Tissue Expander Market by Product Type (Saline, Silicone), Distribution Channel (Direct Sales, Distributors), Application, End User - Global Forecast 2025-2032
Description
The Tissue Expander Market was valued at USD 1.73 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow to USD 1.85 billion in 2025, with a CAGR of 6.97%, reaching USD 2.97 billion by 2032.
A clear and structured framing of clinical, regulatory, and commercial dynamics that set the context for strategic decisions in the tissue expander sector
The tissue expander landscape sits at the intersection of clinical necessity, surgical innovation, and evolving supply chain dynamics. This executive summary introduces the reader to the critical elements shaping adoption, clinical workflow integration, regulatory influence, and commercial pathways for tissue expanders used across reconstructive care. It outlines the principal clinical drivers that prompt device selection, the operational considerations that influence procurement, and the regulatory and reimbursement touchpoints that determine access and uptake.
In framing the discussion, the summary emphasizes the interplay between device design evolution and clinician preferences, the practical constraints of surgical settings, and the strategic choices facing manufacturers and distributors. By establishing this context early, readers can better appreciate later sections that analyze systemic shifts, tariff impacts, segmentation nuances, regional differentials, and competitive responses. The introduction intentionally orients decision-makers so they can translate technical and operational intelligence into actionable strategies that align with institutional objectives, surgical outcomes, and patient-centric goals.
An outline of the converging clinical, supply chain, regulatory, and commercial forces that are reshaping product design, adoption, and procurement behaviors
The tissue expander sector is undergoing transformative shifts driven by simultaneous advances in device design, surgical technique, and stakeholder expectations. Manufacturers are optimizing materials and surface textures to balance tissue integration and complication risk, while surgeons are refining perioperative protocols to reduce infection and improve aesthetic outcomes. At the same time, payers and procurement teams increasingly demand clear value narratives that link product choice to clinical outcomes and total episode cost, prompting suppliers to align clinical evidence generation with procurement timelines.
Concurrently, supply chain resilience and cost transparency are emerging as strategic imperatives. Sourcing rationalization, dual-sourcing strategies for critical components, and near-term inventory planning are becoming part of regular commercial planning. Regulatory agencies are emphasizing post-market surveillance and real-world evidence, encouraging more rigorous longitudinal safety follow-up and greater transparency around device performance. These converging forces are reshaping product road maps, commercialization priorities, and the way stakeholders evaluate trade-offs between incremental features and demonstrable clinical benefit. As a result, companies that combine robust clinical data with reliable supply and clear value articulation will have increased traction in both surgical and institutional channels.
A focused analysis of how 2025 tariff changes in the United States are influencing sourcing decisions, landed costs, and strategic manufacturing responses across the value chain
The United States tariff landscape in 2025 is exerting measurable pressure across procurement cycles, supplier margins, and pricing negotiations for internationally sourced medical devices such as tissue expanders. Tariff adjustments have compelled purchasers and manufacturers to reexamine sourcing footprints and contractual clauses, with particular attention paid to tariff pass-through, landed cost variability, and the administrative burden of classification and compliance. Procurement teams are increasingly requesting transparent landed-cost models and contingency clauses to manage tariff volatility.
From a manufacturer perspective, tariffs have accelerated strategic conversations about regional manufacturing and nearshoring to preserve margin and reduce exposure to trade policy fluctuations. In parallel, suppliers are reviewing their product portfolios to identify components and subassemblies where tariff exposure is greatest and where redesign or alternative sourcing can mitigate cost impacts. Clinicians and hospital administrators feel secondary impacts through procurement cycles and formulary reviews, which can affect product stocking decisions and preferred vendor lists. Looking ahead, organizations that proactively model tariff scenarios within procurement contracts and that invest in flexible supply networks will better preserve continuity of supply and protect clinical programs from disruptive cost shocks.
In-depth segmentation analysis connecting product design, distribution strategies, clinical applications, and end-user operational priorities to guide targeted commercialization
Segmentation-driven insights reveal differentiated dynamics across product, distribution, clinical application, and end-user axes, each of which shapes adoption pathways and commercial tactics. Product differentiation between saline and silicone expanders continues to matter, with saline devices often favored for particular clinical workflows and silicone devices selected for differing tactile properties; within each of these product families, both smooth and textured surface profiles influence surgeon preference, complication profiles, and device handling during staged reconstructive procedures. Distribution channels likewise affect commercial execution, as direct sales relationships enable deeper clinical training and hospital integration while distributor-mediated channels provide broader geographic reach and inventory services that appeal to smaller facilities.
