Sodium Lactate Market by Type (Food Grade, Industrial Grade, Pharmaceutical Grade), Form (Liquid, Powder), Application, End-Use Industry - Global Forecast 2025-2032
Description
The Sodium Lactate Market was valued at USD 653.59 million in 2024 and is projected to grow to USD 690.67 million in 2025, with a CAGR of 5.96%, reaching USD 1,038.87 million by 2032.
A strategic introduction to sodium lactate outlining its multifunctional roles, supply considerations, regulatory touchpoints, and implications for procurement and formulation teams
Sodium lactate occupies a unique position at the intersection of formulation science, food safety, and industrial chemistry, acting both as a functional ingredient and a process enabler across multiple sectors. Its role as a buffering agent, humectant, preservative adjunct, and pH regulator ties it to upstream fermentation processes and downstream formulation complexities, so stakeholders must balance purity requirements against cost and supply resilience. Recent advances in manufacturing and tighter regulatory scrutiny have elevated the importance of traceability and quality control, prompting procurement teams to reassess vendor qualification protocols and raw material specifications.
Consequently, R&D leads and commercial teams must coordinate more closely to translate technical attributes into value propositions for end customers. As formulations grow more complex and sustainability expectations steepen, sodium lactate suppliers are adapting through incremental process optimizations and expanded technical support. These dynamics create both near-term implementation challenges and longer-term opportunities for differentiation based on reliability, technical service, and compliant documentation.
How sustainability, digital traceability, and process innovation are reshaping supplier selection, product specifications, and competitive advantage across sodium lactate applications
The sodium lactate landscape is undergoing several transformative shifts driven by sustainability imperatives, supply chain reconfiguration, and advances in bioprocess optimization. These shifts include a move toward greener feedstocks and lower-carbon production pathways, an emphasis on transparent supply chains enabled by digital traceability, and growing demand from formulation-sensitive industries that prize ingredient provenance. In parallel, technological improvements in fermentation yields and purification methodologies are reducing unit variability, enabling higher-grade outputs that expand opportunities in pharmaceutical and personal care applications.
As these trends converge, companies that invest in end-to-end process improvements and cross-functional alignment will capture disproportionate advantages. Manufacturers that can demonstrate reduced environmental impact, robust quality documentation, and agile response to regulatory change will strengthen their market positions. At the same time, customers increasingly prioritize partners who can offer both technical collaboration and predictable logistics, transforming supplier selection from a cost exercise into a strategic, capability-driven decision.
Assessing the operational, contractual, and formulation consequences of 2025 trade measures and tariff changes on sodium lactate sourcing, pricing dynamics, and supply continuity
The introduction of new tariffs and trade measures in 2025 has intensified considerations around sourcing strategies, landed costs, and contractual protections. Import duties affect the relative economics of cross-border supply versus local manufacture, prompting commercial teams to re-evaluate supplier networks and to model landed cost scenarios with greater granularity. In response, many organizations have prioritized dual sourcing, renegotiated long-term contracts with clearer pass-through clauses, and accelerated qualification of regional producers to mitigate near-term exposure to tariff volatility.
Moreover, tariff-driven cost pressure has ripple effects through formulation and pricing decisions, encouraging product developers to examine concentration adjustments, alternative excipients, and packaging efficiencies. Companies with integrated supply chain visibility and proactive hedging policies tend to manage these disruptions more effectively, while those reliant on single-source imports face elevated operational risk. Accordingly, a disciplined approach that combines contractual flexibility, regional capability development, and scenario-based financial planning is essential to preserve margin and maintain continuity of supply.
Detailed segmentation-driven intelligence revealing how application, industry, grade, and form distinctions dictate quality, packaging, and commercial strategies for sodium lactate
Segmentation insights reveal differentiated demand signals and technical requirements that should inform product development, commercial strategy, and quality assurance protocols. Based on Application, sodium lactate serves Animal Feed with subcategories including Aquafeed, Cattle Feed, Poultry Feed, and Swine Feed; Chemical Processing with Plasticizers and Surfactants; Food & Beverage including Bakery Products, Beverages, Confectionery, Dairy Products, and Meat & Seafood Processing; Personal Care spanning Hair Care, Oral Care, and Skin Care; and Pharmaceuticals covering Antacid Formulations, Injectable Preparations, and Topical Formulations. These application-specific submarkets drive distinct purity, regulatory documentation, and microbiological standards that suppliers must meet to compete effectively.
