Scissor Lift Market by Platform Type (Mobile, Stationary), Power Source (Diesel, Electric, Hybrid), Platform Height, Load Capacity, End User Industry - Global Forecast 2025-2032
Description
The Scissor Lift Market was valued at USD 3.56 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow to USD 3.78 billion in 2025, with a CAGR of 6.01%, reaching USD 5.69 billion by 2032.
A context-rich introduction to scissor lift operations, technological evolution, safety priorities, and procurement decision drivers for executives
The following executive summary introduces the scissor lift sector by framing its operational role, technological trajectory, and decision-making priorities for business leaders. Scissor lifts serve as essential vertical access platforms across a range of industrial and commercial environments, enabling safer, more efficient elevation of personnel and materials for maintenance, construction, and logistics operations. This introduction situates the product family within broader trends in equipment electrification, modularization, and occupational safety regulations, while highlighting the strategic levers that shape procurement and product development.
By establishing this context, readers will better interpret subsequent analysis on shifts in demand patterns, tariff dynamics, segmentation behavior, and regional opportunity drivers. Throughout the report, emphasis remains on translating operational implications into actionable guidance for procurement officers, fleet managers, OEM product teams, and corporate strategists. The introduction therefore primes stakeholders to evaluate competitive positioning, total cost considerations, and the interoperability of scissor lifts with evolving on-site workflows and automation initiatives.
How electrification, telematics, modular design, and evolving procurement models are fundamentally transforming product strategies and service economics
The scissor lift landscape is undergoing a series of transformative shifts that are reshaping product design, customer expectations, and channel economics. Advances in battery chemistry and electric drive systems have accelerated adoption of electrically powered platforms, which in turn influence product lifecycle costs and on-site emissions profiles. Concurrently, integration of telematics and remote diagnostics has migrated from aftermarket novelty to an expected capability, allowing fleet operators to manage utilization, preventive maintenance, and safety compliance with greater precision.
Moreover, procurement patterns are evolving as operators increasingly favor flexible ownership models and as rental providers invest in digitally enabled fleets that optimize utilization across job sites. Design priorities have also shifted toward modularity and payload optimization to meet the varied needs of construction, warehousing, and utilities sectors. As a result, companies that align engineering roadmaps with digital service offerings and lifecycle support stand to differentiate through superior uptime and lower total operational friction. Transitioning from legacy product portfolios to these new paradigms requires deliberate investment in software, battery supply resilience, and global service networks.
Projected tariff adjustments in 2025 will compel supply chain redesign, localization of assembly, and savvy procurement tactics to protect margins
United States tariff actions announced for 2025 create a layered set of operational and strategic implications for manufacturers, distributors, and buyers of scissor lifts. Tariff changes alter sourcing calculus, prompting firms to reassess supplier footprints, raw material procurement, and in-country assembly options to preserve margin and lead-time reliability. In response, some manufacturers are likely to accelerate localization of higher-value assembly steps while maintaining specialized component sourcing from established global suppliers where technical constraints exist.
These shifts will also affect channel partners and rental companies whose fleet refresh cycles and depreciation models depend on predictable landed costs. Consequently, procurement teams will need to renegotiate supplier contracts, diversify sourcing vectors, and consider staggered replacement strategies to manage short-term cost volatility. In parallel, aftermarket service economics may change as parts pricing and logistics complexity evolve, making robust parts forecasting and inventory optimization essential. Ultimately, tariff-driven adjustments in 2025 will favor organizations that can rapidly adapt supply chain design, leverage regional manufacturing capabilities, and translate higher procurement costs into differentiated service propositions.
Detailed segmentation insights mapping platform configurations, powertrains, industry-specific needs, height ranges, and load classes to procurement and design choices
Key segmentation insights reveal how demand characteristics, operational requirements, and product configurations vary across platform type, power source, end-user industry, platform height, and load capacity. When analyzed by platform type, mobile platforms-further differentiated into self-propelled and towable variants-tend to prioritize maneuverability and rapid deployment for job-site mobility, whereas stationary platforms emphasize stability and continuous high-frequency access. Transitioning to power source segmentation, diesel units remain relevant for remote heavy-duty tasks, but electric and hybrid solutions are increasingly preferred for indoor operations and emissions-sensitive projects, influencing maintenance regimes and charging infrastructure planning.
