Spine X-Ray & Computed Tomography Market by Imaging Modality (Computed Tomography, X Ray), Clinical Indication (Degenerative Disc Disease, Scoliosis, Spinal Stenosis), Patient Type, End User - Global Forecast 2025-2032
Description
The Spine X-Ray & Computed Tomography Market was valued at USD 871.90 million in 2024 and is projected to grow to USD 924.25 million in 2025, with a CAGR of 6.10%, reaching USD 1,400.94 million by 2032.
Strategic overview of spine imaging advancements and clinical imperatives shaping diagnostic pathways across X-Ray and computed tomography modalities worldwide
The diagnostic landscape for spine care is undergoing a period of purposeful refinement driven by evolving clinical expectations, technological maturation, and shifting procurement priorities. Imaging remains central to that evolution: clinicians increasingly demand higher-fidelity cross-sectional visualization to guide minimally invasive procedures, monitor degenerative conditions, and triage trauma. As a result, imaging strategies are being evaluated not only on raw image quality but on their integration into clinical workflows, dose management practices, and downstream care pathways.
Transitioning from legacy analog approaches to modern digital ecosystems has implications for capital planning and service models. Radiology teams and purchasing committees are prioritizing solutions that reduce operator variability, shorten acquisition and reporting time, and pair with advanced post-processing tools that support surgical planning and longitudinal follow-up. Equally important, the intersection of hardware advancements and software-enabled analytics is redefining expectations for what diagnostic imaging can deliver to orthopedic surgeons, spinal specialists, and multidisciplinary care teams.
How technological innovation, regulatory change, and clinical workflow redesign are converging to transform spine X-ray and CT care delivery models and outcomes
A series of transformative shifts are remapping how spine X-ray and computed tomography are used across clinical pathways. First, imaging hardware has advanced alongside detector technology and reconstruction algorithms, yielding clearer visualization at lower doses and enabling refined characterization of bone, soft tissue, and implant interfaces. Second, software innovations-ranging from automated measurements to AI-driven flagging of critical findings-are accelerating throughput and standardizing interpretation across diverse operator skill levels.
Concurrently, regulatory and reimbursement environments are prompting tighter alignment between diagnostic evidence and therapeutic decision-making. Health systems and imaging centers are redesigning workflows to embed imaging earlier in care pathways and to ensure imaging outputs directly inform surgical planning, conservative management, or interventional procedures. Finally, the growing emphasis on value-based care is encouraging purchasers to evaluate total cost of ownership, service reliability, and interoperability-factors that influence modality selection and long-term procurement agreements. Together, these shifts are fostering an environment where technological performance, clinical integration, and economic stewardship intersect to shape future investment decisions.
Assessing how US tariffs enacted in 2025 altered supply chain resilience, procurement approaches, and manufacturing partnerships across spine imaging
The policy measures implemented by the United States in 2025 have had a multi-dimensional effect on spine imaging supply chains, procurement strategies, and manufacturing relationships. Tariff adjustments amplified the cost of imported components and complete imaging systems, prompting many purchasers to reassess vendor selection criteria and to weigh localized sourcing against legacy supplier relationships. In response, procurement teams prioritized supply chain resilience and contractual flexibility, introducing clauses that mitigate exposure to future trade measures and improve inventory planning.
Manufacturers and distributors adjusted commercial strategies by diversifying supplier networks, accelerating regional manufacturing footprints, and, in some cases, redesigning products to reduce reliance on tariff-vulnerable components. These strategic responses influenced capital allocation timelines as health systems balanced the clinical need to refresh aging fleets against near-term budgetary pressures. At the same time, service models gained prominence; organizations explored leasing, managed-service agreements, and performance-based contracts to preserve access to advanced modalities while reducing upfront capital commitments. The cumulative effect has been a pragmatic rebalancing of procurement approaches driven by risk management, cost containment, and continuity of patient care.
Segmentation analysis explaining how modality selection, care setting, and clinical indication converge to shape diagnostic strategy and procurement decisions in spine imaging
Segmentation reveals how modality attributes, care settings, and clinical objectives jointly determine technology adoption and purchasing priorities. When imaging modality is considered, computed tomography and X-ray occupy distinct but complementary roles: computed tomography is typically selected where multiplanar and three-dimensional visualization is critical, and within CT the distinction between multi-slice CT and single-slice CT matters for throughput, slice resolution, and advanced post-processing capabilities. X-ray retains broad utility for initial assessments and intraoperative imaging, and the evolution from analog radiography through computed radiography to digital radiography reflects a continuum of improvements in image capture, workflow integration, and downstream analytics.
