Refrigerated Transport Market by Transport Mode (Air, Rail, Road), Refrigerant Type (Natural, Semi Synthetic, Synthetic), Temperature Range, Application - Global Forecast 2025-2032
Description
The Refrigerated Transport Market was valued at USD 98.45 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow to USD 105.25 billion in 2025, with a CAGR of 9.36%, reaching USD 201.54 billion by 2032.
A strategic contextual introduction that frames refrigerated transport as a mission-critical capability requiring integrated operational, regulatory, and technological approaches
This introduction establishes the strategic context for refrigerated transport by articulating the intersection of operational complexity, regulatory evolution, and technology-driven efficiency gains. The refrigerated transport sector has matured into a high-stakes discipline where temperature integrity, traceability, and end-to-end coordination determine product quality and commercial outcomes. Consequently, organizations must reconcile legacy fleet strategies with modern expectations for cold chain visibility, environmental stewardship, and faster, more reliable delivery windows.
Moreover, this overview positions stakeholders to view refrigerated transport not as a cost center but as a differentiator that underpins brand promise across perishable pharmaceuticals, temperature-sensitive biologics, and critical food supply lines. As a result, decision-makers should prioritize investments that reduce spoilage risk, tighten regulatory compliance, and improve customer satisfaction. The introduction therefore frames subsequent sections by highlighting the need for adaptive strategies that incorporate evolving refrigerant preferences, multimodal routing choices, and enhanced digital controls to ensure resilience and competitiveness.
A comprehensive analysis of the structural and technological inflection points that are redefining operational models, refrigerant strategies, and supply chain expectations
This section examines the transformative shifts reshaping refrigerated transport, focusing on regulatory pressure, technological innovation, and changing customer expectations. Recent regulatory emphasis on reduced global warming potential and enhanced safety has catalyzed transitions in refrigerant chemistry and equipment design, prompting operators to reevaluate assets and procurement roadmaps. Simultaneously, digitalization has progressed from basic telemetry to predictive analytics and real-time control, enabling proactive intervention to preserve payload integrity and optimize routing.
In addition, evolving demand patterns are altering modal mixes and network design. E-commerce growth and shorter lead-time expectations have increased reliance on road and air segments for expedited deliveries, while strategic consolidation and sustainability goals favor modal shifts toward rail and sea for longer hauls. Taken together, these shifts necessitate integrated planning that balances cost, speed, and environmental impact, and they create opportunities for early adopters to reduce total delivery risk while enhancing service differentiation.
An evidence-based assessment of how the 2025 tariff environment reshaped procurement, sourcing strategies, and cross-border routing within refrigerated transport operations
This section analyzes the cumulative impact of tariffs implemented in the United States in 2025 on refrigerated transport operations, procurement, and supplier relationships. Tariff-driven cost adjustments influenced equipment acquisition timelines, creating near-term distortions as buyers reassessed the relative economics of domestic sourcing versus international procurement. As a result, procurement teams reevaluated supplier contracts and inventory buffers to mitigate exposure to cost variability and lead-time fluctuation.
Furthermore, tariffs affected cross-border modal choices and routing strategies by altering landed costs for equipment and key components, thereby prompting operators to optimize consolidation strategies and leverage regional manufacturing hubs where feasible. In parallel, service providers enhanced contract flexibility and offered multi-sourcing options to absorb shock and maintain service continuity. Taken together, these developments reinforced the importance of supply chain diversification, agile procurement practices, and scenario planning to preserve service levels while adapting to policy-driven cost pressures.
A multidimensional segmentation analysis revealing how mode choice, refrigerant chemistry, application nuances, and temperature regimes jointly dictate technology, safety, and operational trade-offs
Key segmentation insights reveal distinct operational priorities and technology requirements across transport mode, refrigerant type, application, and temperature range. When evaluated by transport mode - air, rail, road, and sea - each option presents a different balance of speed, cost, and control; air offers fastest transit for high-value pharmaceuticals, rail provides long-haul efficiency with lower emissions intensity, road delivers door-to-door flexibility for last-mile perishables, and sea remains indispensable for bulk shipments despite longer transit times. These modal distinctions shape fleet decisions, investment in active versus passive thermal protection, and the selection of telematics capabilities to ensure compliance and visibility.