Examining end-user industries highlights distinct specification priorities: construction applications, across commercial, infrastructure, and residential subsegments, demand high durability and variable duty cycles; manufacturing environments emphasize repeatability and integration with production flows; oil and gas require certifications and ruggedization for harsh conditions; utilities and telecom sectors prioritize reach and positional precision for overhead work; and warehousing and logistics favor compact footprint and cycle efficiency. Platform height segmentation shows that lifts up to 10 feet suit low-access tasks and dense indoor facilities, 10 to 26 feet platforms serve most general maintenance and installation use cases, and greater than 26 feet platforms target specialized elevated operations. Finally, load capacity differentiation-from up to 500 kilograms to 500 to 1000 kilograms and above 1000 kilograms-drives structural design, stability systems, and safety redundancies. Together, these segmentation dimensions form a matrix that manufacturers and buyers can use to align product roadmaps, rental fleet composition, and procurement specifications to operational realities.
Distinct regional drivers and regulatory pressures that influence product design, service models, and go-to-market differentiation across global geographies
Regional dynamics create differentiated demand drivers and regulatory contexts across the Americas, Europe, Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific, shaping product features and go-to-market approaches. In the Americas, fleet modernization and rental penetration shape replacement cycles and favor electrified models in urban centers, while capacity considerations in remote sites sustain demand for rugged diesel units. Moving to Europe, Middle East & Africa, stringent emissions regulations and strong emphasis on occupational safety incentivize transition to electric and hybrid platforms, while the region’s diverse climatic and infrastructure conditions support a wide range of platform heights and payload requirements.
In the Asia-Pacific region, rapid construction activity, dense urban logistics, and a growing manufacturing base drive both high-volume demand and the need for localized service networks. Supplier strategies therefore differ by region: in the Americas and Europe, value is often captured through integrated service offerings and telematics-enabled fleet management, whereas in Asia-Pacific the focus frequently centers on cost-competitive manufacturing, dealer penetration, and rapid parts availability. Consequently, manufacturers and distributors must tailor product specifications, financing solutions, and after-sales frameworks to the distinct regulatory, operational, and commercial realities of each region.
Competitive dynamics driven by product innovation, telematics-enabled services, dealer networks, and rental providers shaping customer retention and fleet economics
Corporate competitive dynamics within the scissor lift ecosystem reflect a combination of product innovation, service capability, and channel strength. Leading equipment manufacturers have prioritized investments in battery systems, telematics integration, and ergonomic controls to differentiate their product lines, while specialized suppliers concentrate on modular components and safety subsystems that can be licensed or integrated across OEM platforms. Rental companies and distributors compete on fleet availability, maintenance turnaround, and flexible financing, which often determines adoption velocity among end users who prefer operational expense models.
Partnerships and strategic alliances have emerged as important mechanisms to accelerate feature rollouts and expand service footprints, particularly enabling global suppliers to penetrate regional markets through established dealer networks. Additionally, aftermarket service providers and third-party maintenance specialists play a growing role in extending asset life and supporting mixed fleets that combine legacy and modern platforms. For decision-makers, understanding competitive positioning requires evaluating not only product specifications but also the depth of digital services, spare-parts logistics, and training programs that underpin long-term customer retention.
Practical strategic moves to accelerate electrification, modular design, supply chain resilience, and service-led revenue models for sustainable advantage
Actionable recommendations for industry leaders focus on aligning product strategy, supply chain resilience, and customer-centric services to capture long-term value. First, prioritize electrification roadmaps and battery lifecycle programs to meet evolving emissions requirements and to reduce operational disruption for indoor and urban applications. Concurrently, invest in modular product platforms that allow rapid configuration across height and load variants to reduce time-to-market and inventory complexity. These engineering investments should be complemented by robust telematics and predictive maintenance services that shift value capture from one-time sales toward recurring revenue streams.
On the supply chain front, diversify suppliers for critical components and evaluate regional assembly or final-stage manufacturing to mitigate tariff exposure and logistics risk. Strengthen aftermarket capabilities by expanding parts distribution points and digitizing service scheduling to improve uptime. Finally, adapt commercial models to customer preferences by offering flexible financing, rental-to-own solutions, and outcome-based service agreements that reduce entry barriers for smaller operators. By executing on these priorities, leaders can secure competitive differentiation while enhancing operational resilience.