End-user characteristics drive different procurement rationales. Ambulatory surgical centers and orthopedic clinics prioritize compact, rapid-turnaround systems that integrate with procedural workflows, while diagnostic imaging centers and hospitals emphasize throughput, advanced reconstruction, and integration with enterprise PACS and reporting systems. Clinical indications further nuance modality preference: degenerative disc disease and scoliosis management demand accurate longitudinal assessment and measurement tools; spinal stenosis assessment requires reliable cross-sectional detail to evaluate neural element compromise; and trauma mandates rapid, robust imaging capable of guiding emergent decision-making. Understanding these intersecting segmentation dimensions enables stakeholders to match modality capabilities to clinical needs and operational constraints.
Regional dynamics across the Americas, Europe Middle East and Africa, and Asia Pacific influencing adoption, procurement, clinical workflows, and partnership models in spine imaging
Regional dynamics materially influence adoption patterns, procurement behaviors, and partnership strategies in spine imaging. In the Americas, payer structures and hospital systems often favor scaled purchasing agreements and bundled service offerings, supporting rapid adoption of multi-slice CT systems and integrated digital radiography suites in higher-volume centers. In contrast, Europe, Middle East and Africa presents a heterogeneous landscape where national reimbursement frameworks, regulatory divergence, and variable capital availability shape a more segmented adoption curve; partnerships with local distributors and adaptable service agreements are frequently prioritized.
Asia-Pacific markets span high-volume tertiary centers in advanced urban hubs to resource-constrained settings where compact and cost-efficient X-ray and single-slice CT systems remain essential. Across all regions, there is a visible trend towards regionalization of manufacturing and service capabilities, driven by supply chain risk mitigation and the desire to shorten maintenance response times. These regional patterns interact with clinician training, referral networks, and regulatory expectations, all of which influence the selection of imaging platforms and the structure of commercial relationships between providers and suppliers.
Company dynamics that accelerate innovation across imaging hardware, AI-enabled software, service offerings, and integrated clinical pathways in spine imaging
Company-level dynamics are shaping the competitive landscape through a combination of technological differentiation, strategic partnerships, and service innovation. Leading imaging vendors invest in detector hardware, reconstruction software, and user-interface design that streamline acquisition and enhance diagnostic confidence. Simultaneously, a wave of companies specializing in AI-driven analytics and workflow automation is partnering with hardware manufacturers and clinical groups to embed decision support directly into imaging pipelines.
Commercial strategies increasingly emphasize total service delivery rather than standalone equipment sales. This includes expanded service portfolios, shorter upgrade cycles, and flexible financing models that reduce barriers to adopting advanced CT and digital radiography systems. Collaborations between device firms, software developers, and clinical research networks are accelerating product validation and clinical adoption by demonstrating workflow gains and reproducible diagnostic value. For buyers, vendor selection considerations now weigh long-term software support, interoperability, and the ability to co-develop specialized clinical modules that address the needs of spinal specialists.
Actionable recommendations for industry leaders to fortify supply chains, accelerate technology adoption, streamline clinical workflows, and enhance resilience in spine imaging
Industry leaders should pursue a coordinated strategy that balances clinical performance, operational resilience, and commercial flexibility. Investing in supply chain diversification and dual-sourcing for critical components reduces vulnerability to trade disruptions and tariff-driven cost volatility. At the same time, offering and adopting flexible commercial models-such as equipment-as-a-service, managed service agreements, or outcome-linked contracts-can align incentives across manufacturers, providers, and payers while smoothing capital cycles for imaging buyers.
From a technology standpoint, priorities include accelerating integration of dose-optimized acquisition protocols, enhancing interoperability with electronic health records and surgical planning tools, and validating AI-enabled aids that reduce reporting time and increase diagnostic consistency. Workforce training and standardized protocols will amplify the clinical value of new systems, so coordinated investments in education and change management are essential. Finally, engaging proactively with regulatory and reimbursement stakeholders ensures that evolving capabilities translate into recognized clinical pathways and sustainable commercial uptake.
