast SAS
Hempel
Nippon Paint Marine Coatings Co., Ltd.
Aurora Marine Industries Inc.
Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Segment by Type
Silicone Hydrogel Type
Self-Polishing Type
Others
Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Segment by Application
Engineering Parts
Boats
Others
Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Segment by Region
North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Spain
Netherlands
Switzerland
Sweden
Poland
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
Taiwan
Southeast Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Türkiye
GCC Countries
Key Drivers & Barriers
High-impact rendering factors and drivers have been studied in this report to aid the readers to understand the general development. Moreover, the report includes restraints and challenges that may act as stumbling blocks on the way of the players. This will assist the users to be attentive and make informed decisions related to business. Specialists have also laid their focus on the upcoming business prospects.
Reasons to Buy This Report
1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Biocide-free Antifouling Agent and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.
4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market
5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally
6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Biocide-free Antifouling Agent.
7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the study scope of this report, executive summary of market segments by type, market size segments for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter 2: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Biocide-free Antifouling Agent manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Sales, revenue of Biocide-free Antifouling Agent in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the future development prospects, and market space in the world.
Chapter 5: Introduces market segments by application, market size segment for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter 6: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, sales and revenue by country.
Chapter 12: Analysis of industrial chain, key raw materials, manufacturing cost, and market dynamics.
Chapter 13: Concluding Insights of the report.
Please Note: Single-User license will be delivered via PDF from the publisher without the rights to print or to edit.
According to APO Research, The global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent market was estimated at US$ million in 2025 and is projected to reach a revised size of US$ million by 2031, witnessing a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period 2026-2031.
North American market for Biocide-free Antifouling Agent is estimated to increase from $ million in 2025 to reach $ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2026 through 2031.
Asia-Pacific market for Biocide-free Antifouling Agent is estimated to increase from $ million in 2025 to reach $ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2026 through 2031.
Europe market for Biocide-free Antifouling Agent is estimated to increase from $ million in 2025 to reach $ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2026 through 2031.
The major global manufacturers of Biocide-free Antifouling Agent include AkzoNobel, Coverplast SAS, Hempel, Nippon Paint Marine Coatings Co., Ltd. and Aurora Marine Industries Inc., etc. In 2024, the world's top three vendors accounted for approximately % of the revenue.
Report Scope
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Biocide-free Antifouling Agent, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Biocide-free Antifouling Agent.
The Biocide-free Antifouling Agent market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (Tons) and revenue ($ millions), considering 2024 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2020 to 2031. This report segments the global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by Type, by Application, and by players, are also provided. For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.
Key Companies & Market Share Insights
In this section, the readers will gain an understanding of the key players competing. This report has studied the key growth strategies, such as innovative trends and developments, intensification of product portfolio, mergers and acquisitions, collaborations, new product innovation, and geographical expansion, undertaken by these participants to maintain their presence. Apart from business strategies, the study includes current developments and key financials. The readers will also get access to the data related to global revenue, price, and sales by manufacturers for the period 2020-2025. This all-inclusive report will certainly serve the clients to stay updated and make effective decisions in their businesses.
Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Segment by Company
AkzoNobel
Coverplast SAS
Hempel
Nippon Paint Marine Coatings Co., Ltd.
Aurora Marine Industries Inc.
Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Segment by Type
Silicone Hydrogel Type
Self-Polishing Type
Others
Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Segment by Application
Engineering Parts
Boats
Others
Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Segment by Region
North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Spain
Netherlands
Switzerland
Sweden
Poland
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
Taiwan
Southeast Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Türkiye
GCC Countries
Key Drivers & Barriers
High-impact rendering factors and drivers have been studied in this report to aid the readers to understand the general development. Moreover, the report includes restraints and challenges that may act as stumbling blocks on the way of the players. This will assist the users to be attentive and make informed decisions related to business. Specialists have also laid their focus on the upcoming business prospects.
Reasons to Buy This Report
1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Biocide-free Antifouling Agent and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.
4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market
5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally
6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Biocide-free Antifouling Agent.
7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the study scope of this report, executive summary of market segments by type, market size segments for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter 2: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Biocide-free Antifouling Agent manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Sales, revenue of Biocide-free Antifouling Agent in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the future development prospects, and market space in the world.