A transparent mixed-methods research framework combining targeted interviews, field validation, secondary data triangulation, and rigorous quality checks
This research synthesizes qualitative and quantitative inputs using a mixed-methods approach designed to ensure analytical rigor and relevance to executive decision-makers. Primary data was gathered through structured interviews with equipment managers, procurement officers, OEM engineering leads, and rental company executives, complemented by site visits and observation of operational workflows to validate stated preferences against real-world usage. Secondary sources included technical standards, regulatory publications, industry association reports, and manufacturer product literature to corroborate feature and compliance trends.
Analysts triangulated findings by cross-referencing supplier roadmaps, patent filings, and aftermarket service models to identify consistent patterns and divergences. Data quality procedures included verification of interview transcripts, cross-validation of supplier claims with independent field observations, and sensitivity checks to ensure narratives held across geographies and end-user segments. Throughout, emphasis was placed on transparency of assumptions, careful interpretation of qualitative signals, and linking insights to practical actions that procurement, engineering, and commercial teams can implement.
A decisive conclusion highlighting how electrification, digital services, and supply chain resilience will determine competitive outcomes and strategic priorities
In conclusion, the scissor lift sector stands at an inflection point driven by electrification, digital services, evolving procurement practices, and regional regulatory pressures. These forces collectively influence design priorities, aftermarket economics, and supply chain architectures, thereby redefining competitive advantage across manufacturers, distributors, and rental operators. Stakeholders who proactively adapt-by investing in battery technology, modular platforms, telematics capabilities, and localized supply strategies-will be better positioned to meet shifting customer expectations and to mitigate risk tied to tariff and logistics volatility.
As organizations translate these insights into strategic initiatives, they should emphasize actionable pilot programs, close collaboration between product and service teams, and measurable KPIs that link technology investments to uptime, cost of ownership, and customer satisfaction. By adopting an integrated approach that balances engineering innovation with resilient commercial and supply chain models, companies can turn disruptive forces into sustainable growth opportunities.
Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
A context-rich introduction to scissor lift operations, technological evolution, safety priorities, and procurement decision drivers for executives
The following executive summary introduces the scissor lift sector by framing its operational role, technological trajectory, and decision-making priorities for business leaders. Scissor lifts serve as essential vertical access platforms across a range of industrial and commercial environments, enabling safer, more efficient elevation of personnel and materials for maintenance, construction, and logistics operations. This introduction situates the product family within broader trends in equipment electrification, modularization, and occupational safety regulations, while highlighting the strategic levers that shape procurement and product development.
By establishing this context, readers will better interpret subsequent analysis on shifts in demand patterns, tariff dynamics, segmentation behavior, and regional opportunity drivers. Throughout the report, emphasis remains on translating operational implications into actionable guidance for procurement officers, fleet managers, OEM product teams, and corporate strategists. The introduction therefore primes stakeholders to evaluate competitive positioning, total cost considerations, and the interoperability of scissor lifts with evolving on-site workflows and automation initiatives.
How electrification, telematics, modular design, and evolving procurement models are fundamentally transforming product strategies and service economics
The scissor lift landscape is undergoing a series of transformative shifts that are reshaping product design, customer expectations, and channel economics. Advances in battery chemistry and electric drive systems have accelerated adoption of electrically powered platforms, which in turn influence product lifecycle costs and on-site emissions profiles. Concurrently, integration of telematics and remote diagnostics has migrated from aftermarket novelty to an expected capability, allowing fleet operators to manage utilization, preventive maintenance, and safety compliance with greater precision.
Moreover, procurement patterns are evolving as operators increasingly favor flexible ownership models and as rental providers invest in digitally enabled fleets that optimize utilization across job sites. Design priorities have also shifted toward modularity and payload optimization to meet the varied needs of construction, warehousing, and utilities sectors. As a result, companies that align engineering roadmaps with digital service offerings and lifecycle support stand to differentiate through superior uptime and lower total operational friction. Transitioning from legacy product portfolios to these new paradigms requires deliberate investment in software, battery supply resilience, and global service networks.