Examining refrigerant type highlights divergent safety, performance, and regulatory trade-offs among natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic options. Natural refrigerants such as ammonia, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons deliver low global warming potential but require specific equipment and safety protocols, whereas semi-synthetic and synthetic alternatives present different efficiency and retrofit considerations. Application-driven segmentation further differentiates priorities: chemicals require robust containment and hazard controls with a split between industrial chemicals and specialty chemicals, food and beverages demand tight temperature precision across dairy and confectionery, fresh produce, and frozen food, and pharmaceuticals prioritize validated temperature chains for biologics and vaccines. Finally, temperature range segmentation into high, medium, and low regimes dictates insulation, active cooling capacity, and monitoring granularity, with ultra-low temperature needs for certain biologics driving specialized unit designs and validation procedures. Together, these segments inform asset selection, operator training, and performance metrics tailored to specific cargo and route profiles.
An incisive regional perspective clarifying how Americas, Europe Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific dynamics shape infrastructure, compliance, and investment priorities in refrigerated transport
Regional dynamics continue to exert strong influence on strategy, investment, and regulatory alignment across refrigerated transport. In the Americas, established logistics infrastructure and mature cold chain capabilities support sophisticated last-mile networks and advanced telematics adoption, yet growing consumer expectations and regulatory scrutiny press operators to modernize fleets and reduce emissions intensity. Investment focus tends to center on electrification pilots, route optimization, and partnerships that strengthen urban delivery resilience.
Across Europe, Middle East & Africa, regulatory frameworks and environmental mandates accelerate refrigerant transitions and safety upgrades, while infrastructure variability necessitates flexible multimodal strategies. In this region, cross-border regulation and trade complexities require deeper compliance expertise and collaborative network planning, prompting operators to invest in modular equipment and training. In Asia-Pacific, rapid consumption growth and expanding manufacturing centers increase demand for both domestic cold chain expansion and international trade flows. This creates pressure for capacity densification, technology leapfrogging, and scalable control systems that accommodate a wide range of temperature-sensitive goods. Taken together, regional contrasts underline the need for tailored market approaches that align asset templates, partnership models, and compliance roadmaps with local dynamics and strategic growth corridors.
A detailed evaluation of how strategic investment choices, partnership models, and technology adoption separate high-performing refrigerated transport organizations from peers
Key company insights illuminate strategic behaviors that differentiate leaders from laggards in refrigerated transport. Leading operators are investing in end-to-end visibility platforms, forging alliances across carriers and equipment manufacturers, and piloting low-global-warming-potential refrigerants to align with regulatory roadmaps. Forward-thinking firms emphasize modular fleet architectures and standardized integration interfaces to accelerate technology adoption and reduce retrofit complexity. These companies also prioritize data governance and cross-enterprise telemetry standards to enable predictive maintenance and product-quality assurances.
In contrast, less adaptive organizations tend to be constrained by fragmented systems, legacy assets, and procurement cycles that delay necessary upgrades. The gap between innovators and incumbents often stems from differences in capital allocation discipline, talent strategies for technical maintenance and compliance, and the ability to translate granular operational data into executive-level risk mitigation. As a result, strategic partnerships with specialized service providers, targeted capital programs for fleet renewal, and focused training initiatives emerge as effective levers to close capability gaps and sustain competitive advantage.
Practical and prioritized recommendations for executives to drive refrigerated transport resilience, refrigerant transitions, digitalization, and sustainable operational transformation
Actionable recommendations for industry leaders focus on pragmatic steps that accelerate resilience, decarbonization, and service excellence. Leaders should prioritize a phased asset renewal program that aligns refrigerant transitions with expected equipment life cycles and regulatory milestones, thereby minimizing operational disruption while retiring obsolete systems. In parallel, implementing interoperable telematics and data standards will enable predictive maintenance, minimize spoilage risk, and deliver actionable KPIs to commercial teams.