Clinical application segmentation underscores that breast reconstruction and burn reconstruction present distinct clinical imperatives and purchasing logics; breast reconstruction pathways often prioritize aesthetic outcomes and coordinated oncology care pathways, whereas burn reconstruction is tightly linked to acute care timelines and interdisciplinary wound management. End-user segmentation across ambulatory surgical centers, hospitals, and outpatient clinics indicates varying operational constraints: ambulatory surgical centers emphasize throughput and cost efficiency, hospitals require robust supply reliability and contract compliance, and outpatient clinics focus on procedural convenience and patient follow-up protocols. Taken together, these segmented perspectives inform product positioning, clinical training priorities, and channel investment decisions so that offerings align with the nuanced needs of each clinician and organizational buyer.
Comparative regional insights that reveal how regulatory regimes, procurement maturity, and clinical capacity differences shape adoption and commercial approaches across global regions
Regional dynamics exert a strong influence on clinical adoption patterns, regulatory expectations, and sourcing strategies across the Americas, Europe Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific, generating differentiated priorities for stakeholders operating in each area. In the Americas, procurement maturity and consolidated health systems prioritize long-term contracting, evidence packages aligned to payer requirements, and integrated supply agreements that reduce administrative friction. This region also shows concentrated activity in centers of excellence and reconstruction programs, which informs targeted clinical engagement strategies and specialized training investments.
Europe, Middle East & Africa presents a mosaic of regulatory regimes and procurement models; centralized reimbursement frameworks in some markets coexist with decentralized purchasing in others, requiring tailored regulatory submission strategies and adaptable commercial models. In many countries across this region, policy emphasis on device safety and post-market surveillance shapes adoption timelines and evidentiary expectations. The Asia-Pacific region is characterized by rapid clinical capacity expansion and diverse payer environments, where local manufacturing capability and strategic partnerships can significantly influence procurement decisions. For exporters and multinational suppliers, these regional differences necessitate calibrated product registrations, region-specific value messaging, and flexible manufacturing or distribution arrangements to meet regulatory and commercial requirements effectively.
A synthesis of competitive behaviors revealing how product innovation, evidence programs, channel partnerships, and operational reliability determine commercial positioning
Competitive dynamics among device manufacturers and channel participants are evolving along several axes: innovation in device surface chemistry and design, clinical evidence generation, channel partnerships, and operational excellence in manufacturing and supply continuity. Leading players are investing in iterative product refinement to address infection risk, capsular contracture, and surgeon handling, while simultaneously building post-market evidence programs that demonstrate real-world safety and outcome consistency. Partnerships with specialized distributors and integrated supply partners are becoming a core element of go-to-market strategies where local presence and inventory services materially affect buyer choice.
Strategic moves also include collaborations with clinical centers to support surgeon training, registry participation to capture long-term outcomes, and selective licensing or co-development agreements to accelerate regional registrations. Operationally, companies that prioritize supply chain transparency, responsive technical support, and robust quality systems gain trust among institutional buyers. In contrast, firms with limited clinical evidence or fragile supply arrangements face incremental barriers to inclusion on preferred vendor lists. Ultimately, the competitive landscape favors organizations that align product innovation with service-enabled value propositions and verifiable clinical outcomes.
Clear, actionable recommendations for executives to synchronize evidence generation, supply resilience, and channel-specific commercialization to accelerate sustainable adoption
Leaders should pursue a coordinated strategy that aligns clinical evidence, supply resilience, and value communication to secure durable adoption across diverse care settings. First, embed post-market surveillance and real-world outcome collection into product programs to produce the evidence clinicians and payers increasingly require; integrate registry participation and longitudinal follow-up into commercial contracts so that evidence accrues alongside product adoption. Second, invest in supply chain diversification and near-term inventory intelligence to reduce exposure to tariff shifts and component sourcing disruption, while negotiating contractual terms that allow for transparent landed-cost adjustments.
