Structural Steel Market by Product Type (Coated Steel, Cold Rolled, Hot Rolled), Manufacturing Process (Basic Oxygen Furnace, Electric Arc Furnace, Open Hearth Furnace), Thickness, Distribution Channel, End Use - Global Forecast 2025-2032
Description
The Structural Steel Market was valued at USD 135.11 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow to USD 144.14 billion in 2025, with a CAGR of 7.24%, reaching USD 236.35 billion by 2032.
A concise, authoritative orientation to the contemporary structural steel environment highlighting operational pressures, technological drivers, and strategic priorities for stakeholders
The structural steel sector underpins critical infrastructure, industrial equipment, and durable goods across advanced and emerging economies. Recent years have seen the industry navigate a dynamic intersection of technological upgrades in steelmaking, shifting global trade relationships, and evolving end-use requirements that place new demands on product quality, delivery speed, and sustainability credentials. Stakeholders from integrated mills to service centers and fabricators must reconcile capital intensity with the need for agile responses to demand volatility and regulatory pressures.
This executive summary synthesizes the most consequential trends shaping the sector, offering leaders a concise overview of contemporary drivers and stress points. It frames how manufacturing processes and product differentiation interact with distribution models and end-use demand patterns. By highlighting strategic inflection points and operational levers, the narrative equips decision-makers to prioritize investments in process optimization, downstream integration, and supply chain resilience while maintaining a focus on regulatory compliance and decarbonization initiatives.
How converging technology advances, regulatory pressure, and evolving distribution paradigms are redefining competitive advantage across the structural steel value chain
The structural steel landscape is experiencing transformative shifts driven by simultaneous technological, regulatory, and market behavior changes that recalibrate competitive advantage. Advanced electric arc furnace technologies are accelerating decarbonization pathways and enabling greater feedstock flexibility, while digital process controls and predictive maintenance algorithms are raising the bar for operational efficiency and product consistency. At the same time, downstream fabrication and pre-engineered building providers are integrating design-for-manufacture approaches to reduce waste and compress lead times.
Trade policy adjustments and raw material cost swings are prompting producers to reconsider sourcing footprints and supplier diversification strategies. Investors and corporate leaders are increasingly prioritizing circularity initiatives, such as higher scrap utilization and recyclable coatings, which alter supply chain flows and lifecycle cost discussions. Meanwhile, distribution models are fragmenting: direct sales relationships coexist with distributor and e-commerce channels that demand distinct inventory strategies and customer service models. Together, these shifts are reshaping where value is created across the value chain and challenging incumbents to adapt governance, capital allocation, and product portfolios to maintain relevance.
The practical ramifications of United States tariff measures on sourcing, supply chain redesign, and procurement risk mitigation strategies for structural steel participants
Recent tariff measures introduced by the United States in two thousand twenty-five have material implications for pricing dynamics, supplier selection, and capital deployment across the global structural steel network. Tariff adjustments have widened the operational focus from cost optimization alone to include trade compliance, customs classification management, and the strategic localization of critical processing capabilities. In response, buyers and suppliers are recalibrating sourcing mixes to balance tariff exposure with lead-time risk and quality requirements.
The immediate practical impacts manifest in redirected trade flows, with some supply routes becoming economically less viable and prompting increased investment in regional processing and service centers. Fabricators and large-scale consumers are exploring contractual hedge mechanisms and multi-sourcing arrangements to mitigate price pass-through and supply disruptions. Additionally, the tariff environment has accelerated conversations about nearshoring and capacity reallocation, encouraging partnerships with domestic processors and the expansion of in-country rolling and finishing capabilities. Over the medium term, companies that embed tariff scenario planning into procurement processes, enhance customs expertise, and optimize product specifications for tariff classification will better preserve margin and delivery reliability while complying with evolving trade rules.
Detailed segmentation insights showing how manufacturing pathways, distribution models, thickness categories, end uses, and product variants determine distinct strategic and operational imperatives
Segmentation analysis reveals differentiated pressures and opportunities across manufacturing process, distribution channel, thickness, end use, and product type categories that require tailored strategies. Manufacturers operating with Basic Oxygen Furnace routes must prioritize bulk raw material logistics and scale efficiencies, while Electric Arc Furnace operators can leverage scrap feedstock flexibility and lower carbon intensity as commercial differentiators. Legacy Open Hearth Furnace capacity, where present, tends to face obsolescence pressures, necessitating either phased modernization or niche repositioning.
