Squalene Market by Source (Plant-Derived, Shark Liver Oil, Synthetic), Form (Liquid, Powder), Purity Grade, Application, Distribution Channel - Global Forecast 2025-2032
Description
The Squalene Market was valued at USD 140.20 million in 2024 and is projected to grow to USD 147.30 million in 2025, with a CAGR of 5.13%, reaching USD 209.20 million by 2032.
A precise and authoritative introduction outlining squalene’s functional importance, supply considerations, and strategic implications across multiple commercial sectors
Squalene has evolved from a niche biochemical to a strategic ingredient spanning cosmetics, nutraceuticals, food enrichment, and pharmaceutical formulations. Its physicochemical properties-emollience, oxidative stability, and biocompatibility-have made it integral to product differentiation strategies across brands seeking high-performance, clean-label, or clinically validated claims. Alongside its functional attributes, the material’s provenance and grade influence procurement, regulatory compliance, and shelf-life engineering, which in turn affect formulation pathways and go-to-market timelines.
As supply chain transparency and sustainability expectations intensify, stakeholders across the value chain have had to re-evaluate sourcing decisions and R&D priorities. Companies are balancing legacy supply routes with emergent plant-derived and synthetic options to meet consumer demand while maintaining consistent quality and purity. This dual pressure has catalyzed investment in extraction technologies, analytical testing capacity, and third-party certification frameworks, making strategic procurement and formulation decisions more complex but also richer in opportunity.
Understanding the transformative industry shifts reshaping squalene sourcing, production, regulation, and downstream product innovation across global value chains
The landscape for squalene is undergoing a set of transformative shifts driven by sustainability imperatives, technological advances in biosynthesis and extraction, and changing regulatory and consumer expectations. Demand-side forces are favoring sources perceived as ethical and traceable, prompting manufacturers to expand offerings beyond traditional extraction methods toward plant-derived alternatives and engineered synthetics. Concurrently, analytical science improvements have raised the bar for purity specification and trace contaminant detection, influencing formulation choices and supplier qualification processes.
On the supply side, producers are innovating to reduce environmental footprint and improve yield economics, while downstream formulators are increasingly prioritizing suppliers with verifiable chain-of-custody and documented environmental and social governance practices. In parallel, digital tools for supply chain visibility and quality control are being adopted to ensure consistency and enable rapid response to quality deviations. These converging trends are effectively reshaping risk profiles and competitive positioning for participants at every node of the squalene ecosystem.
Analyzing the cascading operational and strategic consequences of United States tariff actions in 2025 on global squalene procurement, manufacturing, and supply resilience
The introduction of tariffs and trade policy adjustments in the United States in 2025 has created a material inflection point for squalene sourcing and supply chain strategy. Import duties alter landed cost dynamics, prompting purchasers to revisit supplier contracts and consider nearshoring, local production partnerships, or alternative suppliers in tariff-exempt jurisdictions. As procurement teams reassess total cost of ownership, there is a parallel push to optimize inventory buffers, diversify supplier lists, and renegotiate commercial terms to preserve margin and continuity.
These trade measures have also accelerated conversations around domestic manufacturing capacity and vertical integration. Formulators and brand owners are evaluating the feasibility of investing in local refinement or synthetic production to reduce exposure to cross-border policy volatility. At the same time, regulatory compliance and documentation requirements have grown more salient, as customs classifications, certificate-of-origin protocols, and traceability records become critical to minimizing unexpected duties. From a strategic perspective, the tariff environment has encouraged greater investment in supply chain resilience, contractual flexibility, and scenario planning to sustain product availability and protect reformulation roadmaps.
Key segmentation insights synthesizing source, application, form, purity grade, and distribution channel distinctions that shape sourcing and product strategies
When segmenting squalene sources, the categories include plant-derived, shark liver oil, and synthetic variants, with plant-derived options further differentiating into olive oil, palm oil, and sugarcane feedstocks. These source distinctions drive upstream sustainability profiles and influence extraction technology choices, with plant-derived material often positioned to meet consumer-facing ethical criteria while shark-derived material remains relevant where historically validated performance is prioritized. Synthetic squalene presents a controlled alternative that can deliver consistent purity and reduce ecological exposure.