Third, tailor commercial models to channel and end-user nuances by combining direct clinical engagement in high-volume centers with distributor-enabled coverage for decentralized facilities; complement product training with implementation support to shorten the adoption curve. Fourth, refine product portfolios by prioritizing design attributes that demonstrably reduce complication risk or simplify surgical workflow, thereby strengthening value narratives during procurement evaluations. Finally, cultivate payer and hospital procurement relationships through bundled evidence packages and outcome-aligned contracting to bridge clinical preference and institutional purchasing requirements.
A transparent description of the multi-method research approach that integrates primary clinical interviews, secondary literature review, and validation against procurement and regulatory evidence
The research underpinning this executive summary combined structured primary engagement with subject-matter experts, targeted secondary analysis of regulatory and clinical literature, and validation of operational insights via procurement and supply chain review. Primary inputs included interviews with reconstructive surgeons, procurement leaders, distribution partners, and device engineers, which were conducted to capture real-world adoption drivers, device handling preferences, and logistical constraints. Secondary sources covered peer-reviewed clinical studies, regulatory guidance documents, and public clinical registries to triangulate safety and performance themes identified in interviews.
Data synthesis emphasized cross-validation: qualitative insights from interviews were tested against regulatory timelines and clinical publications, while supply chain observations were compared with available trade and tariff documentation to ensure consistency. The methodology recognized limitations, including the variability of regional regulatory detail and the heterogeneity of institutional procurement practices; to address these, the research team employed purposive sampling across geographies and facility types and clearly documented assumptions where direct evidence was limited. This layered approach ensured that findings are grounded in clinician experience, supported by published evidence, and contextualized by procurement realities.
A concise summation tying clinical priorities, operational resilience, and regional regulatory differences together to guide strategic choices for stakeholders in the tissue expander field
In conclusion, the tissue expander domain is at an inflection point where clinical preference, device evolution, regulatory scrutiny, and supply chain dynamics converge to redefine commercial success criteria. Manufacturers that prioritize demonstrable clinical outcomes, maintain resilient and transparent supply arrangements, and tailor commercial approaches to segmented clinical and institutional needs will be better positioned to support surgeons and procurement partners. Tariff-related pressures and regional regulatory diversity underscore the importance of operational flexibility and evidence-informed engagement.
As stakeholders evaluate strategic options, the emphasis should be on aligning product design with measurable clinical benefits, investing in longitudinal evidence programs, and building distribution strategies that reflect the distinct needs of ambulatory surgical centers, hospitals, and outpatient clinics. By executing against these priorities, organizations can reduce adoption friction, strengthen clinician trust, and build durable supplier relationships that withstand policy and procurement changes.
Please Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
A clear and structured framing of clinical, regulatory, and commercial dynamics that set the context for strategic decisions in the tissue expander sector
The tissue expander landscape sits at the intersection of clinical necessity, surgical innovation, and evolving supply chain dynamics. This executive summary introduces the reader to the critical elements shaping adoption, clinical workflow integration, regulatory influence, and commercial pathways for tissue expanders used across reconstructive care. It outlines the principal clinical drivers that prompt device selection, the operational considerations that influence procurement, and the regulatory and reimbursement touchpoints that determine access and uptake.
In framing the discussion, the summary emphasizes the interplay between device design evolution and clinician preferences, the practical constraints of surgical settings, and the strategic choices facing manufacturers and distributors. By establishing this context early, readers can better appreciate later sections that analyze systemic shifts, tariff impacts, segmentation nuances, regional differentials, and competitive responses. The introduction intentionally orients decision-makers so they can translate technical and operational intelligence into actionable strategies that align with institutional objectives, surgical outcomes, and patient-centric goals.
An outline of the converging clinical, supply chain, regulatory, and commercial forces that are reshaping product design, adoption, and procurement behaviors
The tissue expander sector is undergoing transformative shifts driven by simultaneous advances in device design, surgical technique, and stakeholder expectations. Manufacturers are optimizing materials and surface textures to balance tissue integration and complication risk, while surgeons are refining perioperative protocols to reduce infection and improve aesthetic outcomes. At the same time, payers and procurement teams increasingly demand clear value narratives that link product choice to clinical outcomes and total episode cost, prompting suppliers to align clinical evidence generation with procurement timelines.