Projected tariff adjustments in 2025 will compel supply chain redesign, localization of assembly, and savvy procurement tactics to protect margins
United States tariff actions announced for 2025 create a layered set of operational and strategic implications for manufacturers, distributors, and buyers of scissor lifts. Tariff changes alter sourcing calculus, prompting firms to reassess supplier footprints, raw material procurement, and in-country assembly options to preserve margin and lead-time reliability. In response, some manufacturers are likely to accelerate localization of higher-value assembly steps while maintaining specialized component sourcing from established global suppliers where technical constraints exist.
These shifts will also affect channel partners and rental companies whose fleet refresh cycles and depreciation models depend on predictable landed costs. Consequently, procurement teams will need to renegotiate supplier contracts, diversify sourcing vectors, and consider staggered replacement strategies to manage short-term cost volatility. In parallel, aftermarket service economics may change as parts pricing and logistics complexity evolve, making robust parts forecasting and inventory optimization essential. Ultimately, tariff-driven adjustments in 2025 will favor organizations that can rapidly adapt supply chain design, leverage regional manufacturing capabilities, and translate higher procurement costs into differentiated service propositions.
Detailed segmentation insights mapping platform configurations, powertrains, industry-specific needs, height ranges, and load classes to procurement and design choices
Key segmentation insights reveal how demand characteristics, operational requirements, and product configurations vary across platform type, power source, end-user industry, platform height, and load capacity. When analyzed by platform type, mobile platforms-further differentiated into self-propelled and towable variants-tend to prioritize maneuverability and rapid deployment for job-site mobility, whereas stationary platforms emphasize stability and continuous high-frequency access. Transitioning to power source segmentation, diesel units remain relevant for remote heavy-duty tasks, but electric and hybrid solutions are increasingly preferred for indoor operations and emissions-sensitive projects, influencing maintenance regimes and charging infrastructure planning.
Examining end-user industries highlights distinct specification priorities: construction applications, across commercial, infrastructure, and residential subsegments, demand high durability and variable duty cycles; manufacturing environments emphasize repeatability and integration with production flows; oil and gas require certifications and ruggedization for harsh conditions; utilities and telecom sectors prioritize reach and positional precision for overhead work; and warehousing and logistics favor compact footprint and cycle efficiency. Platform height segmentation shows that lifts up to 10 feet suit low-access tasks and dense indoor facilities, 10 to 26 feet platforms serve most general maintenance and installation use cases, and greater than 26 feet platforms target specialized elevated operations. Finally, load capacity differentiation-from up to 500 kilograms to 500 to 1000 kilograms and above 1000 kilograms-drives structural design, stability systems, and safety redundancies. Together, these segmentation dimensions form a matrix that manufacturers and buyers can use to align product roadmaps, rental fleet composition, and procurement specifications to operational realities.
Distinct regional drivers and regulatory pressures that influence product design, service models, and go-to-market differentiation across global geographies
Regional dynamics create differentiated demand drivers and regulatory contexts across the Americas, Europe, Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific, shaping product features and go-to-market approaches. In the Americas, fleet modernization and rental penetration shape replacement cycles and favor electrified models in urban centers, while capacity considerations in remote sites sustain demand for rugged diesel units. Moving to Europe, Middle East & Africa, stringent emissions regulations and strong emphasis on occupational safety incentivize transition to electric and hybrid platforms, while the region’s diverse climatic and infrastructure conditions support a wide range of platform heights and payload requirements.
In the Asia-Pacific region, rapid construction activity, dense urban logistics, and a growing manufacturing base drive both high-volume demand and the need for localized service networks. Supplier strategies therefore differ by region: in the Americas and Europe, value is often captured through integrated service offerings and telematics-enabled fleet management, whereas in Asia-Pacific the focus frequently centers on cost-competitive manufacturing, dealer penetration, and rapid parts availability. Consequently, manufacturers and distributors must tailor product specifications, financing solutions, and after-sales frameworks to the distinct regulatory, operational, and commercial realities of each region.