Operationally, leaders should diversify sourcing and modal mixes to hedge policy and supply volatility, and they should pursue strategic partnerships with temperature-controlled warehousing and last-mile specialists to extend service reach. Workforce development is essential; therefore, targeted training in refrigerant handling, equipment validation, and digital tools will mitigate safety and compliance risks. Finally, embedding sustainability metrics into procurement and pricing decisions will unlock long-term cost efficiencies and meet rising stakeholder expectations. Collectively, these recommendations translate high-level strategy into executable steps that produce measurable improvements in reliability, compliance, and customer satisfaction.
A transparent description of the mixed-methods research approach combining primary interviews, technical assessments, regulatory analysis, and validated operational data to ensure robust conclusions
This methodology overview describes the rigorous, multi-source approach used to develop the analysis, emphasizing data integrity, triangulation, and expert validation. The study integrates primary interviews with industry practitioners across operations, procurement, and compliance, supplemented by technical equipment reviews and supplier disclosures to capture real-world operational constraints and innovations. In addition, regulatory documents and standards guide the assessment of refrigerant trends, safety protocols, and compliance implications, ensuring that recommendations align with current and emerging legal frameworks.
Quantitative insights are derived from structured telemetry datasets and operational benchmarks, while scenario analysis explores sensitivity to tariff shifts, modal changes, and refrigerant adoption pathways. Throughout the research process, findings underwent iterative validation with domain experts to test assumptions and refine implications. This mixed-methods approach ensures the analysis is grounded in practical experience and technical accuracy while remaining forward-looking and actionable for decision-makers.
A compelling synthesis that distills strategic imperatives for operators to secure competitive advantage through technology, refrigerant strategy, and supply chain resilience
The conclusion synthesizes the preceding analysis into a clear strategic message: refrigerated transport is undergoing structural change driven by refrigerant transitions, digital transformation, regulatory pressure, and evolving demand patterns. These forces create both risk and opportunity for operators, equipment manufacturers, and logistics planners. Organizations that integrate modular assets, robust data practices, and diversified sourcing will better preserve payload integrity and sustain service levels under shifting policy and market conditions.
Consequently, leaders must treat refrigerated transport as a core competency integral to brand and supply chain resilience. By adopting targeted investments in telematics, workforce capabilities, and sustainable refrigerant pathways, firms can reduce operational disruptions, enhance regulatory readiness, and capture value from improved service reliability. The conclusion thus urges decisive action and continuous adaptation to secure competitive advantage in an increasingly demanding cold chain environment.
Please Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
A strategic contextual introduction that frames refrigerated transport as a mission-critical capability requiring integrated operational, regulatory, and technological approaches
This introduction establishes the strategic context for refrigerated transport by articulating the intersection of operational complexity, regulatory evolution, and technology-driven efficiency gains. The refrigerated transport sector has matured into a high-stakes discipline where temperature integrity, traceability, and end-to-end coordination determine product quality and commercial outcomes. Consequently, organizations must reconcile legacy fleet strategies with modern expectations for cold chain visibility, environmental stewardship, and faster, more reliable delivery windows.
Moreover, this overview positions stakeholders to view refrigerated transport not as a cost center but as a differentiator that underpins brand promise across perishable pharmaceuticals, temperature-sensitive biologics, and critical food supply lines. As a result, decision-makers should prioritize investments that reduce spoilage risk, tighten regulatory compliance, and improve customer satisfaction. The introduction therefore frames subsequent sections by highlighting the need for adaptive strategies that incorporate evolving refrigerant preferences, multimodal routing choices, and enhanced digital controls to ensure resilience and competitiveness.
A comprehensive analysis of the structural and technological inflection points that are redefining operational models, refrigerant strategies, and supply chain expectations
This section examines the transformative shifts reshaping refrigerated transport, focusing on regulatory pressure, technological innovation, and changing customer expectations. Recent regulatory emphasis on reduced global warming potential and enhanced safety has catalyzed transitions in refrigerant chemistry and equipment design, prompting operators to reevaluate assets and procurement roadmaps. Simultaneously, digitalization has progressed from basic telemetry to predictive analytics and real-time control, enabling proactive intervention to preserve payload integrity and optimize routing.
In addition, evolving demand patterns are altering modal mixes and network design. E-commerce growth and shorter lead-time expectations have increased reliance on road and air segments for expedited deliveries, while strategic consolidation and sustainability goals favor modal shifts toward rail and sea for longer hauls. Taken together, these shifts necessitate integrated planning that balances cost, speed, and environmental impact, and they create opportunities for early adopters to reduce total delivery risk while enhancing service differentiation.