Concurrently, supply chain resilience and cost transparency are emerging as strategic imperatives. Sourcing rationalization, dual-sourcing strategies for critical components, and near-term inventory planning are becoming part of regular commercial planning. Regulatory agencies are emphasizing post-market surveillance and real-world evidence, encouraging more rigorous longitudinal safety follow-up and greater transparency around device performance. These converging forces are reshaping product road maps, commercialization priorities, and the way stakeholders evaluate trade-offs between incremental features and demonstrable clinical benefit. As a result, companies that combine robust clinical data with reliable supply and clear value articulation will have increased traction in both surgical and institutional channels.
A focused analysis of how 2025 tariff changes in the United States are influencing sourcing decisions, landed costs, and strategic manufacturing responses across the value chain
The United States tariff landscape in 2025 is exerting measurable pressure across procurement cycles, supplier margins, and pricing negotiations for internationally sourced medical devices such as tissue expanders. Tariff adjustments have compelled purchasers and manufacturers to reexamine sourcing footprints and contractual clauses, with particular attention paid to tariff pass-through, landed cost variability, and the administrative burden of classification and compliance. Procurement teams are increasingly requesting transparent landed-cost models and contingency clauses to manage tariff volatility.
From a manufacturer perspective, tariffs have accelerated strategic conversations about regional manufacturing and nearshoring to preserve margin and reduce exposure to trade policy fluctuations. In parallel, suppliers are reviewing their product portfolios to identify components and subassemblies where tariff exposure is greatest and where redesign or alternative sourcing can mitigate cost impacts. Clinicians and hospital administrators feel secondary impacts through procurement cycles and formulary reviews, which can affect product stocking decisions and preferred vendor lists. Looking ahead, organizations that proactively model tariff scenarios within procurement contracts and that invest in flexible supply networks will better preserve continuity of supply and protect clinical programs from disruptive cost shocks.
In-depth segmentation analysis connecting product design, distribution strategies, clinical applications, and end-user operational priorities to guide targeted commercialization
Segmentation-driven insights reveal differentiated dynamics across product, distribution, clinical application, and end-user axes, each of which shapes adoption pathways and commercial tactics. Product differentiation between saline and silicone expanders continues to matter, with saline devices often favored for particular clinical workflows and silicone devices selected for differing tactile properties; within each of these product families, both smooth and textured surface profiles influence surgeon preference, complication profiles, and device handling during staged reconstructive procedures. Distribution channels likewise affect commercial execution, as direct sales relationships enable deeper clinical training and hospital integration while distributor-mediated channels provide broader geographic reach and inventory services that appeal to smaller facilities.
Clinical application segmentation underscores that breast reconstruction and burn reconstruction present distinct clinical imperatives and purchasing logics; breast reconstruction pathways often prioritize aesthetic outcomes and coordinated oncology care pathways, whereas burn reconstruction is tightly linked to acute care timelines and interdisciplinary wound management. End-user segmentation across ambulatory surgical centers, hospitals, and outpatient clinics indicates varying operational constraints: ambulatory surgical centers emphasize throughput and cost efficiency, hospitals require robust supply reliability and contract compliance, and outpatient clinics focus on procedural convenience and patient follow-up protocols. Taken together, these segmented perspectives inform product positioning, clinical training priorities, and channel investment decisions so that offerings align with the nuanced needs of each clinician and organizational buyer.
Comparative regional insights that reveal how regulatory regimes, procurement maturity, and clinical capacity differences shape adoption and commercial approaches across global regions
Regional dynamics exert a strong influence on clinical adoption patterns, regulatory expectations, and sourcing strategies across the Americas, Europe Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific, generating differentiated priorities for stakeholders operating in each area. In the Americas, procurement maturity and consolidated health systems prioritize long-term contracting, evidence packages aligned to payer requirements, and integrated supply agreements that reduce administrative friction. This region also shows concentrated activity in centers of excellence and reconstruction programs, which informs targeted clinical engagement strategies and specialized training investments.