Competitive dynamics driven by product innovation, telematics-enabled services, dealer networks, and rental providers shaping customer retention and fleet economics
Corporate competitive dynamics within the scissor lift ecosystem reflect a combination of product innovation, service capability, and channel strength. Leading equipment manufacturers have prioritized investments in battery systems, telematics integration, and ergonomic controls to differentiate their product lines, while specialized suppliers concentrate on modular components and safety subsystems that can be licensed or integrated across OEM platforms. Rental companies and distributors compete on fleet availability, maintenance turnaround, and flexible financing, which often determines adoption velocity among end users who prefer operational expense models.
Partnerships and strategic alliances have emerged as important mechanisms to accelerate feature rollouts and expand service footprints, particularly enabling global suppliers to penetrate regional markets through established dealer networks. Additionally, aftermarket service providers and third-party maintenance specialists play a growing role in extending asset life and supporting mixed fleets that combine legacy and modern platforms. For decision-makers, understanding competitive positioning requires evaluating not only product specifications but also the depth of digital services, spare-parts logistics, and training programs that underpin long-term customer retention.
Practical strategic moves to accelerate electrification, modular design, supply chain resilience, and service-led revenue models for sustainable advantage
Actionable recommendations for industry leaders focus on aligning product strategy, supply chain resilience, and customer-centric services to capture long-term value. First, prioritize electrification roadmaps and battery lifecycle programs to meet evolving emissions requirements and to reduce operational disruption for indoor and urban applications. Concurrently, invest in modular product platforms that allow rapid configuration across height and load variants to reduce time-to-market and inventory complexity. These engineering investments should be complemented by robust telematics and predictive maintenance services that shift value capture from one-time sales toward recurring revenue streams.
On the supply chain front, diversify suppliers for critical components and evaluate regional assembly or final-stage manufacturing to mitigate tariff exposure and logistics risk. Strengthen aftermarket capabilities by expanding parts distribution points and digitizing service scheduling to improve uptime. Finally, adapt commercial models to customer preferences by offering flexible financing, rental-to-own solutions, and outcome-based service agreements that reduce entry barriers for smaller operators. By executing on these priorities, leaders can secure competitive differentiation while enhancing operational resilience.
A transparent mixed-methods research framework combining targeted interviews, field validation, secondary data triangulation, and rigorous quality checks
This research synthesizes qualitative and quantitative inputs using a mixed-methods approach designed to ensure analytical rigor and relevance to executive decision-makers. Primary data was gathered through structured interviews with equipment managers, procurement officers, OEM engineering leads, and rental company executives, complemented by site visits and observation of operational workflows to validate stated preferences against real-world usage. Secondary sources included technical standards, regulatory publications, industry association reports, and manufacturer product literature to corroborate feature and compliance trends.
Analysts triangulated findings by cross-referencing supplier roadmaps, patent filings, and aftermarket service models to identify consistent patterns and divergences. Data quality procedures included verification of interview transcripts, cross-validation of supplier claims with independent field observations, and sensitivity checks to ensure narratives held across geographies and end-user segments. Throughout, emphasis was placed on transparency of assumptions, careful interpretation of qualitative signals, and linking insights to practical actions that procurement, engineering, and commercial teams can implement.
A decisive conclusion highlighting how electrification, digital services, and supply chain resilience will determine competitive outcomes and strategic priorities
In conclusion, the scissor lift sector stands at an inflection point driven by electrification, digital services, evolving procurement practices, and regional regulatory pressures. These forces collectively influence design priorities, aftermarket economics, and supply chain architectures, thereby redefining competitive advantage across manufacturers, distributors, and rental operators. Stakeholders who proactively adapt-by investing in battery technology, modular platforms, telematics capabilities, and localized supply strategies-will be better positioned to meet shifting customer expectations and to mitigate risk tied to tariff and logistics volatility.
As organizations translate these insights into strategic initiatives, they should emphasize actionable pilot programs, close collaboration between product and service teams, and measurable KPIs that link technology investments to uptime, cost of ownership, and customer satisfaction. By adopting an integrated approach that balances engineering innovation with resilient commercial and supply chain models, companies can turn disruptive forces into sustainable growth opportunities.
Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
Table of Contents
197 Pages
- 1. Preface
- 1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
- 1.3. Years Considered for the Study
- 1.4. Currency
- 1.5. Language
- 1.6. Stakeholders
- 2. Research Methodology
- 3. Executive Summary
- 4. Market Overview
- 5. Market Insights
- 5.1. Integration of telematics and IoT sensors for predictive maintenance of scissor lift fleets
- 5.2. Shift toward battery electric scissor lifts reducing onsite emissions in urban environments
- 5.3. Implementation of AI powered collision avoidance and proximity sensors to improve site safety
- 5.4. Development of modular scissor lift platforms for customizable height and capacity configurations
- 5.5. Adoption of remote control and wireless operation systems for enhanced operator flexibility
- 5.6. Growth of rental fleet telematics to optimize utilization rates and reduce maintenance costs
- 5.7. Emerging regulations driving the demand for low noise and low vibration scissor lift models
- 5.8. Integration of BIM data for planning and real time positioning of scissor lift equipment onsite
- 5.9. Expansion of compact scissor lifts designed for interior and tight access construction sites
- 5.10. Innovations in lithium ion battery technology extending runtime and reducing recharge times
- 5.11. Collaboration between manufacturers and software firms for predictive analytics in fleet management
- 5.12. Focus on sustainable materials and recyclable components in the next generation scissor lifts
- 6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025
- 7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025
- 8. Scissor Lift Market, by Platform Type
- 8.1. Mobile
- 8.1.1. Self-Propelled
- 8.1.2. Towable
- 8.2. Stationary
- 9. Scissor Lift Market, by Power Source
- 9.1. Diesel
- 9.2. Electric
- 9.3. Hybrid
- 10. Scissor Lift Market, by Platform Height
- 10.1. 10 To 26 Feet
- 10.2. Greater Than 26 Feet
- 10.3. Up To 10 Feet
- 11. Scissor Lift Market, by Load Capacity
- 11.1. 500 To 1000 Kilograms
- 11.2. Above 1000 Kilograms
- 11.3. Up To 500 Kilograms
- 12. Scissor Lift Market, by End User Industry
- 12.1. Construction
- 12.1.1. Commercial
- 12.1.2. Infrastructure
- 12.1.3. Residential
- 12.2. Manufacturing
- 12.3. Oil & Gas
- 12.4. Utilities & Telecom
- 12.5. Warehousing & Logistics
- 13. Scissor Lift Market, by Region
- 13.1. Americas
- 13.1.1. North America
- 13.1.2. Latin America
- 13.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
- 13.2.1. Europe
- 13.2.2. Middle East
- 13.2.3. Africa
- 13.3. Asia-Pacific
- 14. Scissor Lift Market, by Group
- 14.1. ASEAN
- 14.2. GCC
- 14.3. European Union
- 14.4. BRICS
- 14.5. G7
- 14.6. NATO
- 15. Scissor Lift Market, by Country
- 15.1. United States
- 15.2. Canada
- 15.3. Mexico
- 15.4. Brazil
- 15.5. United Kingdom
- 15.6. Germany
- 15.7. France
- 15.8. Russia
- 15.9. Italy
- 15.10. Spain
- 15.11. China
- 15.12. India
- 15.13. Japan
- 15.14. Australia
- 15.15. South Korea
- 16. Competitive Landscape
- 16.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
- 16.2. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2024
- 16.3. Competitive Analysis
- 16.3.1. Crown Equipment Corporation
- 16.3.2. Doosan Corporation
- 16.3.3. Genie Industries
- 16.3.4. Hangcha Group Co., Ltd.
- 16.3.5. Haulotte Group SA
- 16.3.6. Hyster-Yale Materials Handling, Inc.
- 16.3.7. J C Bamford Excavators Ltd.
- 16.3.8. JLG Industries, Inc.
- 16.3.9. KION Group AG
- 16.3.10. Linamar Corporation
- 16.3.11. MEC Aerial Work Platforms
- 16.3.12. SANY Group Co., Ltd.
- 16.3.13. Skyjack Inc.
- 16.3.14. Snorkel International (XCMG Group)
- 16.3.15. Terex Corporation
- 16.3.16. Toyota Industries Corporation
- 16.3.17. Zhejiang Dingli Machinery Co., Ltd.
Pricing
Currency Rates
Questions or Comments?
Our team has the ability to search within reports to verify it suits your needs. We can also help maximize your budget by finding sections of reports you can purchase.
