Push Pull Closures Market by Material (Aluminum, Plastic), Application (Beverage, Food, Household Chemical), End User Industry, Distribution Channel - Global Forecast 2025-2032
Description
The Pupillometer Market was valued at USD 508.95 million in 2024 and is projected to grow to USD 559.40 million in 2025, with a CAGR of 10.08%, reaching USD 1,097.61 million by 2032.
A clear and authoritative introduction to pupillometry that frames its clinical relevance, technological evolution, and role in contemporary diagnostics
Pupillometry has emerged as a critical diagnostic and research tool across clinical and laboratory environments, driven by its non-invasive nature and capacity to reveal autonomic, neurological, and ocular health insights. The introduction situates pupillometers within contemporary clinical pathways where rapid, objective measures of pupillary response complement traditional assessments. In outpatient clinics they reduce subjectivity and streamline triage; in hospitals they augment neurological evaluations at the bedside; and in research contexts they provide reproducible endpoints for studies spanning neurology, ophthalmology, pharmacology, and cognitive science.
As technology has advanced, form factors and sensing approaches have diversified, enabling broader clinical adoption and novel applications. Handheld devices afford portability and point-of-care convenience, whereas tabletop systems prioritize high-resolution data capture for controlled diagnostic workflows. Concurrent advances in infrared illumination, optical design, and video-based capture have expanded the fidelity and range of measurable responses, enabling clinicians and researchers to detect subtle autonomic changes with greater confidence. Transitioning from traditional manual examinations to instrumented pupillometry represents a tangible shift toward precision and repeatability in pupil assessment.
How sensor miniaturization, advanced imaging modalities, and analytics-driven interpretation are jointly reshaping clinical adoption and product development
The landscape for pupillometer technology is undergoing transformative shifts driven by convergence of sensor miniaturization, algorithmic analytics, and evolving clinical workflows. Recent innovations in near-infrared illumination and compact optical assemblies have reduced device size while improving signal-to-noise ratios, enabling handheld instruments to deliver performance previously limited to larger tabletop systems. Concurrently, the integration of video-based approaches-spanning two-dimensional imaging to emerging three-dimensional capture-has enabled richer temporal and spatial characterization of pupillary dynamics, expanding clinical and research use cases.
Beyond hardware, software-driven analysis and machine learning are reshaping how pupillary data are interpreted. Automated feature extraction and pattern recognition allow for rapid, standardized scoring across sites, improving inter-operator consistency. At the same time, shifting reimbursement priorities and growing emphasis on objective biomarkers in neurology and ophthalmology encourage healthcare providers to adopt instrumented assessments. As a result, vendors and institutions are adapting product portfolios and clinical protocols, and stakeholders are increasingly focused on interoperability, regulatory clarity, and evidence generation to support integration into routine care pathways.
Implications of changing tariff regimes on pupillometer procurement strategies, supplier diversification, and supply chain resilience across clinical networks
The introduction of tariffs and evolving trade policies in the United States has introduced new considerations for procurement strategies, supply chain design, and device sourcing decisions within the pupillometer ecosystem. Manufacturers and distributors are reassessing component sourcing, negotiating terms with suppliers, and exploring alternative logistics arrangements to mitigate incremental cost pressures and delivery variability. These dynamics have prompted a shift toward supplier diversification, with stakeholders seeking to balance cost, lead times, and quality assurance across multiple geographies.
These trade-related adjustments have also influenced inventory management and contracting practices at clinical institutions. Hospitals and diagnostic centers increasingly favor transparent total-cost-of-ownership evaluations that factor in customs duties, compliance overhead, and potential timeline disruptions. In turn, manufacturers are intensifying efforts to localize certain assembly operations or to reconfigure product architectures to reduce reliance on tariff-exposed components. Over time, these adaptations are likely to inform procurement specifications, update warranty and support frameworks, and shape vendor selection criteria for health systems and research organizations.
Segment-level insights that clarify how device type, end user profile, technology choice, clinical application, and distribution approach define adoption pathways
Segment-specific dynamics are central to understanding where demand is concentrated and how product design, distribution, and service models should be tailored. Based on Type, the market is studied across Handheld and Tabletop, with handheld formats prioritized for portability and point-of-care responsiveness while tabletop platforms are aligned to high-throughput diagnostics and controlled clinical environments. Based on End User, the market is studied across Clinics, Diagnostic Centers, Hospitals, and Research Institutes, reflecting distinct purchasing pathways, reimbursement contexts, and clinical governance requirements that shape adoption timelines and support expectations.