Europe, Middle East & Africa presents a mosaic of regulatory regimes and procurement models; centralized reimbursement frameworks in some markets coexist with decentralized purchasing in others, requiring tailored regulatory submission strategies and adaptable commercial models. In many countries across this region, policy emphasis on device safety and post-market surveillance shapes adoption timelines and evidentiary expectations. The Asia-Pacific region is characterized by rapid clinical capacity expansion and diverse payer environments, where local manufacturing capability and strategic partnerships can significantly influence procurement decisions. For exporters and multinational suppliers, these regional differences necessitate calibrated product registrations, region-specific value messaging, and flexible manufacturing or distribution arrangements to meet regulatory and commercial requirements effectively.
A synthesis of competitive behaviors revealing how product innovation, evidence programs, channel partnerships, and operational reliability determine commercial positioning
Competitive dynamics among device manufacturers and channel participants are evolving along several axes: innovation in device surface chemistry and design, clinical evidence generation, channel partnerships, and operational excellence in manufacturing and supply continuity. Leading players are investing in iterative product refinement to address infection risk, capsular contracture, and surgeon handling, while simultaneously building post-market evidence programs that demonstrate real-world safety and outcome consistency. Partnerships with specialized distributors and integrated supply partners are becoming a core element of go-to-market strategies where local presence and inventory services materially affect buyer choice.
Strategic moves also include collaborations with clinical centers to support surgeon training, registry participation to capture long-term outcomes, and selective licensing or co-development agreements to accelerate regional registrations. Operationally, companies that prioritize supply chain transparency, responsive technical support, and robust quality systems gain trust among institutional buyers. In contrast, firms with limited clinical evidence or fragile supply arrangements face incremental barriers to inclusion on preferred vendor lists. Ultimately, the competitive landscape favors organizations that align product innovation with service-enabled value propositions and verifiable clinical outcomes.
Clear, actionable recommendations for executives to synchronize evidence generation, supply resilience, and channel-specific commercialization to accelerate sustainable adoption
Leaders should pursue a coordinated strategy that aligns clinical evidence, supply resilience, and value communication to secure durable adoption across diverse care settings. First, embed post-market surveillance and real-world outcome collection into product programs to produce the evidence clinicians and payers increasingly require; integrate registry participation and longitudinal follow-up into commercial contracts so that evidence accrues alongside product adoption. Second, invest in supply chain diversification and near-term inventory intelligence to reduce exposure to tariff shifts and component sourcing disruption, while negotiating contractual terms that allow for transparent landed-cost adjustments.
Third, tailor commercial models to channel and end-user nuances by combining direct clinical engagement in high-volume centers with distributor-enabled coverage for decentralized facilities; complement product training with implementation support to shorten the adoption curve. Fourth, refine product portfolios by prioritizing design attributes that demonstrably reduce complication risk or simplify surgical workflow, thereby strengthening value narratives during procurement evaluations. Finally, cultivate payer and hospital procurement relationships through bundled evidence packages and outcome-aligned contracting to bridge clinical preference and institutional purchasing requirements.
A transparent description of the multi-method research approach that integrates primary clinical interviews, secondary literature review, and validation against procurement and regulatory evidence
The research underpinning this executive summary combined structured primary engagement with subject-matter experts, targeted secondary analysis of regulatory and clinical literature, and validation of operational insights via procurement and supply chain review. Primary inputs included interviews with reconstructive surgeons, procurement leaders, distribution partners, and device engineers, which were conducted to capture real-world adoption drivers, device handling preferences, and logistical constraints. Secondary sources covered peer-reviewed clinical studies, regulatory guidance documents, and public clinical registries to triangulate safety and performance themes identified in interviews.
Data synthesis emphasized cross-validation: qualitative insights from interviews were tested against regulatory timelines and clinical publications, while supply chain observations were compared with available trade and tariff documentation to ensure consistency. The methodology recognized limitations, including the variability of regional regulatory detail and the heterogeneity of institutional procurement practices; to address these, the research team employed purposive sampling across geographies and facility types and clearly documented assumptions where direct evidence was limited. This layered approach ensured that findings are grounded in clinician experience, supported by published evidence, and contextualized by procurement realities.