Distribution channels present divergent service expectations: Direct Sales relationships demand account management and technical support capabilities; Distributors and Wholesalers focus on broad assortments and inventory depth; E Commerce platforms emphasize digital catalogues and rapid fulfillment. Thickness segmentation influences fabrication and logistics choices, with Heavy Gauge products requiring specialized handling and heavy lifting infrastructure, Medium Gauge balancing versatility and cost, and Thin Gauge emphasizing surface quality and coating precision. End-use segments such as Automotive, Construction, Energy, Industrial Equipment, and Infrastructure each impose specific metallurgical and supply chain requirements, prompting producers to develop tailored formulations and supply contracts. Product type distinctions-Coated Steel, Cold Rolled, Hot Rolled, Pre Engineered Building solutions, and Stainless Steel-drive differences in value capture, processing steps, and after-sales service expectations, demanding clear go-to-market alignment by producers and distributors.
Regional structural steel dynamics and supply chain implications shaped by localized regulation, infrastructure priorities, and shifting competitive positions across global markets
Regional dynamics continue to shape competitive advantage through regulatory regimes, logistics infrastructure, and demand composition across the Americas, Europe, Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific. In the Americas, the combination of localized infrastructure programs and a trend toward nearshoring supports investments in domestic processing and service center expansion, while regulatory scrutiny on environmental performance elevates the importance of low-carbon steelmaking routes.
Across Europe, the Middle East & Africa region, stringent emissions targets and circularity mandates are accelerating the transition to higher scrap utilization and investment in efficient rolling mills, even as geopolitical considerations and energy pricing introduce supply-side uncertainty. Meanwhile, the Asia-Pacific region remains a focal point for capacity evolution: abundant raw material supplies, scale advantages, and continued investment in high-efficiency steelmaking sustain export competitiveness while regional demand growth drives more complex product mixes. Each region’s logistics realities and customs frameworks influence inventory strategies and the feasibility of just-in-time models, compelling multinational firms to adopt region-specific sourcing, compliance, and sustainability roadmaps that align with local regulatory expectations and customer requirements.
Competitive structure and strategic behaviors across integrated producers, specialty manufacturers, service centers, and fabricators reshaping value capture and customer engagement
The competitive structure of the sector reflects a mix of integrated producers, specialty stainless and coated steel manufacturers, service centers, and fabricators that each pursue different levers of differentiation. Integrated producers emphasize vertical integration, cost control, and large-scale logistics, while specialty stainless producers focus on alloy development, surface performance, and premium end uses where value-added processing commands higher margins. Service centers and distributors differentiate through inventory breadth, delivery speed, and technical support, establishing critical relationships with fabricators and OEMs.
Strategic moves observed across the landscape include capacity rationalization in commoditized segments, targeted investments in finishing and coating lines to capture downstream value, and partnerships that consolidate supply for large infrastructure programs. Companies investing in digital sales channels and advanced order management are gaining ground in serving dispersed buyers, and those adopting circular feedstock sourcing and low-carbon technologies are better positioned to meet regulatory and customer sustainability demands. Competitive success increasingly hinges on the ability to integrate metallurgy, logistics, and customer-facing services into a coherent proposition that reduces total landed cost and shortens order-to-delivery cycles.
Actionable, multi-dimensional strategic recommendations for producers, distributors, and fabricators to strengthen resilience, margin capture, and operational agility
Industry leaders should adopt a multi-dimensional playbook that aligns procurement, production, and commercial strategies to improve resilience and profitability in a dynamic environment. First, embedding tariff and trade scenario planning into procurement processes will reduce reaction time and protect margins; cross-functional teams should model classification sensitivities and alternative routing to preserve supply continuity. Second, prioritizing investments in electric arc furnace modernization and finishing technologies can deliver both environmental benefits and commercial flexibility, enabling producers to serve higher-value segments.