Based on Technology, the market is studied across Infrared, Optical, and Video Based. The Infrared is further studied across Mid Infrared and Near Infrared, each offering trade-offs in penetration, ambient light resilience, and sensor compatibility. The Video Based is further studied across 2D Imaging and 3D Imaging, with 3D approaches enabling depth-aware analyses and advanced modeling of pupil geometry. Based on Application, the market is studied across Clinical Diagnosis, Research, and Screening, and the Clinical Diagnosis is further studied across Neurology and Ophthalmology, where diagnostic criteria, data interpretation requirements, and regulatory considerations diverge. Finally, based on Distribution Channel, the market is studied across Offline and Online, with the Offline approach further studied across Direct Sales and Distributors, highlighting differences in service delivery, customer education, and long-term relationships that influence purchasing behavior.
A nuanced regional perspective revealing how healthcare infrastructure, regulatory regimes, and research ecosystems drive divergent adoption patterns globally
Regional dynamics shape demand heterogeneously, driven by healthcare infrastructure maturity, regulatory environments, and research intensity. In the Americas, clinical adoption trends are guided by large hospital systems, advanced neurological care pathways, and established clinical research networks that prioritize objective biomarkers and streamlined procurement cycles. Stakeholders in this region emphasize integration with electronic medical records, adherence to clinical protocols, and evidence generation to support reimbursement and clinical guidelines.
In Europe, Middle East & Africa, variability across national health systems creates a more heterogeneous adoption landscape in which regulatory harmonization and localized reimbursement policies affect purchasing decisions. Investment in diagnostic capability and research hubs in certain countries contrasts with resource-constrained settings elsewhere, producing differentiated demand for portable, cost-efficient handheld systems versus high-performance tabletop platforms. In Asia-Pacific, rapid expansion of diagnostic infrastructure, growing clinical research activity, and technology manufacturing capacity converge to produce strong interest in both device innovation and localized production. Across regions, translational research collaborations and multinational clinical trials are increasingly important drivers of standardized measurement approaches and cross-border data comparability.
Competitive dynamics where evidence partnerships, modular product design, and comprehensive service models define vendor differentiation and buyer preferences
Competitive positioning among device manufacturers and solution providers is being reshaped by a combination of technological differentiation, evidence generation, and service excellence. Leading organizations are investing in partnerships with academic centers and clinical networks to validate device performance across diverse populations and use cases, thereby strengthening clinical credibility. Others are prioritizing modular product architectures that allow upgrades to sensing modules or analytics packages, enabling clients to futureproof procurement while managing capital expenditure.
Service and support capabilities are increasingly decisive in procurement decisions. Customers seek comprehensive training programs, calibration and maintenance plans, and clear pathways for software updates and regulatory compliance support. Moreover, the emergence of software-as-a-service models for pupillary data analytics is creating opportunities for companies to offer subscription-based value propositions that bundle devices with continuous analytical refinement. Strategic alliances with systems integrators and electronic health record vendors are also shaping competitive dynamics, as interoperability becomes a key differentiator for large health systems and research consortia.
Practical recommendations that align clinical validation, interoperability, supply chain flexibility, and service-centered commercialization to accelerate adoption
Industry leaders and potential entrants should prioritize a set of actionable strategies that bridge technological promise and clinical utility. First, invest in rigorous clinical validation studies that demonstrate device performance in real-world settings and across relevant patient cohorts, focusing on reproducibility, user experience, and comparative analyses versus established assessment modalities. These studies will enable more persuasive value propositions when engaging hospitals, diagnostic centers, and research institutions.
Next, align product roadmaps with clinical workflows by enhancing interoperability, simplifying user interfaces, and providing training resources that reduce onboarding friction. Concurrently, evaluate supply chain options that reduce exposure to tariff-related uncertainty by diversifying suppliers, localizing assembly where feasible, and building flexible logistics arrangements. Finally, adopt service-centric commercial models that pair hardware sales with analytics subscriptions, maintenance agreements, and evidence-sharing partnerships to maximize long-term client retention and value capture. Taken together, these steps will increase the likelihood of sustained adoption and scalable commercial impact.