Based on End-Use Industry, the product is consumed across Animal Nutrition, Chemical Synthesis, Cosmetic Formulation, Food Processing, and Pharma Manufacturing, each imposing different seasonality, order cadence, and packaging preferences. Based on Type, requirements diverge into Food Grade, Industrial Grade, and Pharmaceutical Grade, which determine testing frequency, certification needs, and value capture potential. Based on Form, market participants choose between Liquid and Powder formats, influencing logistics, shelf stability, and dosing strategies. Synthesizing these segmentation dimensions shows that success depends on aligning technical capabilities with the exacting demands of target end users while maintaining flexible supply and packaging options.
Regionalized intelligence on how demand drivers, regulatory regimes, and manufacturing footprints across the Americas, Europe Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific shape strategic sourcing and distribution choices
Regional dynamics materially shape sourcing decisions, regulatory strategies, and capital investments, creating differentiated opportunities across major geographies. In the Americas, demand is often driven by large-scale food processing and animal nutrition companies with mature distribution networks and a premium on cost-effective logistics, encouraging suppliers to offer competitive lead times and consolidated shipments. Europe, Middle East & Africa combines stringent regulatory regimes with growing interest in clean-label and sustainability-certified ingredients, which incentivizes investments in documentation, certification, and lower-carbon production methods. Asia-Pacific stands out for its manufacturing scale, improving quality infrastructure, and rapidly expanding downstream industries, leading many firms to source locally while also exporting higher-purity grades to global markets.
These regional nuances require tailored commercial approaches: some organizations prioritize regulatory alignment and certification in regions with strict compliance expectations, while others emphasize manufacturing footprint and cost competitiveness where scale is the decisive advantage. Consequently, a regionalized go-to-market model that accounts for local regulatory regimes, logistics corridors, and demand composition will outperform a one-size-fits-all strategy.
Insight into competitive behavior showing how technical services, certification, sustainability credentials, and partnership models create durable advantages among sodium lactate producers
Competitive dynamics in the sodium lactate space are shaped by technology differentiation, quality certification, service levels, and the ability to support complex formulations. Leading companies often invest in robust analytical capabilities, third-party certifications, and application labs that enable co-development with customers and faster problem resolution. Supply-side consolidation and strategic partnerships between producers and contract manufacturers have also emerged as viable paths to scale while maintaining technical support for downstream formulators.
Additionally, companies that emphasize sustainability credentials, such as reduced-carbon production and responsible procurement practices, gain traction with large corporate buyers and brands that link ingredient sourcing to corporate responsibility goals. Those that combine technical depth with flexible commercial models, including tailored packaging and private-label manufacturing, typically secure stronger customer loyalty. For mid-sized players, focusing on niche technical services, rapid response times, and specialized grades offers a defensible position against larger competitors.
Actionable strategic guidance for executives to bolster supply resilience, enhance technical differentiation, and operationalize sustainability commitments to secure commercial advantage
Leaders should prioritize an integrated strategy that balances supply resilience, technical differentiation, and commercial agility to capture near-term opportunities and reduce exposure to trade volatility. First, diversify sourcing across geographies and grades to insulate operations from tariff shocks and single-source disruptions while maintaining rigorous supplier qualification processes. Second, invest in application support and analytical services that enable co-development with customers, accelerating adoption in high-value segments such as pharmaceuticals and personal care. Third, accelerate sustainability initiatives that reduce lifecycle emissions and strengthen claims through verifiable documentation, thereby improving access to buyers with strict procurement policies.
Finally, strengthen commercial terms and contract structures to include clear cost pass-through mechanisms, minimum supply commitments, and contingency plans for logistics challenges. Combine these tactical moves with scenario planning that models regulatory and trade shifts, enabling faster executive decision-making when conditions change. By executing this multi-pronged approach, organizations can both defend margin and unlock new revenue streams driven by differentiated product attributes and superior service.