Third, expanding distribution capabilities through a mix of direct account management, strengthened relationships with distributors and wholesalers, and selective digital commerce channels will better meet varied customer expectations. Fourth, differentiating on product by developing value-added offerings in coated, cold rolled, and stainless ranges and by integrating pre-engineered building solutions will secure higher-margin opportunities. Finally, leaders must cultivate supplier partnerships and service-centric models that reduce lead times and improve forecast accuracy. Implementing these actions in parallel with targeted talent development and data-driven decision frameworks will accelerate execution and mitigate execution risk.
A rigorous, multi-source research approach combining primary stakeholder interviews, operational analysis, and scenario testing to validate practical implications for decision makers
The research underpinning these insights draws from a structured methodology that triangulates primary interviews, process-level technical analysis, and supply-chain mapping to produce robust, actionable conclusions. Primary engagement included qualitative interviews with procurement leads, operations managers, and product specialists to surface real-world responses to policy changes, technology adoption, and customer preferences. Operational assessments incorporated process audits and lifecycle comparisons of steelmaking routes to evaluate implications for cost-to-serve and sustainability performance.
Secondary inputs were synthesized from regulatory filings, customs and trade publications, and industry-standard technical references to validate trends and clarify regional policy contexts. Scenario analysis tested tariff and supply disruption impacts on routing decisions and inventory strategies, while segmentation crosswalks matched product types, thicknesses, and distribution channels to distinct end-use requirements. The combined approach ensures findings are grounded in operational reality, reflect current regulatory regimes, and are sensitive to plausible near-term policy shifts and technology adoption patterns.
A clear, strategic synthesis emphasizing the need for coordinated execution across procurement, manufacturing, and distribution to secure competitive advantage in a changing environment
In summary, the structural steel industry stands at a strategic inflection point where trade policy, technological progression, and evolving customer expectations converge to reshape competitive dynamics. Companies that proactively integrate tariff risk management, invest in lower-emission manufacturing routes, and align product portfolios with nuanced end-use demands will be better positioned to capture value. Equally important is the modernization of distribution strategies-blending direct relationships, distributor and wholesaler capabilities, and digital commerce-to meet diverse service requirements while optimizing inventory and logistics.
Execution discipline, informed by scenario planning and operational benchmarking, will distinguish leaders from laggards. Organizations that prioritize cross-functional coordination, invest in finishing and coating capabilities, and strengthen supplier partnerships can improve reliability and reduce total delivered cost. Ultimately, strategic clarity combined with pragmatic execution will enable firms to navigate policy shifts and demand changes while preserving competitiveness and sustaining long-term growth.
Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
A concise, authoritative orientation to the contemporary structural steel environment highlighting operational pressures, technological drivers, and strategic priorities for stakeholders
The structural steel sector underpins critical infrastructure, industrial equipment, and durable goods across advanced and emerging economies. Recent years have seen the industry navigate a dynamic intersection of technological upgrades in steelmaking, shifting global trade relationships, and evolving end-use requirements that place new demands on product quality, delivery speed, and sustainability credentials. Stakeholders from integrated mills to service centers and fabricators must reconcile capital intensity with the need for agile responses to demand volatility and regulatory pressures.
This executive summary synthesizes the most consequential trends shaping the sector, offering leaders a concise overview of contemporary drivers and stress points. It frames how manufacturing processes and product differentiation interact with distribution models and end-use demand patterns. By highlighting strategic inflection points and operational levers, the narrative equips decision-makers to prioritize investments in process optimization, downstream integration, and supply chain resilience while maintaining a focus on regulatory compliance and decarbonization initiatives.
How converging technology advances, regulatory pressure, and evolving distribution paradigms are redefining competitive advantage across the structural steel value chain
The structural steel landscape is experiencing transformative shifts driven by simultaneous technological, regulatory, and market behavior changes that recalibrate competitive advantage. Advanced electric arc furnace technologies are accelerating decarbonization pathways and enabling greater feedstock flexibility, while digital process controls and predictive maintenance algorithms are raising the bar for operational efficiency and product consistency. At the same time, downstream fabrication and pre-engineered building providers are integrating design-for-manufacture approaches to reduce waste and compress lead times.