A transparent, reproducible research approach blending primary clinical interviews, technical literature review, and triangulation to validate insights across stakeholders
The research underpinning this executive summary synthesized primary and secondary information sources, proprietary interviews, and qualitative assessments across clinical, manufacturing, and distribution stakeholders. Primary inputs included structured conversations with clinicians in neurology and ophthalmology, diagnostic laboratory managers, device procurement specialists, and research institute investigators to capture firsthand perspectives on usability, clinical utility, and procurement barriers. Secondary inputs consisted of peer-reviewed literature, regulatory guidance documents, technical white papers, and company disclosures to ground technology descriptions and performance attributes in documented evidence.
Data triangulation techniques were applied to reconcile differing viewpoints and to validate thematic conclusions, while sensitivity checks ensured findings were robust across multiple stakeholder scenarios. The methodology emphasized transparency in source attribution and reproducibility of analytic steps, with explicit documentation of assumptions used to interpret qualitative inputs. As a result, the conclusions and recommendations reflect a balanced synthesis of practice-informed insights and technical appraisal rather than single-source assertions.
A concise conclusion emphasizing the convergence of technological capability, clinical validation, and strategic commercialization as the pathway to broader pupillometry adoption
Pupillometry stands at the intersection of technological maturity and expanding clinical relevance, presenting meaningful opportunities for improved patient assessment and research outcomes. Across device types and technologies, the trend toward objective, reproducible metrics is fostering broader acceptance in clinical pathways, while innovations in sensing and analytics are unlocking new applications. Strategic choices around validation, interoperability, supply chain design, and service delivery will determine which organizations capture sustained value as adoption grows.
Looking forward, the most successful stakeholders will be those that pair rigorous clinical evidence with pragmatic deployment strategies, offering solutions that are both technically differentiated and operationally aligned with healthcare workflows. Collaboration between device manufacturers, clinicians, and institutional buyers will accelerate the translation of pupillometry into routine practice, ultimately improving diagnostic clarity and research quality. In sum, the space is poised for measured expansion driven by demonstrable clinical impact and thoughtful commercialization.
Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
A clear and authoritative introduction to pupillometry that frames its clinical relevance, technological evolution, and role in contemporary diagnostics
Pupillometry has emerged as a critical diagnostic and research tool across clinical and laboratory environments, driven by its non-invasive nature and capacity to reveal autonomic, neurological, and ocular health insights. The introduction situates pupillometers within contemporary clinical pathways where rapid, objective measures of pupillary response complement traditional assessments. In outpatient clinics they reduce subjectivity and streamline triage; in hospitals they augment neurological evaluations at the bedside; and in research contexts they provide reproducible endpoints for studies spanning neurology, ophthalmology, pharmacology, and cognitive science.
As technology has advanced, form factors and sensing approaches have diversified, enabling broader clinical adoption and novel applications. Handheld devices afford portability and point-of-care convenience, whereas tabletop systems prioritize high-resolution data capture for controlled diagnostic workflows. Concurrent advances in infrared illumination, optical design, and video-based capture have expanded the fidelity and range of measurable responses, enabling clinicians and researchers to detect subtle autonomic changes with greater confidence. Transitioning from traditional manual examinations to instrumented pupillometry represents a tangible shift toward precision and repeatability in pupil assessment.
How sensor miniaturization, advanced imaging modalities, and analytics-driven interpretation are jointly reshaping clinical adoption and product development
The landscape for pupillometer technology is undergoing transformative shifts driven by convergence of sensor miniaturization, algorithmic analytics, and evolving clinical workflows. Recent innovations in near-infrared illumination and compact optical assemblies have reduced device size while improving signal-to-noise ratios, enabling handheld instruments to deliver performance previously limited to larger tabletop systems. Concurrently, the integration of video-based approaches-spanning two-dimensional imaging to emerging three-dimensional capture-has enabled richer temporal and spatial characterization of pupillary dynamics, expanding clinical and research use cases.
Beyond hardware, software-driven analysis and machine learning are reshaping how pupillary data are interpreted. Automated feature extraction and pattern recognition allow for rapid, standardized scoring across sites, improving inter-operator consistency. At the same time, shifting reimbursement priorities and growing emphasis on objective biomarkers in neurology and ophthalmology encourage healthcare providers to adopt instrumented assessments. As a result, vendors and institutions are adapting product portfolios and clinical protocols, and stakeholders are increasingly focused on interoperability, regulatory clarity, and evidence generation to support integration into routine care pathways.