Mixed-methods research combining clinical interviews, technical product analysis, regulatory review, and cross-sector triangulation to produce actionable insights
This analysis is grounded in a mixed-methods research approach combining primary and secondary inputs to ensure depth and rigor. Primary research included structured interviews and focused discussions with radiologists, spine surgeons, imaging technologists, hospital procurement leaders, and distribution partners to capture operational realities, clinical needs, and purchasing rationales. These qualitative insights were triangulated with technical product analysis, regulatory reviews, and a systematic assessment of published clinical literature to validate performance claims and identify evidence gaps.
Supplementary methods comprised technology benchmarking to compare reconstruction approaches, dose management features, and interoperability capabilities, alongside an examination of service models and contractual structures in different geographies. Cross-sector triangulation ensured findings reflect both frontline clinical experience and commercial operational realities, delivering actionable recommendations that are aligned with the needs of providers, payers, and technology suppliers.
Concluding strategic synthesis outlining priorities for clinicians, manufacturers, and payers to advance diagnostic quality, workflow efficiency, and patient outcomes in spine imaging
In conclusion, spine imaging is at the intersection of technological advancement, clinical demand for precision, and commercial imperatives shaped by procurement and policy. Modern computed tomography and digital radiography systems deliver richer diagnostic detail and greater workflow efficiency, but their value depends on seamless integration into care pathways, robust service models, and alignment with institutional priorities. The combined pressures of cost management, supply chain resilience, and the need for demonstrable clinical impact are driving purchasers toward solutions that balance performance with predictable total cost of ownership.
Providers and manufacturers that prioritize interoperability, invest in validated AI and workflow tools, and adopt flexible commercial structures will be best positioned to translate imaging capability into improved patient outcomes and operational efficiency. Cross-disciplinary collaboration among clinicians, procurement teams, and vendors will remain essential to realize the full potential of advances in spine X-ray and computed tomography while managing risk and sustaining access to high-quality diagnostic care.
Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
Strategic overview of spine imaging advancements and clinical imperatives shaping diagnostic pathways across X-Ray and computed tomography modalities worldwide
The diagnostic landscape for spine care is undergoing a period of purposeful refinement driven by evolving clinical expectations, technological maturation, and shifting procurement priorities. Imaging remains central to that evolution: clinicians increasingly demand higher-fidelity cross-sectional visualization to guide minimally invasive procedures, monitor degenerative conditions, and triage trauma. As a result, imaging strategies are being evaluated not only on raw image quality but on their integration into clinical workflows, dose management practices, and downstream care pathways.
Transitioning from legacy analog approaches to modern digital ecosystems has implications for capital planning and service models. Radiology teams and purchasing committees are prioritizing solutions that reduce operator variability, shorten acquisition and reporting time, and pair with advanced post-processing tools that support surgical planning and longitudinal follow-up. Equally important, the intersection of hardware advancements and software-enabled analytics is redefining expectations for what diagnostic imaging can deliver to orthopedic surgeons, spinal specialists, and multidisciplinary care teams.
How technological innovation, regulatory change, and clinical workflow redesign are converging to transform spine X-ray and CT care delivery models and outcomes
A series of transformative shifts are remapping how spine X-ray and computed tomography are used across clinical pathways. First, imaging hardware has advanced alongside detector technology and reconstruction algorithms, yielding clearer visualization at lower doses and enabling refined characterization of bone, soft tissue, and implant interfaces. Second, software innovations-ranging from automated measurements to AI-driven flagging of critical findings-are accelerating throughput and standardizing interpretation across diverse operator skill levels.
Concurrently, regulatory and reimbursement environments are prompting tighter alignment between diagnostic evidence and therapeutic decision-making. Health systems and imaging centers are redesigning workflows to embed imaging earlier in care pathways and to ensure imaging outputs directly inform surgical planning, conservative management, or interventional procedures. Finally, the growing emphasis on value-based care is encouraging purchasers to evaluate total cost of ownership, service reliability, and interoperability-factors that influence modality selection and long-term procurement agreements. Together, these shifts are fostering an environment where technological performance, clinical integration, and economic stewardship intersect to shape future investment decisions.
