Report cover image

Global Automotive Steel Pipe Industry Growth and Trends Forecast to 2031

Publisher APO Research, Inc.
Published Feb 10, 2025
Length 124 Pages
SKU # APRC19824072

Description

Summary

According to APO Research, The global Automotive Steel Pipe market was estimated at US$ million in 2025 and is projected to reach a revised size of US$ million by 2031, witnessing a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period 2026-2031.

North American market for Automotive Steel Pipe is estimated to increase from $ million in 2025 to reach $ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2026 through 2031.

Asia-Pacific market for Automotive Steel Pipe is estimated to increase from $ million in 2025 to reach $ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2026 through 2031.

Europe market for Automotive Steel Pipe is estimated to increase from $ million in 2025 to reach $ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2026 through 2031.

The major global manufacturers of Automotive Steel Pipe include Arabian Pipes Company, Arcelormittal, Benteler, CSM Tube, Jansen, JFE Steel, Nippon Steel, Norsk Hydro and Otto Fushs, etc. In 2024, the world's top three vendors accounted for approximately % of the revenue.

Report Scope

This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Automotive Steel Pipe, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Automotive Steel Pipe.

The Automotive Steel Pipe market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (Tons) and revenue ($ millions), considering 2024 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2020 to 2031. This report segments the global Automotive Steel Pipe market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by Type, by Application, and by players, are also provided. For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.

Key Companies & Market Share Insights

In this section, the readers will gain an understanding of the key players competing. This report has studied the key growth strategies, such as innovative trends and developments, intensification of product portfolio, mergers and acquisitions, collaborations, new product innovation, and geographical expansion, undertaken by these participants to maintain their presence. Apart from business strategies, the study includes current developments and key financials. The readers will also get access to the data related to global revenue, price, and sales by manufacturers for the period 2020-2025. This all-inclusive report will certainly serve the clients to stay updated and make effective decisions in their businesses.

Automotive Steel Pipe Segment by Company

Arabian Pipes Company
Arcelormittal
Benteler
CSM Tube
Jansen
JFE Steel
Nippon Steel
Norsk Hydro
Otto Fushs
Tenaris
TMK Group
Vallourec
Zekelman Industries
Zeleziarne Podbrezova
Tubacex S.A.
Thyssenkrupp AG
Sandvik AB
Salzgitter AG
Posco
Outokumpu
Maxim Tubes Company Pvt. Ltd.
Youfa Steel Pipe
China Baowu Steel Group
The Fischer Group

Automotive Steel Pipe Segment by Type

Welded
Seamless
Others

Automotive Steel Pipe Segment by Application

Commercial Vehicle
Passenger Car

Automotive Steel Pipe Segment by Region

North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Spain
Netherlands
Switzerland
Sweden
Poland
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
Taiwan
Southeast Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Türkiye
GCC Countries

Key Drivers & Barriers

High-impact rendering factors and drivers have been studied in this report to aid the readers to understand the general development. Moreover, the report includes restraints and challenges that may act as stumbling blocks on the way of the players. This will assist the users to be attentive and make informed decisions related to business. Specialists have also laid their focus on the upcoming business prospects.

Reasons to Buy This Report

1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Automotive Steel Pipe market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Automotive Steel Pipe and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.
4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market
5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally
6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Automotive Steel Pipe.
7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.

Chapter Outline

Chapter 1: Introduces the study scope of this report, executive summary of market segments by type, market size segments for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter 2: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Automotive Steel Pipe manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Sales, revenue of Automotive Steel Pipe in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the future development prospects, and market space in the world.
Chapter 5: Introduces market segments by application, market size segment for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter 6: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, sales and revenue by country.
Chapter 12: Analysis of industrial chain, key raw materials, manufacturing cost, and market dynamics.
Chapter 13: Concluding Insights of the report.

Please Note: Single-User license will be delivered via PDF from the publisher without the rights to print or to edit.