Chapter 5: Introduces market segments by application, market size segment for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter 6: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, sales and revenue by country.
Chapter 12: Analysis of industrial chain, key raw materials, manufacturing cost, and market dynamics.
Chapter 13: Concluding Insights of the report.
Please Note: Single-User license will be delivered via PDF from the publisher without the rights to print or to edit.
Table of Contents
91 Pages
- 1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition
- 1.2 Global Market Growth Prospects
- 1.2.1 Global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market Size Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
- 1.2.2 Global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
- 1.3 Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market by Type
- 1.3.1 Silicone Hydrogel Type
- 1.3.2 Self-Polishing Type
- 1.3.3 Others
- 1.4 Global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market Size by Type
- 1.4.1 Global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market Size Overview by Type (2020-2031)
- 1.4.2 Global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Historic Market Size Review by Type (2020-2025)
- 1.4.3 Global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Forecasted Market Size by Type (2026-2031)
- 1.5 Key Regions Market Size by Type
- 1.5.1 North America Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales Breakdown by Type (2020-2025)
- 1.5.2 Europe Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales Breakdown by Type (2020-2025)
- 1.5.3 Asia-Pacific Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales Breakdown by Type (2020-2025)
- 1.5.4 South America Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales Breakdown by Type (2020-2025)
- 1.5.5 Middle East and Africa Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales Breakdown by Type (2020-2025)
- 2 Global Market Dynamics
- 2.1 Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Industry Trends
- 2.2 Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Industry Drivers
- 2.3 Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Industry Opportunities and Challenges
- 2.4 Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Industry Restraints
- 3 Market Competitive Landscape by Company
- 3.1 Global Top Players by Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Revenue (2020-2025)
- 3.2 Global Top Players by Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales (2020-2025)
- 3.3 Global Top Players by Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Price (2020-2025)
- 3.4 Global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Industry Company Ranking, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2025
- 3.5 Global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Major Company Production Sites & Headquarters
- 3.6 Global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Company, Product Type & Application
- 3.7 Global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Company Establishment Date
- 3.8 Market Competitive Analysis
- 3.8.1 Global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market CR5 and HHI
- 3.8.2 Global Top 5 and 10 Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Players Market Share by Revenue in 2024
- 3.8.3 2023 Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3
- 4 Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Regional Status and Outlook
- 4.1 Global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market Size and CAGR by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
- 4.2 Global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Historic Market Size by Region
- 4.2.1 Global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales in Volume by Region (2020-2025)
- 4.2.2 Global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales in Value by Region (2020-2025)
- 4.2.3 Global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 4.3 Global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Forecasted Market Size by Region
- 4.3.1 Global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales in Volume by Region (2026-2031)
- 4.3.2 Global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales in Value by Region (2026-2031)
- 4.3.3 Global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2026-2031)
- 5 Biocide-free Antifouling Agent by Application
- 5.1 Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market by Application
- 5.1.1 Engineering Parts
- 5.1.2 Boats
- 5.1.3 Others
- 5.2 Global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market Size by Application
- 5.2.1 Global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market Size Overview by Application (2020-2031)
- 5.2.2 Global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Historic Market Size Review by Application (2020-2025)
- 5.2.3 Global Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Forecasted Market Size by Application (2026-2031)
- 5.3 Key Regions Market Size by Application
- 5.3.1 North America Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales Breakdown by Application (2020-2025)
- 5.3.2 Europe Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales Breakdown by Application (2020-2025)
- 5.3.3 Asia-Pacific Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales Breakdown by Application (2020-2025)
- 5.3.4 South America Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales Breakdown by Application (2020-2025)
- 5.3.5 Middle East and Africa Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales Breakdown by Application (2020-2025)
- 6 Company Profiles
- 6.1 AkzoNobel
- 6.1.1 AkzoNobel Comapny Information
- 6.1.2 AkzoNobel Business Overview
- 6.1.3 AkzoNobel Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 6.1.4 AkzoNobel Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Product Portfolio
- 6.1.5 AkzoNobel Recent Developments
- 6.2 Coverplast SAS
- 6.2.1 Coverplast SAS Comapny Information
- 6.2.2 Coverplast SAS Business Overview
- 6.2.3 Coverplast SAS Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 6.2.4 Coverplast SAS Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Product Portfolio
- 6.2.5 Coverplast SAS Recent Developments
- 6.3 Hempel
- 6.3.1 Hempel Comapny Information
- 6.3.2 Hempel Business Overview
- 6.3.3 Hempel Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 6.3.4 Hempel Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Product Portfolio
- 6.3.5 Hempel Recent Developments
- 6.4 Nippon Paint Marine Coatings Co., Ltd.