By application, formulation considerations vary across cosmetics and personal care, food and beverage, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceutical uses. Cosmetics and personal care break down into haircare, makeup, and skincare formulations where sensory attributes and regulatory dossiers dictate grade selection. Food and beverage applications separate into fortified foods and functional drinks, requiring food-grade certification and tailored stability work. Nutraceuticals encompass dietary supplements, functional foods, and sports nutrition products where bioavailability and dosing strategies are focal, while pharmaceutical applications focus on antioxidant therapy and drug delivery contexts demanding high analytical scrutiny.
Form considerations are centered on liquid and powder presentations, which affect handling, blending protocols, and compatibility with delivery systems. Purity grade distinctions-analytical grade, cosmetic grade, food grade, and pharmaceutical grade-determine the extent of testing, documentation, and supply chain segregation required. Distribution channels span offline retail and online retail, with the former differentiated into pharmacies & drugstores and specialty stores, and the latter comprising brand websites and e-commerce platforms, each channel influencing packaging, logistics, and customer-facing claims. Together, these segmentation lenses inform product development, supplier selection, quality assurance, and go-to-market tactics across commercial portfolios.
Regional strategic intelligence explaining how Americas, Europe Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific dynamics collectively influence squalene sourcing, regulation, and demand
Regional dynamics for squalene reveal differentiated drivers and constraints across the Americas, Europe, Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific, with each geography exhibiting distinct regulatory regimes, consumer preferences, and supply chain architectures. In the Americas, commercial demand is shaped by active personal care and nutraceutical innovation, coupled with heightened scrutiny on sustainability credentials, which influences procurement strategies and branding narratives. Producers and buyers in this region are often focused on traceability and certification to meet both regulatory and retailer expectations.
Europe, Middle East & Africa present a complex mix of stringent regulatory oversight and progressive sustainability frameworks that drive premiumization and stricter quality specifications. Regulatory harmonization efforts and consumer advocacy in some jurisdictions emphasize provenance and animal welfare considerations, steering demand toward plant-derived and synthetic options. The Asia-Pacific region is characterized by a diverse supplier base and rapid consumer market growth in cosmetics and functional nutrition. Supply chains in this region are influenced by raw material availability, processing capacity, and regional trade agreements, which collectively determine sourcing practicality and competitive positioning. Across regions, companies balance compliance, brand positioning, and logistical realities to optimize presence and growth trajectories.
Critical company-level insights revealing how strategic R&D, supplier alignment, and production flexibility are redefining competitive advantages in the squalene value chain
Key industry participants are differentiating through targeted investments in research and development, supply chain transparency, and strategic partnerships that align with evolving customer and regulatory expectations. Leading companies are prioritizing certification programs, analytical testing expansion, and collaborative agreements with upstream growers and biomanufacturers to secure consistent feedstock quality and throughput. At the same time, firms are building modular production flexibility to switch between plant-derived and synthetic pathways depending on feedstock availability and commercial demand.
Competitive advantages are emerging from capabilities in scale-up chemistry, cost-efficient purification techniques, and the capacity to deliver documented extents of purity tailored to cosmetic, food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical specifications. Strategic collaborations between ingredient suppliers and finished-goods manufacturers are becoming more common, enabling co-developed formulations that shorten time-to-market and reduce reformulation risk. Additionally, some organizations are pursuing selective vertical integration to capture margin and control quality, while others focus on nimble supplier networks and certification-led differentiation to meet specific customer requirements.
Actionable, prioritized recommendations for corporate leaders to strengthen resilience, validate sustainability, and accelerate innovation across squalene supply and product portfolios
Industry leaders should prioritize a multi-pronged strategy that balances short-term operational resilience with long-term innovation and sustainability goals. First, diversify sourcing across plant-derived and synthetic suppliers while maintaining qualified relationships with traditional sources to reduce geopolitical and tariff exposure. Second, invest in analytical and traceability infrastructure to support grade-specific documentation, enhance supplier audits, and substantiate sustainability claims for end customers.
Third, accelerate product innovation by aligning formulation teams with regulatory and quality assurance functions to ensure rapid adoption of alternative feeds without compromising efficacy. Fourth, expand channel strategies to optimize both offline presence in pharmacies and specialty retailers and digital distribution on brand-controlled websites and third-party e-commerce platforms, thereby improving reach and margin control. Finally, cultivate collaborative partnerships with upstream feedstock producers and biomanufacturers to secure preferential access, co-invest in capacity where appropriate, and jointly develop certification pathways that respond to customer demands for transparency and environmental stewardship.