Transparent explanation of the mixed-methods research approach combining primary interviews, technical validation, and triangulated secondary sources to ensure reliable actionable insights
The research behind these insights applied a mixed-methods approach to ensure depth and reliability. Primary inputs included structured interviews with industry practitioners across procurement, R&D, and regulatory affairs; consultations with technical experts; and supplier facility visits when feasible. Secondary analysis drew on peer-reviewed literature, regulatory documentation, patent filings, and industry technical bulletins to triangulate supplier claims and to verify production and quality control approaches. This combination of primary and secondary sources enabled cross-validation of technical performance, regulatory compliance, and logistical realities.
Analytical rigor was maintained through a process of data triangulation, sensitivity testing of key assumptions, and iterative validation with subject-matter experts. Methodological limitations included variable disclosure of commercial contracts and occasional gaps in public data on processing yields, which the research addressed by leveraging anonymized supplier inputs and expert elicitation. The result is a robust, practice-oriented set of findings designed to inform operational and strategic decisions without relying on proprietary vendor hype.
Concise synthesis emphasizing the necessity of coordinated supplier partnerships, technical investment, and regional sourcing strategies to convert risks into long-term advantages
In conclusion, sodium lactate’s strategic importance will rise as formulation complexity, regulatory scrutiny, and sustainability expectations intensify across end-use industries. The ingredient’s performance attributes create cross-sectoral demand, but realizing that demand requires suppliers and buyers to align on quality, traceability, and commercial flexibility. Firms that adopt regionally nuanced strategies, invest in technical services, and mitigate trade-related exposure through diversified sourcing will be better positioned to capture value and maintain continuity of supply.
Executives should treat sodium lactate not merely as a commodity input but as a lever for product differentiation and supply chain resilience. Coordinated investment in supplier partnerships, certification, and scenario-based planning will turn short-term challenges into long-term competitive advantages, supporting both growth objectives and risk mitigation in volatile trade and regulatory environments.
Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
A strategic introduction to sodium lactate outlining its multifunctional roles, supply considerations, regulatory touchpoints, and implications for procurement and formulation teams
Sodium lactate occupies a unique position at the intersection of formulation science, food safety, and industrial chemistry, acting both as a functional ingredient and a process enabler across multiple sectors. Its role as a buffering agent, humectant, preservative adjunct, and pH regulator ties it to upstream fermentation processes and downstream formulation complexities, so stakeholders must balance purity requirements against cost and supply resilience. Recent advances in manufacturing and tighter regulatory scrutiny have elevated the importance of traceability and quality control, prompting procurement teams to reassess vendor qualification protocols and raw material specifications.
Consequently, R&D leads and commercial teams must coordinate more closely to translate technical attributes into value propositions for end customers. As formulations grow more complex and sustainability expectations steepen, sodium lactate suppliers are adapting through incremental process optimizations and expanded technical support. These dynamics create both near-term implementation challenges and longer-term opportunities for differentiation based on reliability, technical service, and compliant documentation.
How sustainability, digital traceability, and process innovation are reshaping supplier selection, product specifications, and competitive advantage across sodium lactate applications
The sodium lactate landscape is undergoing several transformative shifts driven by sustainability imperatives, supply chain reconfiguration, and advances in bioprocess optimization. These shifts include a move toward greener feedstocks and lower-carbon production pathways, an emphasis on transparent supply chains enabled by digital traceability, and growing demand from formulation-sensitive industries that prize ingredient provenance. In parallel, technological improvements in fermentation yields and purification methodologies are reducing unit variability, enabling higher-grade outputs that expand opportunities in pharmaceutical and personal care applications.
As these trends converge, companies that invest in end-to-end process improvements and cross-functional alignment will capture disproportionate advantages. Manufacturers that can demonstrate reduced environmental impact, robust quality documentation, and agile response to regulatory change will strengthen their market positions. At the same time, customers increasingly prioritize partners who can offer both technical collaboration and predictable logistics, transforming supplier selection from a cost exercise into a strategic, capability-driven decision.