An evidence-based assessment of how the 2025 tariff environment reshaped procurement, sourcing strategies, and cross-border routing within refrigerated transport operations
This section analyzes the cumulative impact of tariffs implemented in the United States in 2025 on refrigerated transport operations, procurement, and supplier relationships. Tariff-driven cost adjustments influenced equipment acquisition timelines, creating near-term distortions as buyers reassessed the relative economics of domestic sourcing versus international procurement. As a result, procurement teams reevaluated supplier contracts and inventory buffers to mitigate exposure to cost variability and lead-time fluctuation.
Furthermore, tariffs affected cross-border modal choices and routing strategies by altering landed costs for equipment and key components, thereby prompting operators to optimize consolidation strategies and leverage regional manufacturing hubs where feasible. In parallel, service providers enhanced contract flexibility and offered multi-sourcing options to absorb shock and maintain service continuity. Taken together, these developments reinforced the importance of supply chain diversification, agile procurement practices, and scenario planning to preserve service levels while adapting to policy-driven cost pressures.
A multidimensional segmentation analysis revealing how mode choice, refrigerant chemistry, application nuances, and temperature regimes jointly dictate technology, safety, and operational trade-offs
Key segmentation insights reveal distinct operational priorities and technology requirements across transport mode, refrigerant type, application, and temperature range. When evaluated by transport mode - air, rail, road, and sea - each option presents a different balance of speed, cost, and control; air offers fastest transit for high-value pharmaceuticals, rail provides long-haul efficiency with lower emissions intensity, road delivers door-to-door flexibility for last-mile perishables, and sea remains indispensable for bulk shipments despite longer transit times. These modal distinctions shape fleet decisions, investment in active versus passive thermal protection, and the selection of telematics capabilities to ensure compliance and visibility.
Examining refrigerant type highlights divergent safety, performance, and regulatory trade-offs among natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic options. Natural refrigerants such as ammonia, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons deliver low global warming potential but require specific equipment and safety protocols, whereas semi-synthetic and synthetic alternatives present different efficiency and retrofit considerations. Application-driven segmentation further differentiates priorities: chemicals require robust containment and hazard controls with a split between industrial chemicals and specialty chemicals, food and beverages demand tight temperature precision across dairy and confectionery, fresh produce, and frozen food, and pharmaceuticals prioritize validated temperature chains for biologics and vaccines. Finally, temperature range segmentation into high, medium, and low regimes dictates insulation, active cooling capacity, and monitoring granularity, with ultra-low temperature needs for certain biologics driving specialized unit designs and validation procedures. Together, these segments inform asset selection, operator training, and performance metrics tailored to specific cargo and route profiles.
An incisive regional perspective clarifying how Americas, Europe Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific dynamics shape infrastructure, compliance, and investment priorities in refrigerated transport
Regional dynamics continue to exert strong influence on strategy, investment, and regulatory alignment across refrigerated transport. In the Americas, established logistics infrastructure and mature cold chain capabilities support sophisticated last-mile networks and advanced telematics adoption, yet growing consumer expectations and regulatory scrutiny press operators to modernize fleets and reduce emissions intensity. Investment focus tends to center on electrification pilots, route optimization, and partnerships that strengthen urban delivery resilience.
Across Europe, Middle East & Africa, regulatory frameworks and environmental mandates accelerate refrigerant transitions and safety upgrades, while infrastructure variability necessitates flexible multimodal strategies. In this region, cross-border regulation and trade complexities require deeper compliance expertise and collaborative network planning, prompting operators to invest in modular equipment and training. In Asia-Pacific, rapid consumption growth and expanding manufacturing centers increase demand for both domestic cold chain expansion and international trade flows. This creates pressure for capacity densification, technology leapfrogging, and scalable control systems that accommodate a wide range of temperature-sensitive goods. Taken together, regional contrasts underline the need for tailored market approaches that align asset templates, partnership models, and compliance roadmaps with local dynamics and strategic growth corridors.