Rigorous research methodology explaining primary and secondary sourcing, supply chain mapping, expert validation, and analytical quality controls used to derive insights
The research synthesis relied on a triangulated methodology combining primary qualitative interviews, targeted secondary research, and structured supply chain mapping to ensure robust conclusions and actionable recommendations. Primary inputs included dialogues with sourcing leads, formulation scientists, regulatory specialists, and commercial executives to capture firsthand perspectives on procurement challenges, certification priorities, and innovation barriers. These interviews were systematically coded and cross-validated to identify recurring themes and divergent viewpoints.
Secondary research encompassed a comprehensive review of regulatory frameworks, peer-reviewed literature on extraction and synthesis technologies, and public disclosures relating to supplier practices. Supply chain mapping was used to trace provenance, identify concentration risks, and evaluate logistical constraints. Analytical validation steps included methodological transparency, replication of key findings through alternative data sources, and sensitivity checks on qualitative inferences. Limitations and potential biases were acknowledged, and efforts were made to mitigate them through diverse stakeholder representation and iterative validation sessions with domain experts.
Conclusion synthesizing strategic imperatives, resilience priorities, and competitive advantages that will determine success in the evolving squalene market
In conclusion, the squalene landscape is at an inflection where sustainability, regulatory clarity, and technological innovation intersect to redefine competitive dynamics. Organizations that proactively adapt procurement strategies, embrace validated plant-derived and synthetic alternatives, and invest in analytical and traceability capabilities will be better positioned to capture value and reduce exposure to policy and supply disruptions. Moreover, alignment between R&D, quality assurance, and commercial teams is essential to translate ingredient flexibility into marketable product differentiation.
Looking ahead, success will hinge on the ability to operationalize certification and provenance claims while maintaining formulation performance and cost discipline. Companies that pursue collaborative approaches with upstream suppliers and co-invest in scalable, low-impact production pathways will likely achieve durable advantages. Ultimately, the sector’s trajectory favors participants who combine technical rigor, transparent supply chains, and nimble commercial strategies to meet accelerating consumer and regulatory expectations.
Please Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
A precise and authoritative introduction outlining squalene’s functional importance, supply considerations, and strategic implications across multiple commercial sectors
Squalene has evolved from a niche biochemical to a strategic ingredient spanning cosmetics, nutraceuticals, food enrichment, and pharmaceutical formulations. Its physicochemical properties-emollience, oxidative stability, and biocompatibility-have made it integral to product differentiation strategies across brands seeking high-performance, clean-label, or clinically validated claims. Alongside its functional attributes, the material’s provenance and grade influence procurement, regulatory compliance, and shelf-life engineering, which in turn affect formulation pathways and go-to-market timelines.
As supply chain transparency and sustainability expectations intensify, stakeholders across the value chain have had to re-evaluate sourcing decisions and R&D priorities. Companies are balancing legacy supply routes with emergent plant-derived and synthetic options to meet consumer demand while maintaining consistent quality and purity. This dual pressure has catalyzed investment in extraction technologies, analytical testing capacity, and third-party certification frameworks, making strategic procurement and formulation decisions more complex but also richer in opportunity.
Understanding the transformative industry shifts reshaping squalene sourcing, production, regulation, and downstream product innovation across global value chains
The landscape for squalene is undergoing a set of transformative shifts driven by sustainability imperatives, technological advances in biosynthesis and extraction, and changing regulatory and consumer expectations. Demand-side forces are favoring sources perceived as ethical and traceable, prompting manufacturers to expand offerings beyond traditional extraction methods toward plant-derived alternatives and engineered synthetics. Concurrently, analytical science improvements have raised the bar for purity specification and trace contaminant detection, influencing formulation choices and supplier qualification processes.
On the supply side, producers are innovating to reduce environmental footprint and improve yield economics, while downstream formulators are increasingly prioritizing suppliers with verifiable chain-of-custody and documented environmental and social governance practices. In parallel, digital tools for supply chain visibility and quality control are being adopted to ensure consistency and enable rapid response to quality deviations. These converging trends are effectively reshaping risk profiles and competitive positioning for participants at every node of the squalene ecosystem.