Trade policy adjustments and raw material cost swings are prompting producers to reconsider sourcing footprints and supplier diversification strategies. Investors and corporate leaders are increasingly prioritizing circularity initiatives, such as higher scrap utilization and recyclable coatings, which alter supply chain flows and lifecycle cost discussions. Meanwhile, distribution models are fragmenting: direct sales relationships coexist with distributor and e-commerce channels that demand distinct inventory strategies and customer service models. Together, these shifts are reshaping where value is created across the value chain and challenging incumbents to adapt governance, capital allocation, and product portfolios to maintain relevance.
The practical ramifications of United States tariff measures on sourcing, supply chain redesign, and procurement risk mitigation strategies for structural steel participants
Recent tariff measures introduced by the United States in two thousand twenty-five have material implications for pricing dynamics, supplier selection, and capital deployment across the global structural steel network. Tariff adjustments have widened the operational focus from cost optimization alone to include trade compliance, customs classification management, and the strategic localization of critical processing capabilities. In response, buyers and suppliers are recalibrating sourcing mixes to balance tariff exposure with lead-time risk and quality requirements.
The immediate practical impacts manifest in redirected trade flows, with some supply routes becoming economically less viable and prompting increased investment in regional processing and service centers. Fabricators and large-scale consumers are exploring contractual hedge mechanisms and multi-sourcing arrangements to mitigate price pass-through and supply disruptions. Additionally, the tariff environment has accelerated conversations about nearshoring and capacity reallocation, encouraging partnerships with domestic processors and the expansion of in-country rolling and finishing capabilities. Over the medium term, companies that embed tariff scenario planning into procurement processes, enhance customs expertise, and optimize product specifications for tariff classification will better preserve margin and delivery reliability while complying with evolving trade rules.
Detailed segmentation insights showing how manufacturing pathways, distribution models, thickness categories, end uses, and product variants determine distinct strategic and operational imperatives
Segmentation analysis reveals differentiated pressures and opportunities across manufacturing process, distribution channel, thickness, end use, and product type categories that require tailored strategies. Manufacturers operating with Basic Oxygen Furnace routes must prioritize bulk raw material logistics and scale efficiencies, while Electric Arc Furnace operators can leverage scrap feedstock flexibility and lower carbon intensity as commercial differentiators. Legacy Open Hearth Furnace capacity, where present, tends to face obsolescence pressures, necessitating either phased modernization or niche repositioning.
Distribution channels present divergent service expectations: Direct Sales relationships demand account management and technical support capabilities; Distributors and Wholesalers focus on broad assortments and inventory depth; E Commerce platforms emphasize digital catalogues and rapid fulfillment. Thickness segmentation influences fabrication and logistics choices, with Heavy Gauge products requiring specialized handling and heavy lifting infrastructure, Medium Gauge balancing versatility and cost, and Thin Gauge emphasizing surface quality and coating precision. End-use segments such as Automotive, Construction, Energy, Industrial Equipment, and Infrastructure each impose specific metallurgical and supply chain requirements, prompting producers to develop tailored formulations and supply contracts. Product type distinctions-Coated Steel, Cold Rolled, Hot Rolled, Pre Engineered Building solutions, and Stainless Steel-drive differences in value capture, processing steps, and after-sales service expectations, demanding clear go-to-market alignment by producers and distributors.
Regional structural steel dynamics and supply chain implications shaped by localized regulation, infrastructure priorities, and shifting competitive positions across global markets
Regional dynamics continue to shape competitive advantage through regulatory regimes, logistics infrastructure, and demand composition across the Americas, Europe, Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific. In the Americas, the combination of localized infrastructure programs and a trend toward nearshoring supports investments in domestic processing and service center expansion, while regulatory scrutiny on environmental performance elevates the importance of low-carbon steelmaking routes.
Across Europe, the Middle East & Africa region, stringent emissions targets and circularity mandates are accelerating the transition to higher scrap utilization and investment in efficient rolling mills, even as geopolitical considerations and energy pricing introduce supply-side uncertainty. Meanwhile, the Asia-Pacific region remains a focal point for capacity evolution: abundant raw material supplies, scale advantages, and continued investment in high-efficiency steelmaking sustain export competitiveness while regional demand growth drives more complex product mixes. Each region’s logistics realities and customs frameworks influence inventory strategies and the feasibility of just-in-time models, compelling multinational firms to adopt region-specific sourcing, compliance, and sustainability roadmaps that align with local regulatory expectations and customer requirements.