A detailed evaluation of how strategic investment choices, partnership models, and technology adoption separate high-performing refrigerated transport organizations from peers
Key company insights illuminate strategic behaviors that differentiate leaders from laggards in refrigerated transport. Leading operators are investing in end-to-end visibility platforms, forging alliances across carriers and equipment manufacturers, and piloting low-global-warming-potential refrigerants to align with regulatory roadmaps. Forward-thinking firms emphasize modular fleet architectures and standardized integration interfaces to accelerate technology adoption and reduce retrofit complexity. These companies also prioritize data governance and cross-enterprise telemetry standards to enable predictive maintenance and product-quality assurances.
In contrast, less adaptive organizations tend to be constrained by fragmented systems, legacy assets, and procurement cycles that delay necessary upgrades. The gap between innovators and incumbents often stems from differences in capital allocation discipline, talent strategies for technical maintenance and compliance, and the ability to translate granular operational data into executive-level risk mitigation. As a result, strategic partnerships with specialized service providers, targeted capital programs for fleet renewal, and focused training initiatives emerge as effective levers to close capability gaps and sustain competitive advantage.
Practical and prioritized recommendations for executives to drive refrigerated transport resilience, refrigerant transitions, digitalization, and sustainable operational transformation
Actionable recommendations for industry leaders focus on pragmatic steps that accelerate resilience, decarbonization, and service excellence. Leaders should prioritize a phased asset renewal program that aligns refrigerant transitions with expected equipment life cycles and regulatory milestones, thereby minimizing operational disruption while retiring obsolete systems. In parallel, implementing interoperable telematics and data standards will enable predictive maintenance, minimize spoilage risk, and deliver actionable KPIs to commercial teams.
Operationally, leaders should diversify sourcing and modal mixes to hedge policy and supply volatility, and they should pursue strategic partnerships with temperature-controlled warehousing and last-mile specialists to extend service reach. Workforce development is essential; therefore, targeted training in refrigerant handling, equipment validation, and digital tools will mitigate safety and compliance risks. Finally, embedding sustainability metrics into procurement and pricing decisions will unlock long-term cost efficiencies and meet rising stakeholder expectations. Collectively, these recommendations translate high-level strategy into executable steps that produce measurable improvements in reliability, compliance, and customer satisfaction.
A transparent description of the mixed-methods research approach combining primary interviews, technical assessments, regulatory analysis, and validated operational data to ensure robust conclusions
This methodology overview describes the rigorous, multi-source approach used to develop the analysis, emphasizing data integrity, triangulation, and expert validation. The study integrates primary interviews with industry practitioners across operations, procurement, and compliance, supplemented by technical equipment reviews and supplier disclosures to capture real-world operational constraints and innovations. In addition, regulatory documents and standards guide the assessment of refrigerant trends, safety protocols, and compliance implications, ensuring that recommendations align with current and emerging legal frameworks.
Quantitative insights are derived from structured telemetry datasets and operational benchmarks, while scenario analysis explores sensitivity to tariff shifts, modal changes, and refrigerant adoption pathways. Throughout the research process, findings underwent iterative validation with domain experts to test assumptions and refine implications. This mixed-methods approach ensures the analysis is grounded in practical experience and technical accuracy while remaining forward-looking and actionable for decision-makers.
A compelling synthesis that distills strategic imperatives for operators to secure competitive advantage through technology, refrigerant strategy, and supply chain resilience
The conclusion synthesizes the preceding analysis into a clear strategic message: refrigerated transport is undergoing structural change driven by refrigerant transitions, digital transformation, regulatory pressure, and evolving demand patterns. These forces create both risk and opportunity for operators, equipment manufacturers, and logistics planners. Organizations that integrate modular assets, robust data practices, and diversified sourcing will better preserve payload integrity and sustain service levels under shifting policy and market conditions.
Consequently, leaders must treat refrigerated transport as a core competency integral to brand and supply chain resilience. By adopting targeted investments in telematics, workforce capabilities, and sustainable refrigerant pathways, firms can reduce operational disruptions, enhance regulatory readiness, and capture value from improved service reliability. The conclusion thus urges decisive action and continuous adaptation to secure competitive advantage in an increasingly demanding cold chain environment.