Table of Contents

124 Pages
1 Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.2.1 Global Automotive Steel Pipe Market Size Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
1.2.2 Global Automotive Steel Pipe Sales Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
1.3 Automotive Steel Pipe Market by Type
1.3.1 Welded
1.3.2 Seamless
1.3.3 Others
1.4 Global Automotive Steel Pipe Market Size by Type
1.4.1 Global Automotive Steel Pipe Market Size Overview by Type (2020-2031)
1.4.2 Global Automotive Steel Pipe Historic Market Size Review by Type (2020-2025)
1.4.3 Global Automotive Steel Pipe Forecasted Market Size by Type (2026-2031)
1.5 Key Regions Market Size by Type
1.5.1 North America Automotive Steel Pipe Sales Breakdown by Type (2020-2025)
1.5.2 Europe Automotive Steel Pipe Sales Breakdown by Type (2020-2025)
1.5.3 Asia-Pacific Automotive Steel Pipe Sales Breakdown by Type (2020-2025)
1.5.4 South America Automotive Steel Pipe Sales Breakdown by Type (2020-2025)
1.5.5 Middle East and Africa Automotive Steel Pipe Sales Breakdown by Type (2020-2025)
2 Global Market Dynamics
2.1 Automotive Steel Pipe Industry Trends
2.2 Automotive Steel Pipe Industry Drivers
2.3 Automotive Steel Pipe Industry Opportunities and Challenges
2.4 Automotive Steel Pipe Industry Restraints
3 Market Competitive Landscape by Company
3.1 Global Top Players by Automotive Steel Pipe Revenue (2020-2025)
3.2 Global Top Players by Automotive Steel Pipe Sales (2020-2025)
3.3 Global Top Players by Automotive Steel Pipe Price (2020-2025)
3.4 Global Automotive Steel Pipe Industry Company Ranking, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2025
3.5 Global Automotive Steel Pipe Major Company Production Sites & Headquarters
3.6 Global Automotive Steel Pipe Company, Product Type & Application
3.7 Global Automotive Steel Pipe Company Establishment Date
3.8 Market Competitive Analysis
3.8.1 Global Automotive Steel Pipe Market CR5 and HHI
3.8.2 Global Top 5 and 10 Automotive Steel Pipe Players Market Share by Revenue in 2024
3.8.3 2023 Automotive Steel Pipe Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3
4 Automotive Steel Pipe Regional Status and Outlook
4.1 Global Automotive Steel Pipe Market Size and CAGR by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
4.2 Global Automotive Steel Pipe Historic Market Size by Region
4.2.1 Global Automotive Steel Pipe Sales in Volume by Region (2020-2025)
4.2.2 Global Automotive Steel Pipe Sales in Value by Region (2020-2025)
4.2.3 Global Automotive Steel Pipe Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
4.3 Global Automotive Steel Pipe Forecasted Market Size by Region
4.3.1 Global Automotive Steel Pipe Sales in Volume by Region (2026-2031)
4.3.2 Global Automotive Steel Pipe Sales in Value by Region (2026-2031)
4.3.3 Global Automotive Steel Pipe Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2026-2031)
5 Automotive Steel Pipe by Application
5.1 Automotive Steel Pipe Market by Application
5.1.1 Commercial Vehicle
5.1.2 Passenger Car
5.2 Global Automotive Steel Pipe Market Size by Application
5.2.1 Global Automotive Steel Pipe Market Size Overview by Application (2020-2031)
5.2.2 Global Automotive Steel Pipe Historic Market Size Review by Application (2020-2025)
5.2.3 Global Automotive Steel Pipe Forecasted Market Size by Application (2026-2031)
5.3 Key Regions Market Size by Application
5.3.1 North America Automotive Steel Pipe Sales Breakdown by Application (2020-2025)
5.3.2 Europe Automotive Steel Pipe Sales Breakdown by Application (2020-2025)
5.3.3 Asia-Pacific Automotive Steel Pipe Sales Breakdown by Application (2020-2025)
5.3.4 South America Automotive Steel Pipe Sales Breakdown by Application (2020-2025)
5.3.5 Middle East and Africa Automotive Steel Pipe Sales Breakdown by Application (2020-2025)
6 Company Profiles
6.1 Arabian Pipes Company