Assessing how US tariffs enacted in 2025 altered supply chain resilience, procurement approaches, and manufacturing partnerships across spine imaging
The policy measures implemented by the United States in 2025 have had a multi-dimensional effect on spine imaging supply chains, procurement strategies, and manufacturing relationships. Tariff adjustments amplified the cost of imported components and complete imaging systems, prompting many purchasers to reassess vendor selection criteria and to weigh localized sourcing against legacy supplier relationships. In response, procurement teams prioritized supply chain resilience and contractual flexibility, introducing clauses that mitigate exposure to future trade measures and improve inventory planning.
Manufacturers and distributors adjusted commercial strategies by diversifying supplier networks, accelerating regional manufacturing footprints, and, in some cases, redesigning products to reduce reliance on tariff-vulnerable components. These strategic responses influenced capital allocation timelines as health systems balanced the clinical need to refresh aging fleets against near-term budgetary pressures. At the same time, service models gained prominence; organizations explored leasing, managed-service agreements, and performance-based contracts to preserve access to advanced modalities while reducing upfront capital commitments. The cumulative effect has been a pragmatic rebalancing of procurement approaches driven by risk management, cost containment, and continuity of patient care.
Segmentation analysis explaining how modality selection, care setting, and clinical indication converge to shape diagnostic strategy and procurement decisions in spine imaging
Segmentation reveals how modality attributes, care settings, and clinical objectives jointly determine technology adoption and purchasing priorities. When imaging modality is considered, computed tomography and X-ray occupy distinct but complementary roles: computed tomography is typically selected where multiplanar and three-dimensional visualization is critical, and within CT the distinction between multi-slice CT and single-slice CT matters for throughput, slice resolution, and advanced post-processing capabilities. X-ray retains broad utility for initial assessments and intraoperative imaging, and the evolution from analog radiography through computed radiography to digital radiography reflects a continuum of improvements in image capture, workflow integration, and downstream analytics.
End-user characteristics drive different procurement rationales. Ambulatory surgical centers and orthopedic clinics prioritize compact, rapid-turnaround systems that integrate with procedural workflows, while diagnostic imaging centers and hospitals emphasize throughput, advanced reconstruction, and integration with enterprise PACS and reporting systems. Clinical indications further nuance modality preference: degenerative disc disease and scoliosis management demand accurate longitudinal assessment and measurement tools; spinal stenosis assessment requires reliable cross-sectional detail to evaluate neural element compromise; and trauma mandates rapid, robust imaging capable of guiding emergent decision-making. Understanding these intersecting segmentation dimensions enables stakeholders to match modality capabilities to clinical needs and operational constraints.
Regional dynamics across the Americas, Europe Middle East and Africa, and Asia Pacific influencing adoption, procurement, clinical workflows, and partnership models in spine imaging
Regional dynamics materially influence adoption patterns, procurement behaviors, and partnership strategies in spine imaging. In the Americas, payer structures and hospital systems often favor scaled purchasing agreements and bundled service offerings, supporting rapid adoption of multi-slice CT systems and integrated digital radiography suites in higher-volume centers. In contrast, Europe, Middle East and Africa presents a heterogeneous landscape where national reimbursement frameworks, regulatory divergence, and variable capital availability shape a more segmented adoption curve; partnerships with local distributors and adaptable service agreements are frequently prioritized.
Asia-Pacific markets span high-volume tertiary centers in advanced urban hubs to resource-constrained settings where compact and cost-efficient X-ray and single-slice CT systems remain essential. Across all regions, there is a visible trend towards regionalization of manufacturing and service capabilities, driven by supply chain risk mitigation and the desire to shorten maintenance response times. These regional patterns interact with clinician training, referral networks, and regulatory expectations, all of which influence the selection of imaging platforms and the structure of commercial relationships between providers and suppliers.
Company dynamics that accelerate innovation across imaging hardware, AI-enabled software, service offerings, and integrated clinical pathways in spine imaging
Company-level dynamics are shaping the competitive landscape through a combination of technological differentiation, strategic partnerships, and service innovation. Leading imaging vendors invest in detector hardware, reconstruction software, and user-interface design that streamline acquisition and enhance diagnostic confidence. Simultaneously, a wave of companies specializing in AI-driven analytics and workflow automation is partnering with hardware manufacturers and clinical groups to embed decision support directly into imaging pipelines.