Please Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
Table of Contents
192 Pages
- 1. Preface
- 1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
- 1.3. Years Considered for the Study
- 1.4. Currency
- 1.5. Language
- 1.6. Stakeholders
- 2. Research Methodology
- 3. Executive Summary
- 4. Market Overview
- 5. Market Insights
- 5.1. Integration of advanced IoT monitoring systems for real-time freight temperature control
- 5.2. Adoption of sustainable hydrocarbon refrigerants to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in transport
- 5.3. Development of electric-powered refrigerated trucks for zero-emission last-mile deliveries
- 5.4. Deployment of blockchain platforms to enhance visibility and traceability in cold chain logistics
- 5.5. Implementation of AI-driven route optimization to minimize spoilage and fuel consumption
- 5.6. Transition to solar-assisted reefer containers for energy-efficient containerized shipments
- 5.7. Emergence of modular micro-refrigeration units for flexible urban logistics distribution
- 5.8. Rising demand for ultra-cold transport solutions to support expanding biopharmaceutical supply chains
- 6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025
- 7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025
- 8. Refrigerated Transport Market, by Transport Mode
- 8.1. Air
- 8.2. Rail
- 8.3. Road
- 8.4. Sea
- 9. Refrigerated Transport Market, by Refrigerant Type
- 9.1. Natural
- 9.1.1. Ammonia
- 9.1.2. Carbon Dioxide
- 9.1.3. Hydrocarbons
- 9.2. Semi Synthetic
- 9.3. Synthetic
- 10. Refrigerated Transport Market, by Temperature Range
- 10.1. High Temperature
- 10.2. Low Temperature
- 10.3. Medium Temperature
- 11. Refrigerated Transport Market, by Application
- 11.1. Chemicals
- 11.1.1. Industrial Chemicals
- 11.1.2. Specialty Chemicals
- 11.2. Food & Beverages
- 11.2.1. Dairy & Confectionery
- 11.2.2. Fresh Produce
- 11.2.3. Frozen Food
- 11.3. Pharmaceuticals
- 11.3.1. Biologics
- 11.3.2. Vaccines
- 12. Refrigerated Transport Market, by Region
- 12.1. Americas
- 12.1.1. North America
- 12.1.2. Latin America
- 12.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
- 12.2.1. Europe
- 12.2.2. Middle East
- 12.2.3. Africa
- 12.3. Asia-Pacific
- 13. Refrigerated Transport Market, by Group
- 13.1. ASEAN
- 13.2. GCC
- 13.3. European Union
- 13.4. BRICS
- 13.5. G7
- 13.6. NATO
- 14. Refrigerated Transport Market, by Country
- 14.1. United States
- 14.2. Canada
- 14.3. Mexico
- 14.4. Brazil
- 14.5. United Kingdom
- 14.6. Germany
- 14.7. France
- 14.8. Russia
- 14.9. Italy
- 14.10. Spain
- 14.11. China
- 14.12. India
- 14.13. Japan
- 14.14. Australia
- 14.15. South Korea
- 15. Competitive Landscape
- 15.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
- 15.2. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2024
- 15.3. Competitive Analysis
- 15.3.1. Americold Realty Trust
- 15.3.2. Burris Logistics, Inc.
- 15.3.3. China International Marine Containers Company Ltd.
- 15.3.4. COLDMAN
- 15.3.5. Daikin Industries, Ltd.
- 15.3.6. Frialsa, S.L.
- 15.3.7. Great Dane
- 15.3.8. Green Rabbit
- 15.3.9. Hyundai Motor Company
- 15.3.10. LAMBERET SAS
- 15.3.11. Lineage Logistics LLC
- 15.3.12. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.
- 15.3.13. NewCold Advanced Cold Logistics B.V.
- 15.3.14. Nichirei Logistics Group, Inc.
- 15.3.15. Schmitz Cargobull AG
- 15.3.16. Singamas Container Holdings Limited
- 15.3.17. Swift Transportation Company
- 15.3.18. Swire Cold Storage (Hong Kong) Limited
- 15.3.19. Trane Technologies PLC
- 15.3.20. United Technologies Corporation
- 15.3.21. Utility Trailer Manufacturing Company
- 15.3.22. Vehicle Factory Bernard Krone GmbH & Co. KG
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