A concise summation tying clinical priorities, operational resilience, and regional regulatory differences together to guide strategic choices for stakeholders in the tissue expander field
In conclusion, the tissue expander domain is at an inflection point where clinical preference, device evolution, regulatory scrutiny, and supply chain dynamics converge to redefine commercial success criteria. Manufacturers that prioritize demonstrable clinical outcomes, maintain resilient and transparent supply arrangements, and tailor commercial approaches to segmented clinical and institutional needs will be better positioned to support surgeons and procurement partners. Tariff-related pressures and regional regulatory diversity underscore the importance of operational flexibility and evidence-informed engagement.
As stakeholders evaluate strategic options, the emphasis should be on aligning product design with measurable clinical benefits, investing in longitudinal evidence programs, and building distribution strategies that reflect the distinct needs of ambulatory surgical centers, hospitals, and outpatient clinics. By executing against these priorities, organizations can reduce adoption friction, strengthen clinician trust, and build durable supplier relationships that withstand policy and procurement changes.
Please Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
Table of Contents
181 Pages
- 1. Preface
- 1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
- 1.3. Years Considered for the Study
- 1.4. Currency
- 1.5. Language
- 1.6. Stakeholders
- 2. Research Methodology
- 3. Executive Summary
- 4. Market Overview
- 5. Market Insights
- 5.1. Rapid integration of 3D-printed patient-specific tissue expanders for custom reconstruction outcomes
- 5.2. Rising adoption of antibiotic-coated tissue expanders to reduce infection risk
- 5.3. Growth in demand for silicone gel–filled expanders with enhanced elasticity and comfort
- 5.4. Introduction of smart tissue expanders with integrated sensors for real-time expansion monitoring
- 5.5. Increasing use of bioresorbable polymer-based expanders to minimize secondary removal surgeries
- 5.6. Expansion of breast reconstruction procedures in emerging markets driving regional market growth
- 5.7. Regulatory shifts favoring faster approval pathways for advanced tissue expansion technologies
- 6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025
- 7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025
- 8. Tissue Expander Market, by Product Type
- 8.1. Saline
- 8.1.1. Smooth
- 8.1.2. Textured
- 8.2. Silicone
- 8.2.1. Smooth
- 8.2.2. Textured
- 9. Tissue Expander Market, by Distribution Channel
- 9.1. Direct Sales
- 9.2. Distributors
- 10. Tissue Expander Market, by Application
- 10.1. Breast Reconstruction
- 10.2. Burn Reconstruction
- 11. Tissue Expander Market, by End User
- 11.1. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
- 11.2. Hospitals
- 11.3. Outpatient Clinics
- 12. Tissue Expander Market, by Region
- 12.1. Americas
- 12.1.1. North America
- 12.1.2. Latin America
- 12.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
- 12.2.1. Europe
- 12.2.2. Middle East
- 12.2.3. Africa
- 12.3. Asia-Pacific
- 13. Tissue Expander Market, by Group
- 13.1. ASEAN
- 13.2. GCC
- 13.3. European Union
- 13.4. BRICS
- 13.5. G7
- 13.6. NATO
- 14. Tissue Expander Market, by Country
- 14.1. United States
- 14.2. Canada
- 14.3. Mexico
- 14.4. Brazil
- 14.5. United Kingdom
- 14.6. Germany
- 14.7. France
- 14.8. Russia
- 14.9. Italy
- 14.10. Spain
- 14.11. China
- 14.12. India
- 14.13. Japan
- 14.14. Australia
- 14.15. South Korea
- 15. Competitive Landscape
- 15.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
- 15.2. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2024
- 15.3. Competitive Analysis
- 15.3.1. AbbVie Inc.
- 15.3.2. Establishment Labs S.A.
- 15.3.3. Eurosilicone S.A.S.
- 15.3.4. GC Aesthetics Plc
- 15.3.5. Groupe Sebbin SAS
- 15.3.6. Guangzhou Wanhe Plastic Materials Co., Ltd.
- 15.3.7. Integra LifeSciences Holdings Corporation
- 15.3.8. Johnson & Johnson
- 15.3.9. Koken Co., Ltd.
- 15.3.10. Mentor Worldwide LLC
- 15.3.11. Oxtex Ltd.
- 15.3.12. PMT Corporation
- 15.3.13. POLYTECH Health & Aesthetics GmbH
- 15.3.14. Sientra, Inc.
- 15.3.15. Silimed S.A.
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