6.1.1 Arabian Pipes Company Comapny Information
6.1.2 Arabian Pipes Company Business Overview
6.1.3 Arabian Pipes Company Automotive Steel Pipe Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.1.4 Arabian Pipes Company Automotive Steel Pipe Product Portfolio
6.1.5 Arabian Pipes Company Recent Developments
6.2 Arcelormittal
6.2.1 Arcelormittal Comapny Information
6.2.2 Arcelormittal Business Overview
6.2.3 Arcelormittal Automotive Steel Pipe Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.2.4 Arcelormittal Automotive Steel Pipe Product Portfolio
6.2.5 Arcelormittal Recent Developments
6.3 Benteler
6.3.1 Benteler Comapny Information
6.3.2 Benteler Business Overview
6.3.3 Benteler Automotive Steel Pipe Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.3.4 Benteler Automotive Steel Pipe Product Portfolio
6.3.5 Benteler Recent Developments
6.4 CSM Tube
6.4.1 CSM Tube Comapny Information
6.4.2 CSM Tube Business Overview
6.4.3 CSM Tube Automotive Steel Pipe Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.4.4 CSM Tube Automotive Steel Pipe Product Portfolio
6.4.5 CSM Tube Recent Developments
6.5 Jansen
6.5.1 Jansen Comapny Information
6.5.2 Jansen Business Overview
6.5.3 Jansen Automotive Steel Pipe Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.5.4 Jansen Automotive Steel Pipe Product Portfolio
6.5.5 Jansen Recent Developments
6.6 JFE Steel
6.6.1 JFE Steel Comapny Information
6.6.2 JFE Steel Business Overview
6.6.3 JFE Steel Automotive Steel Pipe Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.6.4 JFE Steel Automotive Steel Pipe Product Portfolio
6.6.5 JFE Steel Recent Developments
6.7 Nippon Steel
6.7.1 Nippon Steel Comapny Information
6.7.2 Nippon Steel Business Overview
6.7.3 Nippon Steel Automotive Steel Pipe Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.7.4 Nippon Steel Automotive Steel Pipe Product Portfolio
6.7.5 Nippon Steel Recent Developments
6.8 Norsk Hydro
6.8.1 Norsk Hydro Comapny Information
6.8.2 Norsk Hydro Business Overview
6.8.3 Norsk Hydro Automotive Steel Pipe Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.8.4 Norsk Hydro Automotive Steel Pipe Product Portfolio
6.8.5 Norsk Hydro Recent Developments
6.9 Otto Fushs
6.9.1 Otto Fushs Comapny Information
6.9.2 Otto Fushs Business Overview
6.9.3 Otto Fushs Automotive Steel Pipe Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.9.4 Otto Fushs Automotive Steel Pipe Product Portfolio
6.9.5 Otto Fushs Recent Developments
6.10 Tenaris
6.10.1 Tenaris Comapny Information
6.10.2 Tenaris Business Overview
6.10.3 Tenaris Automotive Steel Pipe Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.10.4 Tenaris Automotive Steel Pipe Product Portfolio
6.10.5 Tenaris Recent Developments
6.11 TMK Group
6.11.1 TMK Group Comapny Information
6.11.2 TMK Group Business Overview
6.11.3 TMK Group Automotive Steel Pipe Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.11.4 TMK Group Automotive Steel Pipe Product Portfolio
6.11.5 TMK Group Recent Developments
6.12 Vallourec
6.12.1 Vallourec Comapny Information
6.12.2 Vallourec Business Overview
6.12.3 Vallourec Automotive Steel Pipe Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.12.4 Vallourec Automotive Steel Pipe Product Portfolio
6.12.5 Vallourec Recent Developments
6.13 Zekelman Industries
6.13.1 Zekelman Industries Comapny Information
6.13.2 Zekelman Industries Business Overview
6.13.3 Zekelman Industries Automotive Steel Pipe Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.13.4 Zekelman Industries Automotive Steel Pipe Product Portfolio
6.13.5 Zekelman Industries Recent Developments
6.14 Zeleziarne Podbrezova
6.14.1 Zeleziarne Podbrezova Comapny Information
6.14.2 Zeleziarne Podbrezova Business Overview
6.14.3 Zeleziarne Podbrezova Automotive Steel Pipe Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.14.4 Zeleziarne Podbrezova Automotive Steel Pipe Product Portfolio