Implications of changing tariff regimes on pupillometer procurement strategies, supplier diversification, and supply chain resilience across clinical networks
The introduction of tariffs and evolving trade policies in the United States has introduced new considerations for procurement strategies, supply chain design, and device sourcing decisions within the pupillometer ecosystem. Manufacturers and distributors are reassessing component sourcing, negotiating terms with suppliers, and exploring alternative logistics arrangements to mitigate incremental cost pressures and delivery variability. These dynamics have prompted a shift toward supplier diversification, with stakeholders seeking to balance cost, lead times, and quality assurance across multiple geographies.
These trade-related adjustments have also influenced inventory management and contracting practices at clinical institutions. Hospitals and diagnostic centers increasingly favor transparent total-cost-of-ownership evaluations that factor in customs duties, compliance overhead, and potential timeline disruptions. In turn, manufacturers are intensifying efforts to localize certain assembly operations or to reconfigure product architectures to reduce reliance on tariff-exposed components. Over time, these adaptations are likely to inform procurement specifications, update warranty and support frameworks, and shape vendor selection criteria for health systems and research organizations.
Segment-level insights that clarify how device type, end user profile, technology choice, clinical application, and distribution approach define adoption pathways
Segment-specific dynamics are central to understanding where demand is concentrated and how product design, distribution, and service models should be tailored. Based on Type, the market is studied across Handheld and Tabletop, with handheld formats prioritized for portability and point-of-care responsiveness while tabletop platforms are aligned to high-throughput diagnostics and controlled clinical environments. Based on End User, the market is studied across Clinics, Diagnostic Centers, Hospitals, and Research Institutes, reflecting distinct purchasing pathways, reimbursement contexts, and clinical governance requirements that shape adoption timelines and support expectations.
Based on Technology, the market is studied across Infrared, Optical, and Video Based. The Infrared is further studied across Mid Infrared and Near Infrared, each offering trade-offs in penetration, ambient light resilience, and sensor compatibility. The Video Based is further studied across 2D Imaging and 3D Imaging, with 3D approaches enabling depth-aware analyses and advanced modeling of pupil geometry. Based on Application, the market is studied across Clinical Diagnosis, Research, and Screening, and the Clinical Diagnosis is further studied across Neurology and Ophthalmology, where diagnostic criteria, data interpretation requirements, and regulatory considerations diverge. Finally, based on Distribution Channel, the market is studied across Offline and Online, with the Offline approach further studied across Direct Sales and Distributors, highlighting differences in service delivery, customer education, and long-term relationships that influence purchasing behavior.
A nuanced regional perspective revealing how healthcare infrastructure, regulatory regimes, and research ecosystems drive divergent adoption patterns globally
Regional dynamics shape demand heterogeneously, driven by healthcare infrastructure maturity, regulatory environments, and research intensity. In the Americas, clinical adoption trends are guided by large hospital systems, advanced neurological care pathways, and established clinical research networks that prioritize objective biomarkers and streamlined procurement cycles. Stakeholders in this region emphasize integration with electronic medical records, adherence to clinical protocols, and evidence generation to support reimbursement and clinical guidelines.
In Europe, Middle East & Africa, variability across national health systems creates a more heterogeneous adoption landscape in which regulatory harmonization and localized reimbursement policies affect purchasing decisions. Investment in diagnostic capability and research hubs in certain countries contrasts with resource-constrained settings elsewhere, producing differentiated demand for portable, cost-efficient handheld systems versus high-performance tabletop platforms. In Asia-Pacific, rapid expansion of diagnostic infrastructure, growing clinical research activity, and technology manufacturing capacity converge to produce strong interest in both device innovation and localized production. Across regions, translational research collaborations and multinational clinical trials are increasingly important drivers of standardized measurement approaches and cross-border data comparability.
Competitive dynamics where evidence partnerships, modular product design, and comprehensive service models define vendor differentiation and buyer preferences
Competitive positioning among device manufacturers and solution providers is being reshaped by a combination of technological differentiation, evidence generation, and service excellence. Leading organizations are investing in partnerships with academic centers and clinical networks to validate device performance across diverse populations and use cases, thereby strengthening clinical credibility. Others are prioritizing modular product architectures that allow upgrades to sensing modules or analytics packages, enabling clients to futureproof procurement while managing capital expenditure.