Assessing the operational, contractual, and formulation consequences of 2025 trade measures and tariff changes on sodium lactate sourcing, pricing dynamics, and supply continuity
The introduction of new tariffs and trade measures in 2025 has intensified considerations around sourcing strategies, landed costs, and contractual protections. Import duties affect the relative economics of cross-border supply versus local manufacture, prompting commercial teams to re-evaluate supplier networks and to model landed cost scenarios with greater granularity. In response, many organizations have prioritized dual sourcing, renegotiated long-term contracts with clearer pass-through clauses, and accelerated qualification of regional producers to mitigate near-term exposure to tariff volatility.
Moreover, tariff-driven cost pressure has ripple effects through formulation and pricing decisions, encouraging product developers to examine concentration adjustments, alternative excipients, and packaging efficiencies. Companies with integrated supply chain visibility and proactive hedging policies tend to manage these disruptions more effectively, while those reliant on single-source imports face elevated operational risk. Accordingly, a disciplined approach that combines contractual flexibility, regional capability development, and scenario-based financial planning is essential to preserve margin and maintain continuity of supply.
Detailed segmentation-driven intelligence revealing how application, industry, grade, and form distinctions dictate quality, packaging, and commercial strategies for sodium lactate
Segmentation insights reveal differentiated demand signals and technical requirements that should inform product development, commercial strategy, and quality assurance protocols. Based on Application, sodium lactate serves Animal Feed with subcategories including Aquafeed, Cattle Feed, Poultry Feed, and Swine Feed; Chemical Processing with Plasticizers and Surfactants; Food & Beverage including Bakery Products, Beverages, Confectionery, Dairy Products, and Meat & Seafood Processing; Personal Care spanning Hair Care, Oral Care, and Skin Care; and Pharmaceuticals covering Antacid Formulations, Injectable Preparations, and Topical Formulations. These application-specific submarkets drive distinct purity, regulatory documentation, and microbiological standards that suppliers must meet to compete effectively.
Based on End-Use Industry, the product is consumed across Animal Nutrition, Chemical Synthesis, Cosmetic Formulation, Food Processing, and Pharma Manufacturing, each imposing different seasonality, order cadence, and packaging preferences. Based on Type, requirements diverge into Food Grade, Industrial Grade, and Pharmaceutical Grade, which determine testing frequency, certification needs, and value capture potential. Based on Form, market participants choose between Liquid and Powder formats, influencing logistics, shelf stability, and dosing strategies. Synthesizing these segmentation dimensions shows that success depends on aligning technical capabilities with the exacting demands of target end users while maintaining flexible supply and packaging options.
Regionalized intelligence on how demand drivers, regulatory regimes, and manufacturing footprints across the Americas, Europe Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific shape strategic sourcing and distribution choices
Regional dynamics materially shape sourcing decisions, regulatory strategies, and capital investments, creating differentiated opportunities across major geographies. In the Americas, demand is often driven by large-scale food processing and animal nutrition companies with mature distribution networks and a premium on cost-effective logistics, encouraging suppliers to offer competitive lead times and consolidated shipments. Europe, Middle East & Africa combines stringent regulatory regimes with growing interest in clean-label and sustainability-certified ingredients, which incentivizes investments in documentation, certification, and lower-carbon production methods. Asia-Pacific stands out for its manufacturing scale, improving quality infrastructure, and rapidly expanding downstream industries, leading many firms to source locally while also exporting higher-purity grades to global markets.
These regional nuances require tailored commercial approaches: some organizations prioritize regulatory alignment and certification in regions with strict compliance expectations, while others emphasize manufacturing footprint and cost competitiveness where scale is the decisive advantage. Consequently, a regionalized go-to-market model that accounts for local regulatory regimes, logistics corridors, and demand composition will outperform a one-size-fits-all strategy.
Insight into competitive behavior showing how technical services, certification, sustainability credentials, and partnership models create durable advantages among sodium lactate producers
Competitive dynamics in the sodium lactate space are shaped by technology differentiation, quality certification, service levels, and the ability to support complex formulations. Leading companies often invest in robust analytical capabilities, third-party certifications, and application labs that enable co-development with customers and faster problem resolution. Supply-side consolidation and strategic partnerships between producers and contract manufacturers have also emerged as viable paths to scale while maintaining technical support for downstream formulators.