6.14.5 Zeleziarne Podbrezova Recent Developments
6.15 Tubacex S.A.
6.15.1 Tubacex S.A. Comapny Information
6.15.2 Tubacex S.A. Business Overview
6.15.3 Tubacex S.A. Automotive Steel Pipe Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.15.4 Tubacex S.A. Automotive Steel Pipe Product Portfolio
6.15.5 Tubacex S.A. Recent Developments
6.16 Thyssenkrupp AG
6.16.1 Thyssenkrupp AG Comapny Information
6.16.2 Thyssenkrupp AG Business Overview
6.16.3 Thyssenkrupp AG Automotive Steel Pipe Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.16.4 Thyssenkrupp AG Automotive Steel Pipe Product Portfolio
6.16.5 Thyssenkrupp AG Recent Developments
6.17 Sandvik AB
6.17.1 Sandvik AB Comapny Information
6.17.2 Sandvik AB Business Overview
6.17.3 Sandvik AB Automotive Steel Pipe Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.17.4 Sandvik AB Automotive Steel Pipe Product Portfolio
6.17.5 Sandvik AB Recent Developments
6.18 Salzgitter AG
6.18.1 Salzgitter AG Comapny Information
6.18.2 Salzgitter AG Business Overview
6.18.3 Salzgitter AG Automotive Steel Pipe Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.18.4 Salzgitter AG Automotive Steel Pipe Product Portfolio
6.18.5 Salzgitter AG Recent Developments
6.19 Posco
6.19.1 Posco Comapny Information
6.19.2 Posco Business Overview
6.19.3 Posco Automotive Steel Pipe Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.19.4 Posco Automotive Steel Pipe Product Portfolio
6.19.5 Posco Recent Developments
6.20 Outokumpu
6.20.1 Outokumpu Comapny Information
6.20.2 Outokumpu Business Overview
6.20.3 Outokumpu Automotive Steel Pipe Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.20.4 Outokumpu Automotive Steel Pipe Product Portfolio
6.20.5 Outokumpu Recent Developments
6.21 Maxim Tubes Company Pvt. Ltd.
6.21.1 Maxim Tubes Company Pvt. Ltd. Comapny Information
6.21.2 Maxim Tubes Company Pvt. Ltd. Business Overview
6.21.3 Maxim Tubes Company Pvt. Ltd. Automotive Steel Pipe Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.21.4 Maxim Tubes Company Pvt. Ltd. Automotive Steel Pipe Product Portfolio
6.21.5 Maxim Tubes Company Pvt. Ltd. Recent Developments
6.22 Youfa Steel Pipe
6.22.1 Youfa Steel Pipe Comapny Information
6.22.2 Youfa Steel Pipe Business Overview
6.22.3 Youfa Steel Pipe Automotive Steel Pipe Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.22.4 Youfa Steel Pipe Automotive Steel Pipe Product Portfolio
6.22.5 Youfa Steel Pipe Recent Developments
6.23 China Baowu Steel Group
6.23.1 China Baowu Steel Group Comapny Information
6.23.2 China Baowu Steel Group Business Overview
6.23.3 China Baowu Steel Group Automotive Steel Pipe Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.23.4 China Baowu Steel Group Automotive Steel Pipe Product Portfolio
6.23.5 China Baowu Steel Group Recent Developments
6.24 The Fischer Group
6.24.1 The Fischer Group Comapny Information
6.24.2 The Fischer Group Business Overview
6.24.3 The Fischer Group Automotive Steel Pipe Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.24.4 The Fischer Group Automotive Steel Pipe Product Portfolio
6.24.5 The Fischer Group Recent Developments
7 North America by Country
7.1 North America Automotive Steel Pipe Sales by Country
7.1.1 North America Automotive Steel Pipe Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
7.1.2 North America Automotive Steel Pipe Sales by Country (2020-2025)
7.1.3 North America Automotive Steel Pipe Sales Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
7.2 North America Automotive Steel Pipe Market Size by Country
7.2.1 North America Automotive Steel Pipe Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
7.2.2 North America Automotive Steel Pipe Market Size by Country (2020-2025)
7.2.3 North America Automotive Steel Pipe Market Size Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