Service and support capabilities are increasingly decisive in procurement decisions. Customers seek comprehensive training programs, calibration and maintenance plans, and clear pathways for software updates and regulatory compliance support. Moreover, the emergence of software-as-a-service models for pupillary data analytics is creating opportunities for companies to offer subscription-based value propositions that bundle devices with continuous analytical refinement. Strategic alliances with systems integrators and electronic health record vendors are also shaping competitive dynamics, as interoperability becomes a key differentiator for large health systems and research consortia.
Practical recommendations that align clinical validation, interoperability, supply chain flexibility, and service-centered commercialization to accelerate adoption
Industry leaders and potential entrants should prioritize a set of actionable strategies that bridge technological promise and clinical utility. First, invest in rigorous clinical validation studies that demonstrate device performance in real-world settings and across relevant patient cohorts, focusing on reproducibility, user experience, and comparative analyses versus established assessment modalities. These studies will enable more persuasive value propositions when engaging hospitals, diagnostic centers, and research institutions.
Next, align product roadmaps with clinical workflows by enhancing interoperability, simplifying user interfaces, and providing training resources that reduce onboarding friction. Concurrently, evaluate supply chain options that reduce exposure to tariff-related uncertainty by diversifying suppliers, localizing assembly where feasible, and building flexible logistics arrangements. Finally, adopt service-centric commercial models that pair hardware sales with analytics subscriptions, maintenance agreements, and evidence-sharing partnerships to maximize long-term client retention and value capture. Taken together, these steps will increase the likelihood of sustained adoption and scalable commercial impact.
A transparent, reproducible research approach blending primary clinical interviews, technical literature review, and triangulation to validate insights across stakeholders
The research underpinning this executive summary synthesized primary and secondary information sources, proprietary interviews, and qualitative assessments across clinical, manufacturing, and distribution stakeholders. Primary inputs included structured conversations with clinicians in neurology and ophthalmology, diagnostic laboratory managers, device procurement specialists, and research institute investigators to capture firsthand perspectives on usability, clinical utility, and procurement barriers. Secondary inputs consisted of peer-reviewed literature, regulatory guidance documents, technical white papers, and company disclosures to ground technology descriptions and performance attributes in documented evidence.
Data triangulation techniques were applied to reconcile differing viewpoints and to validate thematic conclusions, while sensitivity checks ensured findings were robust across multiple stakeholder scenarios. The methodology emphasized transparency in source attribution and reproducibility of analytic steps, with explicit documentation of assumptions used to interpret qualitative inputs. As a result, the conclusions and recommendations reflect a balanced synthesis of practice-informed insights and technical appraisal rather than single-source assertions.
A concise conclusion emphasizing the convergence of technological capability, clinical validation, and strategic commercialization as the pathway to broader pupillometry adoption
Pupillometry stands at the intersection of technological maturity and expanding clinical relevance, presenting meaningful opportunities for improved patient assessment and research outcomes. Across device types and technologies, the trend toward objective, reproducible metrics is fostering broader acceptance in clinical pathways, while innovations in sensing and analytics are unlocking new applications. Strategic choices around validation, interoperability, supply chain design, and service delivery will determine which organizations capture sustained value as adoption grows.
Looking forward, the most successful stakeholders will be those that pair rigorous clinical evidence with pragmatic deployment strategies, offering solutions that are both technically differentiated and operationally aligned with healthcare workflows. Collaboration between device manufacturers, clinicians, and institutional buyers will accelerate the translation of pupillometry into routine practice, ultimately improving diagnostic clarity and research quality. In sum, the space is poised for measured expansion driven by demonstrable clinical impact and thoughtful commercialization.