Analyzing the cascading operational and strategic consequences of United States tariff actions in 2025 on global squalene procurement, manufacturing, and supply resilience
The introduction of tariffs and trade policy adjustments in the United States in 2025 has created a material inflection point for squalene sourcing and supply chain strategy. Import duties alter landed cost dynamics, prompting purchasers to revisit supplier contracts and consider nearshoring, local production partnerships, or alternative suppliers in tariff-exempt jurisdictions. As procurement teams reassess total cost of ownership, there is a parallel push to optimize inventory buffers, diversify supplier lists, and renegotiate commercial terms to preserve margin and continuity.
These trade measures have also accelerated conversations around domestic manufacturing capacity and vertical integration. Formulators and brand owners are evaluating the feasibility of investing in local refinement or synthetic production to reduce exposure to cross-border policy volatility. At the same time, regulatory compliance and documentation requirements have grown more salient, as customs classifications, certificate-of-origin protocols, and traceability records become critical to minimizing unexpected duties. From a strategic perspective, the tariff environment has encouraged greater investment in supply chain resilience, contractual flexibility, and scenario planning to sustain product availability and protect reformulation roadmaps.
Key segmentation insights synthesizing source, application, form, purity grade, and distribution channel distinctions that shape sourcing and product strategies
When segmenting squalene sources, the categories include plant-derived, shark liver oil, and synthetic variants, with plant-derived options further differentiating into olive oil, palm oil, and sugarcane feedstocks. These source distinctions drive upstream sustainability profiles and influence extraction technology choices, with plant-derived material often positioned to meet consumer-facing ethical criteria while shark-derived material remains relevant where historically validated performance is prioritized. Synthetic squalene presents a controlled alternative that can deliver consistent purity and reduce ecological exposure.
By application, formulation considerations vary across cosmetics and personal care, food and beverage, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceutical uses. Cosmetics and personal care break down into haircare, makeup, and skincare formulations where sensory attributes and regulatory dossiers dictate grade selection. Food and beverage applications separate into fortified foods and functional drinks, requiring food-grade certification and tailored stability work. Nutraceuticals encompass dietary supplements, functional foods, and sports nutrition products where bioavailability and dosing strategies are focal, while pharmaceutical applications focus on antioxidant therapy and drug delivery contexts demanding high analytical scrutiny.
Form considerations are centered on liquid and powder presentations, which affect handling, blending protocols, and compatibility with delivery systems. Purity grade distinctions-analytical grade, cosmetic grade, food grade, and pharmaceutical grade-determine the extent of testing, documentation, and supply chain segregation required. Distribution channels span offline retail and online retail, with the former differentiated into pharmacies & drugstores and specialty stores, and the latter comprising brand websites and e-commerce platforms, each channel influencing packaging, logistics, and customer-facing claims. Together, these segmentation lenses inform product development, supplier selection, quality assurance, and go-to-market tactics across commercial portfolios.
Regional strategic intelligence explaining how Americas, Europe Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific dynamics collectively influence squalene sourcing, regulation, and demand
Regional dynamics for squalene reveal differentiated drivers and constraints across the Americas, Europe, Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific, with each geography exhibiting distinct regulatory regimes, consumer preferences, and supply chain architectures. In the Americas, commercial demand is shaped by active personal care and nutraceutical innovation, coupled with heightened scrutiny on sustainability credentials, which influences procurement strategies and branding narratives. Producers and buyers in this region are often focused on traceability and certification to meet both regulatory and retailer expectations.
Europe, Middle East & Africa present a complex mix of stringent regulatory oversight and progressive sustainability frameworks that drive premiumization and stricter quality specifications. Regulatory harmonization efforts and consumer advocacy in some jurisdictions emphasize provenance and animal welfare considerations, steering demand toward plant-derived and synthetic options. The Asia-Pacific region is characterized by a diverse supplier base and rapid consumer market growth in cosmetics and functional nutrition. Supply chains in this region are influenced by raw material availability, processing capacity, and regional trade agreements, which collectively determine sourcing practicality and competitive positioning. Across regions, companies balance compliance, brand positioning, and logistical realities to optimize presence and growth trajectories.