Competitive structure and strategic behaviors across integrated producers, specialty manufacturers, service centers, and fabricators reshaping value capture and customer engagement
The competitive structure of the sector reflects a mix of integrated producers, specialty stainless and coated steel manufacturers, service centers, and fabricators that each pursue different levers of differentiation. Integrated producers emphasize vertical integration, cost control, and large-scale logistics, while specialty stainless producers focus on alloy development, surface performance, and premium end uses where value-added processing commands higher margins. Service centers and distributors differentiate through inventory breadth, delivery speed, and technical support, establishing critical relationships with fabricators and OEMs.
Strategic moves observed across the landscape include capacity rationalization in commoditized segments, targeted investments in finishing and coating lines to capture downstream value, and partnerships that consolidate supply for large infrastructure programs. Companies investing in digital sales channels and advanced order management are gaining ground in serving dispersed buyers, and those adopting circular feedstock sourcing and low-carbon technologies are better positioned to meet regulatory and customer sustainability demands. Competitive success increasingly hinges on the ability to integrate metallurgy, logistics, and customer-facing services into a coherent proposition that reduces total landed cost and shortens order-to-delivery cycles.
Actionable, multi-dimensional strategic recommendations for producers, distributors, and fabricators to strengthen resilience, margin capture, and operational agility
Industry leaders should adopt a multi-dimensional playbook that aligns procurement, production, and commercial strategies to improve resilience and profitability in a dynamic environment. First, embedding tariff and trade scenario planning into procurement processes will reduce reaction time and protect margins; cross-functional teams should model classification sensitivities and alternative routing to preserve supply continuity. Second, prioritizing investments in electric arc furnace modernization and finishing technologies can deliver both environmental benefits and commercial flexibility, enabling producers to serve higher-value segments.
Third, expanding distribution capabilities through a mix of direct account management, strengthened relationships with distributors and wholesalers, and selective digital commerce channels will better meet varied customer expectations. Fourth, differentiating on product by developing value-added offerings in coated, cold rolled, and stainless ranges and by integrating pre-engineered building solutions will secure higher-margin opportunities. Finally, leaders must cultivate supplier partnerships and service-centric models that reduce lead times and improve forecast accuracy. Implementing these actions in parallel with targeted talent development and data-driven decision frameworks will accelerate execution and mitigate execution risk.
A rigorous, multi-source research approach combining primary stakeholder interviews, operational analysis, and scenario testing to validate practical implications for decision makers
The research underpinning these insights draws from a structured methodology that triangulates primary interviews, process-level technical analysis, and supply-chain mapping to produce robust, actionable conclusions. Primary engagement included qualitative interviews with procurement leads, operations managers, and product specialists to surface real-world responses to policy changes, technology adoption, and customer preferences. Operational assessments incorporated process audits and lifecycle comparisons of steelmaking routes to evaluate implications for cost-to-serve and sustainability performance.
Secondary inputs were synthesized from regulatory filings, customs and trade publications, and industry-standard technical references to validate trends and clarify regional policy contexts. Scenario analysis tested tariff and supply disruption impacts on routing decisions and inventory strategies, while segmentation crosswalks matched product types, thicknesses, and distribution channels to distinct end-use requirements. The combined approach ensures findings are grounded in operational reality, reflect current regulatory regimes, and are sensitive to plausible near-term policy shifts and technology adoption patterns.
A clear, strategic synthesis emphasizing the need for coordinated execution across procurement, manufacturing, and distribution to secure competitive advantage in a changing environment
In summary, the structural steel industry stands at a strategic inflection point where trade policy, technological progression, and evolving customer expectations converge to reshape competitive dynamics. Companies that proactively integrate tariff risk management, invest in lower-emission manufacturing routes, and align product portfolios with nuanced end-use demands will be better positioned to capture value. Equally important is the modernization of distribution strategies-blending direct relationships, distributor and wholesaler capabilities, and digital commerce-to meet diverse service requirements while optimizing inventory and logistics.
Execution discipline, informed by scenario planning and operational benchmarking, will distinguish leaders from laggards. Organizations that prioritize cross-functional coordination, invest in finishing and coating capabilities, and strengthen supplier partnerships can improve reliability and reduce total delivered cost. Ultimately, strategic clarity combined with pragmatic execution will enable firms to navigate policy shifts and demand changes while preserving competitiveness and sustaining long-term growth.
Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
Table of Contents
199 Pages
- 1. Preface
- 1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
- 1.3. Years Considered for the Study
- 1.4. Currency
- 1.5. Language
- 1.6. Stakeholders
- 2. Research Methodology
- 3. Executive Summary
- 4. Market Overview
- 5. Market Insights
- 5.1. Growing adoption of hydrogen-based steelmaking to achieve near-zero carbon emissions
- 5.2. Integration of building information modeling and prefabrication in structural steel projects
- 5.3. Rising demand for high-strength low-alloy steel in high-rise and industrial construction
- 5.4. Implementation of real-time laser scanning and robotics in steel fabrication facilities
- 5.5. Surge in demand for recycled structural steel driven by green building certification requirements
- 5.6. Supply chain realignment and nearshoring strategies in structural steel manufacturing
- 5.7. Expansion of coastal infrastructure projects driving demand for corrosion-resistant steel solutions
- 5.8. Adoption of digital twins in structural steel design for predictive maintenance and performance optimization
- 6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025
- 7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025
- 8. Structural Steel Market, by Product Type
- 8.1. Coated Steel
- 8.2. Cold Rolled
- 8.3. Hot Rolled
- 8.4. Pre Engineered Building
- 8.5. Stainless Steel
- 9. Structural Steel Market, by Manufacturing Process
- 9.1. Basic Oxygen Furnace
- 9.2. Electric Arc Furnace
- 9.3. Open Hearth Furnace
- 10. Structural Steel Market, by Thickness
- 10.1. Heavy Gauge
- 10.2. Medium Gauge
- 10.3. Thin Gauge
- 11. Structural Steel Market, by Distribution Channel
- 11.1. Direct Sales
- 11.2. Distributors
- 11.3. E Commerce
- 11.4. Wholesalers
- 12. Structural Steel Market, by End Use
- 12.1. Automotive
- 12.2. Construction
- 12.3. Energy
- 12.4. Industrial Equipment
- 12.5. Infrastructure
- 13. Structural Steel Market, by Region
- 13.1. Americas
- 13.1.1. North America
- 13.1.2. Latin America
- 13.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
- 13.2.1. Europe
- 13.2.2. Middle East
- 13.2.3. Africa
- 13.3. Asia-Pacific
- 14. Structural Steel Market, by Group
- 14.1. ASEAN
- 14.2. GCC
- 14.3. European Union
- 14.4. BRICS
- 14.5. G7
- 14.6. NATO
- 15. Structural Steel Market, by Country
- 15.1. United States
- 15.2. Canada
- 15.3. Mexico
- 15.4. Brazil
- 15.5. United Kingdom
- 15.6. Germany
- 15.7. France
- 15.8. Russia
- 15.9. Italy
- 15.10. Spain
- 15.11. China
- 15.12. India
- 15.13. Japan
- 15.14. Australia
- 15.15. South Korea
- 16. Competitive Landscape
- 16.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
- 16.2. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2024
- 16.3. Competitive Analysis
- 16.3.1. ArcelorMittal S.A.
- 16.3.2. China Baowu Steel Group Corporation Limited
- 16.3.3. Commercial Metals Company
- 16.3.4. Essar Steel India Limited
- 16.3.5. Gerdau S.A.
- 16.3.6. HBIS Group Co., Ltd.
- 16.3.7. Hyundai Steel Company
- 16.3.8. JFE Steel Corporation
- 16.3.9. Jiangsu Shagang Group Co., Ltd.
- 16.3.10. Jindal Steel & Power Limited
- 16.3.11. JSW Steel Ltd.
- 16.3.12. Nippon Steel Corporation
- 16.3.13. Nucor Corporation
- 16.3.14. POSCO Co., Ltd.
- 16.3.15. Severfield plc
- 16.3.16. Shagang Group Co., Ltd.
- 16.3.17. Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL)
- 16.3.18. Steel Dynamics, Inc.
- 16.3.19. Tata BlueScope Steel Limited
- 16.3.20. Tata Steel Limited
- 16.3.21. Tianjin Iron & Steel Group
- 16.3.22. Valin Steel Co., Ltd.
- 16.3.23. William Hare Group Ltd
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