Commercial strategies increasingly emphasize total service delivery rather than standalone equipment sales. This includes expanded service portfolios, shorter upgrade cycles, and flexible financing models that reduce barriers to adopting advanced CT and digital radiography systems. Collaborations between device firms, software developers, and clinical research networks are accelerating product validation and clinical adoption by demonstrating workflow gains and reproducible diagnostic value. For buyers, vendor selection considerations now weigh long-term software support, interoperability, and the ability to co-develop specialized clinical modules that address the needs of spinal specialists.
Actionable recommendations for industry leaders to fortify supply chains, accelerate technology adoption, streamline clinical workflows, and enhance resilience in spine imaging
Industry leaders should pursue a coordinated strategy that balances clinical performance, operational resilience, and commercial flexibility. Investing in supply chain diversification and dual-sourcing for critical components reduces vulnerability to trade disruptions and tariff-driven cost volatility. At the same time, offering and adopting flexible commercial models-such as equipment-as-a-service, managed service agreements, or outcome-linked contracts-can align incentives across manufacturers, providers, and payers while smoothing capital cycles for imaging buyers.
From a technology standpoint, priorities include accelerating integration of dose-optimized acquisition protocols, enhancing interoperability with electronic health records and surgical planning tools, and validating AI-enabled aids that reduce reporting time and increase diagnostic consistency. Workforce training and standardized protocols will amplify the clinical value of new systems, so coordinated investments in education and change management are essential. Finally, engaging proactively with regulatory and reimbursement stakeholders ensures that evolving capabilities translate into recognized clinical pathways and sustainable commercial uptake.
Mixed-methods research combining clinical interviews, technical product analysis, regulatory review, and cross-sector triangulation to produce actionable insights
This analysis is grounded in a mixed-methods research approach combining primary and secondary inputs to ensure depth and rigor. Primary research included structured interviews and focused discussions with radiologists, spine surgeons, imaging technologists, hospital procurement leaders, and distribution partners to capture operational realities, clinical needs, and purchasing rationales. These qualitative insights were triangulated with technical product analysis, regulatory reviews, and a systematic assessment of published clinical literature to validate performance claims and identify evidence gaps.
Supplementary methods comprised technology benchmarking to compare reconstruction approaches, dose management features, and interoperability capabilities, alongside an examination of service models and contractual structures in different geographies. Cross-sector triangulation ensured findings reflect both frontline clinical experience and commercial operational realities, delivering actionable recommendations that are aligned with the needs of providers, payers, and technology suppliers.
Concluding strategic synthesis outlining priorities for clinicians, manufacturers, and payers to advance diagnostic quality, workflow efficiency, and patient outcomes in spine imaging
In conclusion, spine imaging is at the intersection of technological advancement, clinical demand for precision, and commercial imperatives shaped by procurement and policy. Modern computed tomography and digital radiography systems deliver richer diagnostic detail and greater workflow efficiency, but their value depends on seamless integration into care pathways, robust service models, and alignment with institutional priorities. The combined pressures of cost management, supply chain resilience, and the need for demonstrable clinical impact are driving purchasers toward solutions that balance performance with predictable total cost of ownership.
Providers and manufacturers that prioritize interoperability, invest in validated AI and workflow tools, and adopt flexible commercial structures will be best positioned to translate imaging capability into improved patient outcomes and operational efficiency. Cross-disciplinary collaboration among clinicians, procurement teams, and vendors will remain essential to realize the full potential of advances in spine X-ray and computed tomography while managing risk and sustaining access to high-quality diagnostic care.
Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
Table of Contents
186 Pages
- 1. Preface
- 1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
- 1.3. Years Considered for the Study
- 1.4. Currency
- 1.5. Language
- 1.6. Stakeholders
- 2. Research Methodology
- 3. Executive Summary
- 4. Market Overview
- 5. Market Insights
- 5.1. Integration of AI-based image reconstruction to reduce radiation dose while enhancing spinal CT image clarity
- 5.2. Adoption of low-dose CT protocols for pediatric and adolescent spinal evaluations to minimize radiation exposure
- 5.3. Emergence of portable x-ray systems with advanced portability features for in-field spinal injury assessment
- 5.4. Growth of 3D printing applications using CT imaging data for personalized spinal implant design and preoperative planning
- 5.5. Utilization of dual-energy CT to better differentiate spinal bone lesions and improve diagnostic accuracy
- 5.6. Incorporation of AI-driven fracture detection algorithms in routine spinal x-ray diagnostics for faster triage
- 5.7. Expansion of tele-radiology platforms enabling remote interpretation and consultation of spine imaging studies
- 5.8. Development of photon-counting CT technology to enhance contrast resolution and reduce metal artifacts in spinal imaging
- 5.9. Increasing use of dynamic weight-bearing CT scans for assessing spinal stability and degenerative changes in functional postures
- 5.10. Rising demand for contrast-enhanced CT angiography of the cervical spine for preoperative vascular mapping in spine surgery
- 6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025
- 7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025
- 8. Spine X-Ray & Computed Tomography Market, by Imaging Modality
- 8.1. Computed Tomography
- 8.1.1. Multi-Slice CT
- 8.1.2. Single-Slice CT
- 8.2. X Ray
- 8.2.1. Analog Radiography
- 8.2.2. Computed Radiography
- 8.2.3. Digital Radiography
- 9. Spine X-Ray & Computed Tomography Market, by Clinical Indication
- 9.1. Degenerative Disc Disease
- 9.2. Scoliosis
- 9.3. Spinal Stenosis
- 9.4. Trauma
- 10. Spine X-Ray & Computed Tomography Market, by Patient Type
- 10.1. Adults
- 10.2. Pediatrics & Neonates
- 11. Spine X-Ray & Computed Tomography Market, by End User
- 11.1. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
- 11.2. Diagnostic Imaging Centers
- 11.3. Hospitals
- 11.4. Orthopedic Clinics
- 12. Spine X-Ray & Computed Tomography Market, by Region
- 12.1. Americas
- 12.1.1. North America
- 12.1.2. Latin America
- 12.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
- 12.2.1. Europe
- 12.2.2. Middle East
- 12.2.3. Africa
- 12.3. Asia-Pacific
- 13. Spine X-Ray & Computed Tomography Market, by Group
- 13.1. ASEAN
- 13.2. GCC
- 13.3. European Union
- 13.4. BRICS
- 13.5. G7
- 13.6. NATO
- 14. Spine X-Ray & Computed Tomography Market, by Country
- 14.1. United States
- 14.2. Canada
- 14.3. Mexico
- 14.4. Brazil
- 14.5. United Kingdom
- 14.6. Germany
- 14.7. France
- 14.8. Russia
- 14.9. Italy
- 14.10. Spain
- 14.11. China
- 14.12. India
- 14.13. Japan
- 14.14. Australia
- 14.15. South Korea
- 15. Competitive Landscape
- 15.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
- 15.2. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2024
- 15.3. Competitive Analysis
- 15.3.1. Agfa-Gevaert NV
- 15.3.2. Alleng.ers Medical Systems Ltd
- 15.3.3. Arterys Inc.
- 15.3.4. Bruker Corporation
- 15.3.5. Canon Medical Systems Corporation
- 15.3.6. Carestream Health Inc.
- 15.3.7. Dentsply Sirona Inc.
- 15.3.8. Enlitic Inc.
- 15.3.9. Envision Medical Imaging
- 15.3.10. Fujifilm Holdings Corporation
- 15.3.11. GE HealthCare Technologies Inc.
- 15.3.12. Hologic Inc.
- 15.3.13. Imagen Technologies Inc.
- 15.3.14. Infervision Medical Technology Co. Ltd.
- 15.3.15. Konica Minolta, Inc.
- 15.3.16. Koninklije Philips N.V.
- 15.3.17. Mediso Ltd.
- 15.3.18. Medtronic PLC
- 15.3.19. Nano-x Imaging LTD.
- 15.3.20. PerkinElmer, Inc.
- 15.3.21. Qure.ai Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
- 15.3.22. Shimadzu Corporation
- 15.3.23. Siemens Healthcare GmbH
- 15.3.24. Stryker Corporation
- 15.3.25. Varian Medical Systems, Inc.
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