Critical company-level insights revealing how strategic R&D, supplier alignment, and production flexibility are redefining competitive advantages in the squalene value chain
Key industry participants are differentiating through targeted investments in research and development, supply chain transparency, and strategic partnerships that align with evolving customer and regulatory expectations. Leading companies are prioritizing certification programs, analytical testing expansion, and collaborative agreements with upstream growers and biomanufacturers to secure consistent feedstock quality and throughput. At the same time, firms are building modular production flexibility to switch between plant-derived and synthetic pathways depending on feedstock availability and commercial demand.
Competitive advantages are emerging from capabilities in scale-up chemistry, cost-efficient purification techniques, and the capacity to deliver documented extents of purity tailored to cosmetic, food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical specifications. Strategic collaborations between ingredient suppliers and finished-goods manufacturers are becoming more common, enabling co-developed formulations that shorten time-to-market and reduce reformulation risk. Additionally, some organizations are pursuing selective vertical integration to capture margin and control quality, while others focus on nimble supplier networks and certification-led differentiation to meet specific customer requirements.
Actionable, prioritized recommendations for corporate leaders to strengthen resilience, validate sustainability, and accelerate innovation across squalene supply and product portfolios
Industry leaders should prioritize a multi-pronged strategy that balances short-term operational resilience with long-term innovation and sustainability goals. First, diversify sourcing across plant-derived and synthetic suppliers while maintaining qualified relationships with traditional sources to reduce geopolitical and tariff exposure. Second, invest in analytical and traceability infrastructure to support grade-specific documentation, enhance supplier audits, and substantiate sustainability claims for end customers.
Third, accelerate product innovation by aligning formulation teams with regulatory and quality assurance functions to ensure rapid adoption of alternative feeds without compromising efficacy. Fourth, expand channel strategies to optimize both offline presence in pharmacies and specialty retailers and digital distribution on brand-controlled websites and third-party e-commerce platforms, thereby improving reach and margin control. Finally, cultivate collaborative partnerships with upstream feedstock producers and biomanufacturers to secure preferential access, co-invest in capacity where appropriate, and jointly develop certification pathways that respond to customer demands for transparency and environmental stewardship.
Rigorous research methodology explaining primary and secondary sourcing, supply chain mapping, expert validation, and analytical quality controls used to derive insights
The research synthesis relied on a triangulated methodology combining primary qualitative interviews, targeted secondary research, and structured supply chain mapping to ensure robust conclusions and actionable recommendations. Primary inputs included dialogues with sourcing leads, formulation scientists, regulatory specialists, and commercial executives to capture firsthand perspectives on procurement challenges, certification priorities, and innovation barriers. These interviews were systematically coded and cross-validated to identify recurring themes and divergent viewpoints.
Secondary research encompassed a comprehensive review of regulatory frameworks, peer-reviewed literature on extraction and synthesis technologies, and public disclosures relating to supplier practices. Supply chain mapping was used to trace provenance, identify concentration risks, and evaluate logistical constraints. Analytical validation steps included methodological transparency, replication of key findings through alternative data sources, and sensitivity checks on qualitative inferences. Limitations and potential biases were acknowledged, and efforts were made to mitigate them through diverse stakeholder representation and iterative validation sessions with domain experts.
Conclusion synthesizing strategic imperatives, resilience priorities, and competitive advantages that will determine success in the evolving squalene market
In conclusion, the squalene landscape is at an inflection where sustainability, regulatory clarity, and technological innovation intersect to redefine competitive dynamics. Organizations that proactively adapt procurement strategies, embrace validated plant-derived and synthetic alternatives, and invest in analytical and traceability capabilities will be better positioned to capture value and reduce exposure to policy and supply disruptions. Moreover, alignment between R&D, quality assurance, and commercial teams is essential to translate ingredient flexibility into marketable product differentiation.
Looking ahead, success will hinge on the ability to operationalize certification and provenance claims while maintaining formulation performance and cost discipline. Companies that pursue collaborative approaches with upstream suppliers and co-invest in scalable, low-impact production pathways will likely achieve durable advantages. Ultimately, the sector’s trajectory favors participants who combine technical rigor, transparent supply chains, and nimble commercial strategies to meet accelerating consumer and regulatory expectations.