8 Europe by Country
8.1 Europe Automotive Steel Pipe Sales by Country
8.1.1 Europe Automotive Steel Pipe Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
8.1.2 Europe Automotive Steel Pipe Sales by Country (2020-2025)
8.1.3 Europe Automotive Steel Pipe Sales Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
8.2 Europe Automotive Steel Pipe Market Size by Country
8.2.1 Europe Automotive Steel Pipe Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
8.2.2 Europe Automotive Steel Pipe Market Size by Country (2020-2025)
8.2.3 Europe Automotive Steel Pipe Market Size Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
9 Asia-Pacific by Country
9.1 Asia-Pacific Automotive Steel Pipe Sales by Country
9.1.1 Asia-Pacific Automotive Steel Pipe Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
9.1.2 Asia-Pacific Automotive Steel Pipe Sales by Country (2020-2025)
9.1.3 Asia-Pacific Automotive Steel Pipe Sales Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
9.2 Asia-Pacific Automotive Steel Pipe Market Size by Country
9.2.1 Asia-Pacific Automotive Steel Pipe Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
9.2.2 Asia-Pacific Automotive Steel Pipe Market Size by Country (2020-2025)
9.2.3 Asia-Pacific Automotive Steel Pipe Market Size Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
10 South America by Country
10.1 South America Automotive Steel Pipe Sales by Country
10.1.1 South America Automotive Steel Pipe Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
10.1.2 South America Automotive Steel Pipe Sales by Country (2020-2025)
10.1.3 South America Automotive Steel Pipe Sales Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
10.2 South America Automotive Steel Pipe Market Size by Country
10.2.1 South America Automotive Steel Pipe Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
10.2.2 South America Automotive Steel Pipe Market Size by Country (2020-2025)
10.2.3 South America Automotive Steel Pipe Market Size Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
11 Middle East and Africa by Country
11.1 Middle East and Africa Automotive Steel Pipe Sales by Country
11.1.1 Middle East and Africa Automotive Steel Pipe Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
11.1.2 Middle East and Africa Automotive Steel Pipe Sales by Country (2020-2025)
11.1.3 Middle East and Africa Automotive Steel Pipe Sales Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
11.2 Middle East and Africa Automotive Steel Pipe Market Size by Country
11.2.1 Middle East and Africa Automotive Steel Pipe Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
11.2.2 Middle East and Africa Automotive Steel Pipe Market Size by Country (2020-2025)
11.2.3 Middle East and Africa Automotive Steel Pipe Market Size Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
12 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
12.1 Automotive Steel Pipe Value Chain Analysis
12.1.1 Automotive Steel Pipe Key Raw Materials
12.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price
12.1.3 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
12.1.4 Manufacturing Cost Structure
12.1.5 Automotive Steel Pipe Production Mode & Process
12.2 Automotive Steel Pipe Sales Channels Analysis
12.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
12.2.2 Automotive Steel Pipe Distributors
12.2.3 Automotive Steel Pipe Customers
13 Concluding Insights
14 Appendix
14.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
14.2 Research Methodology
14.3 Research Process
14.4 Authors List of This Report
14.5 Data Source
14.5.1 Secondary Sources
14.5.2 Primary Sources
14.6 Disclaimer
How Do Licenses Work?
Head shot

Questions or Comments?

Our team has the ability to search within reports to verify it suits your needs. We can also help maximize your budget by finding sections of reports you can purchase.