- 6.4.1 Nippon Paint Marine Coatings Co., Ltd. Comapny Information
- 6.4.2 Nippon Paint Marine Coatings Co., Ltd. Business Overview
- 6.4.3 Nippon Paint Marine Coatings Co., Ltd. Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 6.4.4 Nippon Paint Marine Coatings Co., Ltd. Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Product Portfolio
- 6.4.5 Nippon Paint Marine Coatings Co., Ltd. Recent Developments
- 6.5 Aurora Marine Industries Inc.
- 6.5.1 Aurora Marine Industries Inc. Comapny Information
- 6.5.2 Aurora Marine Industries Inc. Business Overview
- 6.5.3 Aurora Marine Industries Inc. Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 6.5.4 Aurora Marine Industries Inc. Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Product Portfolio
- 6.5.5 Aurora Marine Industries Inc. Recent Developments
- 7 North America by Country
- 7.1 North America Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales by Country
- 7.1.1 North America Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
- 7.1.2 North America Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales by Country (2020-2025)
- 7.1.3 North America Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
- 7.2 North America Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market Size by Country
- 7.2.1 North America Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
- 7.2.2 North America Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market Size by Country (2020-2025)
- 7.2.3 North America Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market Size Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
- 8 Europe by Country
- 8.1 Europe Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales by Country
- 8.1.1 Europe Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
- 8.1.2 Europe Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales by Country (2020-2025)
- 8.1.3 Europe Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
- 8.2 Europe Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market Size by Country
- 8.2.1 Europe Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
- 8.2.2 Europe Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market Size by Country (2020-2025)
- 8.2.3 Europe Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market Size Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
- 9 Asia-Pacific by Country
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales by Country
- 9.1.1 Asia-Pacific Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
- 9.1.2 Asia-Pacific Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales by Country (2020-2025)
- 9.1.3 Asia-Pacific Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market Size by Country
- 9.2.1 Asia-Pacific Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
- 9.2.2 Asia-Pacific Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market Size by Country (2020-2025)
- 9.2.3 Asia-Pacific Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market Size Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
- 10 South America by Country
- 10.1 South America Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales by Country
- 10.1.1 South America Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
- 10.1.2 South America Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales by Country (2020-2025)
- 10.1.3 South America Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
- 10.2 South America Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market Size by Country
- 10.2.1 South America Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
- 10.2.2 South America Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market Size by Country (2020-2025)
- 10.2.3 South America Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market Size Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
- 11 Middle East and Africa by Country
- 11.1 Middle East and Africa Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales by Country
- 11.1.1 Middle East and Africa Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
- 11.1.2 Middle East and Africa Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales by Country (2020-2025)
- 11.1.3 Middle East and Africa Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
- 11.2 Middle East and Africa Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market Size by Country
- 11.2.1 Middle East and Africa Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
- 11.2.2 Middle East and Africa Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market Size by Country (2020-2025)
- 11.2.3 Middle East and Africa Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Market Size Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
- 12 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
- 12.1 Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Value Chain Analysis
- 12.1.1 Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Key Raw Materials
- 12.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price
- 12.1.3 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
- 12.1.4 Manufacturing Cost Structure
- 12.1.5 Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Production Mode & Process
- 12.2 Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Sales Channels Analysis
- 12.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
- 12.2.2 Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Distributors
- 12.2.3 Biocide-free Antifouling Agent Customers
- 13 Concluding Insights
- 14 Appendix
- 14.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
- 14.2 Research Methodology
- 14.3 Research Process
- 14.4 Authors List of This Report
- 14.5 Data Source
- 14.5.1 Secondary Sources
- 14.5.2 Primary Sources
- 14.6 Disclaimer
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