Please Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
Table of Contents
192 Pages
- 1. Preface
- 1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
- 1.3. Years Considered for the Study
- 1.4. Currency
- 1.5. Language
- 1.6. Stakeholders
- 2. Research Methodology
- 3. Executive Summary
- 4. Market Overview
- 5. Market Insights
- 5.1. Surge in adoption of sustainable olive oil derived squalene for eco-conscious cosmetic brands
- 5.2. Integration of biotechnologically produced squalene to address animal welfare concerns in nutraceuticals
- 5.3. Growing regulatory focus on traceability in shark-derived squalene supply chains across global markets
- 5.4. Commercialization of algae-based squalene production platforms to reduce carbon footprint in specialty oils
- 5.5. Escalating investments in fermentation technology to optimize yield and purity of cosmetic grade squalene
- 5.6. Emergence of multifunctional squalene derivatives for enhanced drug delivery in pharmaceutical formulations
- 5.7. Adoption of blockchain for real-time monitoring of squalene sourcing and certification in luxury skincare
- 6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025
- 7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025
- 8. Squalene Market, by Source
- 8.1. Plant-Derived
- 8.1.1. Olive Oil
- 8.1.2. Palm Oil
- 8.1.3. Sugarcane
- 8.2. Shark Liver Oil
- 8.3. Synthetic
- 9. Squalene Market, by Form
- 9.1. Liquid
- 9.2. Powder
- 10. Squalene Market, by Purity Grade
- 10.1. Analytical Grade
- 10.2. Cosmetic Grade
- 10.3. Food Grade
- 10.4. Pharmaceutical Grade
- 11. Squalene Market, by Application
- 11.1. Cosmetics & Personal Care
- 11.1.1. Haircare
- 11.1.2. Makeup
- 11.1.3. Skincare
- 11.2. Food & Beverage
- 11.2.1. Fortified Foods
- 11.2.2. Functional Drinks
- 11.3. Nutraceuticals
- 11.3.1. Dietary Supplements
- 11.3.2. Functional Food
- 11.3.3. Sports Nutrition
- 11.4. Pharmaceutical
- 11.4.1. Antioxidant Therapy
- 11.4.2. Drug Delivery
- 12. Squalene Market, by Distribution Channel
- 12.1. Offline Retail
- 12.1.1. Pharmacies & Drugstores
- 12.1.2. Specialty Stores
- 12.2. Online Retail
- 12.2.1. Brand Websites
- 12.2.2. E-Commerce Platforms
- 13. Squalene Market, by Region
- 13.1. Americas
- 13.1.1. North America
- 13.1.2. Latin America
- 13.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
- 13.2.1. Europe
- 13.2.2. Middle East
- 13.2.3. Africa
- 13.3. Asia-Pacific
- 14. Squalene Market, by Group
- 14.1. ASEAN
- 14.2. GCC
- 14.3. European Union
- 14.4. BRICS
- 14.5. G7
- 14.6. NATO
- 15. Squalene Market, by Country
- 15.1. United States
- 15.2. Canada
- 15.3. Mexico
- 15.4. Brazil
- 15.5. United Kingdom
- 15.6. Germany
- 15.7. France
- 15.8. Russia
- 15.9. Italy
- 15.10. Spain
- 15.11. China
- 15.12. India
- 15.13. Japan
- 15.14. Australia
- 15.15. South Korea
- 16. Competitive Landscape
- 16.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
- 16.2. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2024
- 16.3. Competitive Analysis
- 16.3.1. Aasha Biochem Private Limited
- 16.3.2. Amyris, Inc.
- 16.3.3. Arista Industries, Inc.
- 16.3.4. Croda International Plc
- 16.3.5. Empresa Figueirense de Pesca, Lda.
- 16.3.6. Evonik Industries AG
- 16.3.7. Gracefruit Limited
- 16.3.8. Kishimoto Special Liver Oil Co., Ltd.
- 16.3.9. Maruha Nichiro Corporation
- 16.3.10. Merck KGaA
- 16.3.11. Nucelis LLC
- 16.3.12. Otto Chemie Private Limited
- 16.3.13. SeaDragon Marine Oils Limited
- 16.3.14. Seppic S.A.
- 16.3.15. SOPHIM S.A.
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