Additionally, companies that emphasize sustainability credentials, such as reduced-carbon production and responsible procurement practices, gain traction with large corporate buyers and brands that link ingredient sourcing to corporate responsibility goals. Those that combine technical depth with flexible commercial models, including tailored packaging and private-label manufacturing, typically secure stronger customer loyalty. For mid-sized players, focusing on niche technical services, rapid response times, and specialized grades offers a defensible position against larger competitors.
Actionable strategic guidance for executives to bolster supply resilience, enhance technical differentiation, and operationalize sustainability commitments to secure commercial advantage
Leaders should prioritize an integrated strategy that balances supply resilience, technical differentiation, and commercial agility to capture near-term opportunities and reduce exposure to trade volatility. First, diversify sourcing across geographies and grades to insulate operations from tariff shocks and single-source disruptions while maintaining rigorous supplier qualification processes. Second, invest in application support and analytical services that enable co-development with customers, accelerating adoption in high-value segments such as pharmaceuticals and personal care. Third, accelerate sustainability initiatives that reduce lifecycle emissions and strengthen claims through verifiable documentation, thereby improving access to buyers with strict procurement policies.
Finally, strengthen commercial terms and contract structures to include clear cost pass-through mechanisms, minimum supply commitments, and contingency plans for logistics challenges. Combine these tactical moves with scenario planning that models regulatory and trade shifts, enabling faster executive decision-making when conditions change. By executing this multi-pronged approach, organizations can both defend margin and unlock new revenue streams driven by differentiated product attributes and superior service.
Transparent explanation of the mixed-methods research approach combining primary interviews, technical validation, and triangulated secondary sources to ensure reliable actionable insights
The research behind these insights applied a mixed-methods approach to ensure depth and reliability. Primary inputs included structured interviews with industry practitioners across procurement, R&D, and regulatory affairs; consultations with technical experts; and supplier facility visits when feasible. Secondary analysis drew on peer-reviewed literature, regulatory documentation, patent filings, and industry technical bulletins to triangulate supplier claims and to verify production and quality control approaches. This combination of primary and secondary sources enabled cross-validation of technical performance, regulatory compliance, and logistical realities.
Analytical rigor was maintained through a process of data triangulation, sensitivity testing of key assumptions, and iterative validation with subject-matter experts. Methodological limitations included variable disclosure of commercial contracts and occasional gaps in public data on processing yields, which the research addressed by leveraging anonymized supplier inputs and expert elicitation. The result is a robust, practice-oriented set of findings designed to inform operational and strategic decisions without relying on proprietary vendor hype.
Concise synthesis emphasizing the necessity of coordinated supplier partnerships, technical investment, and regional sourcing strategies to convert risks into long-term advantages
In conclusion, sodium lactate’s strategic importance will rise as formulation complexity, regulatory scrutiny, and sustainability expectations intensify across end-use industries. The ingredient’s performance attributes create cross-sectoral demand, but realizing that demand requires suppliers and buyers to align on quality, traceability, and commercial flexibility. Firms that adopt regionally nuanced strategies, invest in technical services, and mitigate trade-related exposure through diversified sourcing will be better positioned to capture value and maintain continuity of supply.
Executives should treat sodium lactate not merely as a commodity input but as a lever for product differentiation and supply chain resilience. Coordinated investment in supplier partnerships, certification, and scenario-based planning will turn short-term challenges into long-term competitive advantages, supporting both growth objectives and risk mitigation in volatile trade and regulatory environments.
Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
Table of Contents
194 Pages
- 1. Preface
- 1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
- 1.3. Years Considered for the Study
- 1.4. Currency
- 1.5. Language
- 1.6. Stakeholders
- 2. Research Methodology
- 3. Executive Summary
- 4. Market Overview
- 5. Market Insights
- 5.1. Rising demand for clean label and natural preservatives driving sodium lactate adoption in food and beverage applications
- 5.2. Expansion of sustainable production processes using corn-based feedstocks for eco-friendly sodium lactate manufacturing
- 5.3. Integration of sodium lactate as multifunctional ingredient in cosmetic formulations for enhanced skin hydration and pH balance
- 5.4. Regulatory shifts in bacteriostatic agents increasing reliance on sodium lactate in processed meat products
- 5.5. Technological advancements in continuous fermentation processes improving sodium lactate yields and cost efficiency
- 5.6. Growth of pharmaceutical applications harnessing sodium lactate for parenteral solutions and shock resuscitation therapies
- 5.7. Strategic partnerships between biotech firms and chemical producers accelerating specialty sodium lactate derivatives development
- 5.8. Market penetration in emerging Asia-Pacific regions fueled by rising processed food consumption and cold chain improvements
- 6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025
- 7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025
- 8. Sodium Lactate Market, by Type
- 8.1. Food Grade
- 8.2. Industrial Grade
- 8.3. Pharmaceutical Grade
- 9. Sodium Lactate Market, by Form
- 9.1. Liquid
- 9.2. Powder
- 10. Sodium Lactate Market, by Application
- 10.1. Animal Feed
- 10.1.1. Aquafeed
- 10.1.2. Cattle Feed
- 10.1.3. Poultry Feed
- 10.1.4. Swine Feed
- 10.2. Chemical Processing
- 10.2.1. Plasticizers
- 10.2.2. Surfactants
- 10.3. Food & Beverage
- 10.3.1. Bakery Products
- 10.3.2. Beverages
- 10.3.3. Confectionery
- 10.3.4. Dairy Products
- 10.3.5. Meat & Seafood Processing
- 10.4. Personal Care
- 10.4.1. Hair Care
- 10.4.2. Oral Care
- 10.4.3. Skin Care
- 10.5. Pharmaceuticals
- 10.5.1. Antacid Formulations
- 10.5.2. Injectable Preparations
- 10.5.3. Topical Formulations
- 11. Sodium Lactate Market, by End-Use Industry
- 11.1. Animal Nutrition
- 11.2. Chemical Synthesis
- 11.3. Cosmetic Formulation
- 11.4. Food Processing
- 11.5. Pharma Manufacturing
- 12. Sodium Lactate Market, by Region
- 12.1. Americas
- 12.1.1. North America
- 12.1.2. Latin America
- 12.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
- 12.2.1. Europe
- 12.2.2. Middle East
- 12.2.3. Africa
- 12.3. Asia-Pacific
- 13. Sodium Lactate Market, by Group
- 13.1. ASEAN
- 13.2. GCC
- 13.3. European Union
- 13.4. BRICS
- 13.5. G7
- 13.6. NATO
- 14. Sodium Lactate Market, by Country
- 14.1. United States
- 14.2. Canada
- 14.3. Mexico
- 14.4. Brazil
- 14.5. United Kingdom
- 14.6. Germany
- 14.7. France
- 14.8. Russia
- 14.9. Italy
- 14.10. Spain
- 14.11. China
- 14.12. India
- 14.13. Japan
- 14.14. Australia
- 14.15. South Korea
- 15. Competitive Landscape
- 15.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
- 15.2. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2024
- 15.3. Competitive Analysis
- 15.3.1. BASF SE
- 15.3.2. Corbion NV
- 15.3.3. Jungbunzlauer AG
- 15.3.4. Galactic SA
- 15.3.5. Archer Daniels Midland Company
- 15.3.6. Cargill, Incorporated
- 15.3.7. Merck KGaA
- 15.3.8. Shandong Jiejing Bioengineering Co., Ltd.
- 15.3.9. Spectrum Chemical Manufacturing Corp.
- 15.3.10. Brenntag AG
- 15.3.11. Henan Jindan Lactic Acid Technology Co., Ltd.
- 15.3.12. Foodchem International Corporation
- 15.3.13. Luoyang Longmen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
- 15.3.14. Hefei TNJ Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
- 15.3.15. Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd.
- 15.3.16. Dr. Paul Lohmann GmbH & Co. KGaA
- 15.3.17. Biosynth Carbosynth
- 15.3.18. BBCA Biochemical Co., Ltd.
- 15.3.19. Finetech Industry Limited
- 15.3.20. abcr GmbH
- 15.3.21. Prathista Industries Limited
- 15.3.22. JIAAN BIOTECH
- 15.3.23. Qingdao Great Biological Engineering Co., Ltd.
- 15.3.24. Qingdao Dawei Biological Engineering Co., Ltd.
- 15.3.25. Finoric LLC
- 15.3.26. Glentham Life Sciences Ltd.
- 15.3.27. Advance Inorganics
- 15.3.28. Fisher Chemical
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