Note: PDF & Excel + Online Access - 1 Year
Table of Contents
187 Pages
- 1. Preface
- 1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
- 1.3. Years Considered for the Study
- 1.4. Currency
- 1.5. Language
- 1.6. Stakeholders
- 2. Research Methodology
- 3. Executive Summary
- 4. Market Overview
- 5. Market Insights
- 5.1. Increasing demand for recyclable polypropylene push pull closures with integrated tamper-evident seals
- 5.2. Development of child-resistant push pull closures tailored for over-the-counter pharmaceutical syrups
- 5.3. Innovation in ergonomic one-handed push pull closures for sports and energy drink packaging
- 5.4. Rise of customizable push pull closures featuring QR codes for enhanced consumer engagement
- 5.5. Shift towards lightweight and refillable push pull closures aligning with circular economy initiatives
- 5.6. Integration of antimicrobial additives into push pull closures to extend product shelf life
- 5.7. Implementation of digital authentication in push pull closures to combat packaging counterfeiting
- 5.8. Emerging trend of bioplastic-derived push pull closures reducing reliance on fossil fuels
- 6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025
- 7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025
- 8. Push Pull Closures Market, by Material
- 8.1. Aluminum
- 8.2. Plastic
- 8.2.1. High Density Polyethylene
- 8.2.2. Polypropylene
- 9. Push Pull Closures Market, by Application
- 9.1. Beverage
- 9.1.1. Alcoholic Beverages
- 9.1.2. Juices
- 9.1.3. Water
- 9.2. Food
- 9.2.1. Dairy Products
- 9.2.2. Sauces & Dressings
- 9.3. Household Chemical
- 9.3.1. Detergents & Cleaners
- 9.3.2. Pesticides
- 9.4. Personal Care
- 9.4.1. Hair Care
- 9.4.2. Oral Care
- 9.4.3. Skincare
- 9.5. Pharmaceutical
- 9.5.1. Injectable Medication
- 9.5.2. Oral Medication
- 10. Push Pull Closures Market, by End User Industry
- 10.1. Food & Beverages
- 10.2. Household Chemicals
- 10.3. Personal Care & Cosmetics
- 10.4. Pharmaceuticals
- 11. Push Pull Closures Market, by Distribution Channel
- 11.1. Offline Retail
- 11.1.1. Convenience Stores
- 11.1.2. Specialty Stores
- 11.1.3. Supermarkets Hypermarkets
- 11.2. Online Retail
- 11.2.1. E-commerce Platforms
- 11.2.2. Manufacturer Websites
- 12. Push Pull Closures Market, by Region
- 12.1. Americas
- 12.1.1. North America
- 12.1.2. Latin America
- 12.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
- 12.2.1. Europe
- 12.2.2. Middle East
- 12.2.3. Africa
- 12.3. Asia-Pacific
- 13. Push Pull Closures Market, by Group
- 13.1. ASEAN
- 13.2. GCC
- 13.3. European Union
- 13.4. BRICS
- 13.5. G7
- 13.6. NATO
- 14. Push Pull Closures Market, by Country
- 14.1. United States
- 14.2. Canada
- 14.3. Mexico
- 14.4. Brazil
- 14.5. United Kingdom
- 14.6. Germany
- 14.7. France
- 14.8. Russia
- 14.9. Italy
- 14.10. Spain
- 14.11. China
- 14.12. India
- 14.13. Japan
- 14.14. Australia
- 14.15. South Korea
- 15. Competitive Landscape
- 15.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
- 15.2. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2024
- 15.3. Competitive Analysis
- 15.3.1. AptarGroup, Inc.
- 15.3.2. Berry Global, Inc.
- 15.3.3. Silgan Holdings, Inc.
- 15.3.4. Amcor Limited
- 15.3.5. Bericap GmbH & Co. KG
- 15.3.6. Closure Systems International, Inc.
- 15.3.7. Mold-Rite Plastics, LLC
- 15.3.8. Georg Menshen GmbH & Co. KG
- 15.3.9. CL Smith Company
- 15.3.10. O. Berk Company, LLC
- 15.3.11. United Caps Luxembourg S.A.
- 15.3.12. Jiangsu Changjiang Lids Co., Ltd.
- 15.3.13. Blackhawk Molding Co., Inc.
- 15.3.14. Guala Closures Group S.p.A.
- 15.3.15. Weener Plastics Group B.V.
- 15.3.16. Phoenix Closures, Inc.
- 15.3.17. Comar, LLC
- 15.3.18. Plastic Closures Limited
- 15.3.19. Massilly Holding S.A.S.
- 15.3.20. Tecnocap S.p.A.
- 15.3.21. Crown Holdings, Inc.
- 15.3.22. Albéa Group
- 15.3.23. RPC Group plc
- 15.3.24. Reynolds Group Holdings Limited
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